Show i rPyyour subscription to the Tribune in advance 9 lilaget free I an estimate upon he total iotepast in Utah Idaho and Jfoming f I Toi every dollar paldfJ Only two more days remain Jifl vh1fch to act n 66IJfiIE MOTOR ACITVII1ES9 Effect of Education Through the Motor Activities Ac-tivities on the Future of Our Country I Written for Tho Tribune What do TVO mean by the phrase Through tljo motor activities No doubt this question will arise at once in many mlndn and H In perhaps well for us to cettlo that point at the outset out-set oC our discussion Physiologically it means a response through the motor nerves and their related re-lated muscles to any sensation ac thought 1css technically expressed It means according to Professor Dewcy the outward expression of the childs Impulses toward saying making finding find-ing out and creating The expression of an Idco through jnalerlal things as In modeling drawing draw-ing painting building etc It means laboratory methods of experiment as Pro e8 or Dewey has put It Thoughts precipitated In action We see from these definitions that the expression covers most of the childs activities and Includes the whole method meth-od of modern education at J opposed to the old way oC learning from books only or from the experiences of others oth-ers By the new < method the child learns to express his Ideals as tho Ideals of others The kindergarten < manual I training domestic science and art are i the means by which the child Is given I power to express himself As Professor Hughes puts it Tils brain Is I dcMoped because the mind hi I called Into activity In guiding the hand The motor as executive power of the mind Is l cultivated culti-vated hccJUiuo l it necessarily calls upon tbu mind to create ideals and to guide the hand In making the = e ideals In material ma-terial form The child does not merely take in knowledge and makolt over Into new Intellectual forma he constructs con-structs things outside of himself Tho working out of knowledge Income In-come ptnctlcal way It tho only I sure way to give It real value and the only sure way too to fix It clearly definitely definite-ly and availably In the mind Perhaps no better Illustration can be given of the differences between the old and new methods of teaching than the present pJan of tencldng geography compared with the old way of teaching the same subject Formerly the child memorized tho abstruse ab-struse definitions and meager descriptions descrip-tions t of the textbook or for a change hunted towns river and mountains on I the map or occasionally drew the maps I by copying from tho atlas The places on the maps were mere I names to him unless perchanco there might be a picture of that particular place In tho textbook Now when any particular country Is studied Its contour is modeled in various va-rious materials the formation of Us rivers mountains and valleys Is investigated in-vestigated Its tiara and fauna and natural nat-ural products are actual samples its dwellings vehicles and utensils are constructed con-structed In miniature the costumes of Its people represented by dolls dressed after the manner of the country and In every way portable the whole life of that country Is made real to the child According to tile diction of certain biologists that tho function Is 1 before the organ It Is through the motor activities that all development and ogress has come from the lowest forms of life up to mm We are only systematizing or dlrectjjig this natural Impulse orJaw or development In our efforts to educate the young through their motor activities Tho brain of the child IB composed of millions of nerve cells but until the various areas are connected by means of association nerve libers there can bo no thinking no intelligent activity Every movement of the child every sensation develops these association fibers so that the different sense centers cen-ters are connected with each other and with the higher reflection as reasoning areas There Is I a motor element In every Idea that flashes through the mind In the child the motor elements necessarily neces-sarily predominate since It Is I only I through the motor activities that the child learns anything of his environment i environ-ment Through Its senses It teats every ev-ery material that It encounters and thus learns at first hand the nature of tho substances with which it has to deal The larger this experience with varied conditions and materials the I greater Its power in dealing with them and with new conditions and experiences experi-ences Through the exercise of motor activities activi-ties the child Is developed morally as well as Intellectually and physically It j is only through performing moral acts that the child becomes morally strong It becomes generous by giving patient by enduring discomfort unselfish by doing for others and all the sermons and moral lectures are of no value informing I In-forming his character unless they result re-sult In motor activities that perform good deeds All the history of past ages In the different countries on the globe IB but a confirmation of the truth of these statements Lot us glance for a moment at the condition of things In our own country In early times In the New England colonies the settlers did not take up large tracts of land but lived In small settlements hero the village blacksmith black-smith served his neighbors need in shoeing horses or In making tools or farming Implements Each household was forced to provide for Itself In the way of shelter food clothing find furniture fur-niture so that each boy and girl had a borough training through the excroloe of their motor activities from childhood up to adult life First the land was to be cleaned of trees and slumps and houses and barns built Then the llcldH Harden orchards or-chards and meadows were to be cultivated culti-vated and their harvests gathered The cattle hog sheep horses and fowls were to be fed and made comfortable the cows to be milked and the cheese and butter to be made and cared for the beef to be salted down or smoked l and dried while the tallow was made Into candles by dipping or by running Into moulds The hogs were to be killed and the meat made Into headqheese or sausages or pickled nnd smoked for winters use the lard being tried out or rendered and packaed away In stone crocks tightly covered 1 with met skIns or bladders The fruit was to bn dried or preserved In sugar some of which was made from the sap of the hard maple In the spring Soap was made also each spring from the craps of fat and bones saved during the winter win-ter and boiled up In the big Iron kettle with lye from a barrel filled with wqod ashes The clothing was made from flax or wool the latter sheared from the sheep WM then washed carded spun and dyed and finally woven into cloth or blanket The Jinx after being cut was rolled In water then hackled to strip It of the outer coat the remaining fibers being spun and woven Into sheets and other household linen In the winter wood was cut from the trees In the wood lot and hauled on sleds to the house yard where It lay to season or having seasoned It was sawed and split and then piled In even rows In the big woodshed in whose attic I at-tic wore store the dried herbs seed corn and nuts All theso labors and many others were performed by the boys and girls as they were growing up bo that each child learned the nature of the materials It handled from personal per-sonal experience There may have been much of drudgery I drudg-ery and perhaps but little opportunity for expressing ideals In the hard struggle strug-gle for a livelihood In an Inclement climate I cli-mate and often on a stony soil but these were Ideals of character wrought I out there that have made their impress on the whole country And this same New England blood was found In the I men and women that pushed on to conquer con-quer the West felling forests bridging rivers breaking prairies building cities and towns and everywhere founding schools and colleges And this blood Is still to be found wherever great executive execu-tive ability Is required nnd great enterprises en-terprises are to be undertaken In the education of the Inferior races of men at the present time It Is only by the training received through the motor activities that any good and permanent results are attained as Is seen In the I Industrial schools for negroes and Indians In-dians The material obstacles In the settle mont of this country have been largely overcome nnd one might say that there was not the great need of the special training that we have been speaking of for the future generations This IB not true as we have shown that It la I necessary for the complete development of the child and our schools arc giving1 the opportunities that are no longer afforded In the home life Uut there Is now u great demand form I for-m n and women who have had the practical training that comes through the wide exercise of their motor activities activi-ties and who have developed power to cope with the now problems that present pre-sent themselves In social and economic conditions uhkli problems r must he solved if our country Is to continue Its course of advancement to the high plane that our foiefathera foresaw of liberty and prosperity to all within Its borders Thu advance In science has opened wide ileklp of enterprise to all who arc I lUled to enter them In agriculture thero Is a great demand for expert workers for men with brains to conceive and hands to execute whatever what-ever the mind has planned The Government Gov-ernment cannot procure the young men needed for this special work and we say young men We do not mean that there is any obstacle In the way of young women filling many of the positions posi-tions except their unwillingness to submit sub-mit to the long and thorough training necessary to qualify them for this ork tvorThere There were a short time ago but two or three expert plant chemists In thin country and since then nearly all If I not all have boon called away by larger oalarlcs to other countries It is very difficult to get expert cureru for tobacco to-bacco men who understand the special bacteria whose presence Is necessary to give the right flavor to the finest varieties va-rieties of tobacco In the d 1IrT department the study of milk baclorfa occupies the attention of many = of our scientific men for to the presenco or absence of certain forms are due the fIne flavor and texture of butter and cheese The analysis of soils by the Government through Its experiment experi-ment stations culls for a large number of trained menThe men-The study of plant diseases of the insect In-sect friends and foes nnd many other lines ot work particularly the fascinating fascinat-ing study = of hybrids offer opportunities to young men and women who nre prepared pre-pared to do the work thoroughly Irrigation la presenting many problems prob-lems that require practical training for their solution Mining and the reduction of ores offer In this Western country many chances for young men who have trained their hands as well ng their brain The wonderful advance In the knowledge knowl-edge of the poer of electricity Is changing conditions everywhere and great t Inventions call for new methods In engineering NQW textiles and new designs In fabrics and furniture appeal to our young women who have artistic In tlncL I In short In every direction there Is a demand for men and omen who have been trained through the exercise of their motor activities and we c in meet these conditions only I by fitting our young people through proper training for the work that lies before them Should we fall furnishing the opportunities oppor-tunities for this training we not only lessen the power of our future citizens but we hinder by so much the advancement advance-ment of our country along these lines of progress The struggle with material obstacles in settling our country has developed unusual executive ability In our people flO that Americans arc noted for the ease with which they adapt themselves to now condition and their ability to cope with iVlfllcuItlc1 that stagger others Witness the wonderful feats of engineering accomplished in India Burrnah and other Eastern countries coun-tries We need not rotor to the fact that our machinery In found In all parts of the globe lo there danger In all this struggle with material things of losing sight of the higher Intellectual and spiritual attainments Are wo crushing crush-Ing out our poets prophets artists and philosophers 7 There never waija r time when so much attention was given to nature study IH now Not merely as a preparation for natural science but as a means of developing de-veloping a love for and a sympathy with nature at a period In the life 1 of the child when the heart Is warm and the Imagination vivid and both are responsive < re-sponsive to all that Is beautiful sublime sub-lime and good A few days ago Professor James L Hughes was asked the question stated above and he very kindly replied to It In these words 1 The mont Joglcil I I and philosophical of Englishspeaking nation Is Scotland I Scot-land The Scotch children work with their hands as they sit around the fireside fire-side at night more than any other children chil-dren Every child must work at something some-thing many of them boys as well as girls knit 2 Manual training originated in Germany Ger-many and the Germans are the greatest great-est psychologists 3 The exercise of the mind necessary for the child In dealing with material problems of manual training Is exactly In line with the essential mental operations opera-tions of the adult In dealing with the philosophy of Intellectual and spiritual natters It seems to the writer that the solution solu-tion of the vexed problem of dealing with the tramps and our other criminal population lies along this very line It has been found by carefully gathered statistics that very few of the tramps or the Inmates of our reformatories and prisons either male or female have ever had proper manual training or are able to create and work out Ideals An exception of course Is made In the case of some burglars who are very expert In devising and using toolo To again quote Professor Hughes thin training that we havo been discussing In this paper develops habits of exactness ex-actness definiteness and accuracy which ore fundamental elements of character and an ho elsewhere says leads to Tightness of conduct It dignifies digni-fies labor and makes work a Joy It gives men and women more respect for their own powers and so develops self hood that they have more courage to meet life and Its battles and that fewer failures arc made It tends toward the Ideal condition of human life 1 which Is to have the wholo human race happily engaged In productive pro-ductive work EMMA J MVICKER Salt t Lake City October 2Sth |