Show 7 j t I Ie e o J H u 7 c Oi i io Ik 1 rt y yu t 3 1 t I 7 h J h Ij HJ f otE t y r A 1 1 tr J 1 Ir D t f sr I k L I F 4 Iti Hn s t i it j Io 4 t L J t 1 Nj k 7 t f oj I h I a 11 1 c Ii I A t b r t tn wl I n i c J ri 4 f 1 I t I r t i of 5 r JF e Ii j p pr pt f r d it 1 1 fly J 1 r tF 0 l D l 8 F 1 t r r oi f t J t r I I VI j II J i If f a i w m Q I r rr 1 t I S iq r M fl I t 1 1 la J Jr FD 4 x s Z r M r JI Ii f 1 I 1 I wJ j 1 bt t S v S hl N r 1 f t r I It t t f fk k i r f 4 75 i 1 I r i F t i r lr It m I d i i I w mf 4 l t l I rr I r rii i i ii cJ J ii 4 c I r r o U IIi If P II fit ri I i i it lr I t k r I j i l N r rt L t t 0 r t l J al ali l 2 oJ Vf hi hiI All I 10 i r S r i 5 T Ti y L Ll 1 r l r 7 i L t l r i r 1 I 1 il i 1 k r try f X th ti I I r f f J f lI i c i II I i f I l t 1 J o Kid 1 r tit r f rR 1 lM s f I 1 yS Jf 1 T y y 1 r 7 t n nr 4 r r Ar V Y t t i f y y y fr Jt I r li J J l 1 lit tr S y 1 i J 1 iV I i j jt rl t 1 I i tf 1 10 f y yI r l 1 J IJ I t Ir r Sh l y r l i ft Io 0 me 1 J t X JI I u 0 t i 1 M I S i f 1 J J J to lW 1 IILo r f r r j jy N f L if t rp Jot M I t 1 c r Jr t y 1 JL li n 11 I t i S Sw o w 11 c r I I r 1 ir t f oj w r I a av J c J W v r I S SF i t 1 f r Tt F 1 r jW I l i Ui l r r it f JIu rl S rJ t o w aI 5 Jo Jol d I l 5 J I f I j jf k f 1 11 I j or i t t r c iI 4 t t r S I J t j l 1 if f 1 t r N tt J 1 I d l L 41 1 MY f u t it I r r 1 1 oJ Est f L rs t a ar f I rp f J 1 L r tt 0 I f j h I 1 I I r IY ro 1 Ir r t rt d Sw Kf t tt t j tJi IIiI J f D h Z f t r Ii t I IIII Io tit or j s W r J 1 hI 1 I K i 0 H y I r w c nr ll 1 ie i z if It if sir A iC 1 t H q r fi 1 a p m I It N t tJ 1 JI alt i r ahi A i r l 7 i C F 1 r t f S 3 1 rr r i irO r r ri r 4 f 1 Y ii 4 a M i I r rO ra s i q dt j e Z Cb e 6 a fG 8 J r r u e t 1 f AfrE you any allY idea lion how h w much you ort HArE H j j are intrinsically worth as aman a man all else o of stripped o of 8 your y our r rand a J sti im mete re isa r c o brain blood and j muscle cl J A Suppo oSe hitman l slavery were again in tit in vogue j Ott were offered ered upon t the block for I or sol salk what would ld you fort consider cOlls L der your worth to the purchaser pu at tit what would you capitalize your earning capacity over and above the cost 0 of your maintenance For years ears students of af o economics economics cs have J beet been puzzling overt oven this problem Juries have called upon up Oil frequently to assess the thc eco economic value o of a roan man and have zave stumbled through tile task without satisfactory prece precedents dents cuts or established methods of o f computation Only Orrl have scientists arrived at ar ly of o pinion opinion Through careful the they have figured rued out the value alue of o a life expressed in ill dollars and cents from rom the cradle to 10 the grave rave I IIII III a paper read before a sections section of o the theA American A Medical edical Association A recently in ill convention in ill Boston Dr E E Holt of o P 11 Vaine called attention to a method by b f which a mans grans s economic c worth may be de determined b by f which flesh blood and are tc to Ii figures with the t dollar sign before I 1 1 F ALA MATI AL formulae can be em employee y IF plo p e in measuring g any an power why not in estimating the tha value of any ny class of lives livesA 1 A mans present worth it is pointed out outi i iS represented 3 a n capitalization of his lis earning Oti ta u minus the l c cost ost of f maintenance ar esti osti estimate estimate mate by crude calculations when Wh l Slaves tare rc sold sith pan Pon market markett j f t f Tho Thu I liv value al c of f ves services was determined d as fiS any tuy salable commodity the freemans labor ia is i inalienable but Lut none the less Ices subject to determination tion from tt U tart tary standpoint Even fin an i k gut ant an has hns las St l financial value viewed f fr rpm pm the side As he ne ne grows crows older his increases with aj agra p io to a t 11 period alid i to hi hid hia occupation or earning capacity After tUl th the hid f t point of h hen his economic hat is i nt t its greatest rE i a n mans gradually J declines cs until should be ho live long tong enough lough ho lie becomes s a ll to tie tae community ty ind in tr d of bf an nn asset set seti I i f I 4 c 1 dr O LT t Ver lue f cf hi t Zb ds 2 d dS S o 88 When one and buys a ground rent ren or other ther pro producing du ing g investment he arrives at an estimate oi o its present worth by capitalizing at a certain per percent percent percent cent the annual revenue expected Working upon a similar principle Dr Holt adapting the methods of Dr H Magnus of o Bres Eres Breslau I lau Germany and Dr William Farr Parr of England has hns evolved a 11 series of valuations upon human life at at ai different periods neri ds between 5 and 80 years Capitalizing the average of 01 o earning capacity at ata a rate of 35 per cent Dr Holt has worked out tables showing the present worth of a laboring man and of a professional man manAt manAt manAt At the age of 25 years the economic value of the average American working man is 03 This is the highest point he reaches in the economic economic scale The professional man is worth ir O 39 It is estimated that the infant of the laboring class is worth at birth The economic value of infants however is based upon a calculation calculation calculation tion of its his probable future and its chances ch of life y computed after the methods followed by life insurance insurance insurance ance companies For a number of years the child of any class is only a charge upon his parents They must maintain main maintain to tain feed clothe cloth and educate him ex expenses expenses pens s are arc in the nature of investments of capital upon which returns begin 10 to 0 come in later After a time the expenditure in jn behalf of the individual ceases and he begins earning money himself His earning capacity on the average in increases increases increases creases to a certain period when after remaining ing stationary alj for awhile it begins to decrease MINUS SIGN FOR OLD AGE I Old Ohi age not only reduces the tho earning capacity as asa a n rule io to the minimum but in avast a number Dumb r of cases cn cs thai thab capacity disappears entirely and the person again becomes a charge In this case the th minus sign must be used before figures fi S ures represent representing sent ing his worth All men of course are not equal in economic worth because some ome develop a a greater earning ca capacity Capacity than others Like capital invested in the rhe soil in the vint vintage vintage vintage age or jn says says Dr Parr Farr the tho capital invested in the life of a man returns let r s in L v 7 f t 1 happy natures profit of a a n hundred fold in other cases fifty twenty ten fold in still others it is barely returned ed in some Bom itris itis it is en entirely entirelY r lost either ei herby by death sickness vice idle idleness I Iness ness or misfortune Life Lifo has a pecuniary pec value v lue continues Dr D Parr Farr In its production and education a certain amount of capital is sunk for a longer or shorter time and thE capital with its interest as a general rule ruI reappears in wages of the laborer pay of the officer income of the pro professional professional professional man manAt manAt manAt At first it is all expenditure re anda and n a certain necessary expenditure goes on to the end to keep life in being even when its economic results are negative HOW LIVES ARE VALUED I IThe The value of any class of lives is determined by at birth or at any age the cost of future maintenance and then the tiie he value of the fu future future future ture earnings s x a Proceeding found the tho value of an agricultural ag agricultural laborer of Norfolk oik England to be 1230 at the age of 25 The child of the same class Is Isby isby isby by this method Worth only 25 at birth atthe at atthe atI atthe I the age of 5 at the age of 10 This increases to at 15 and 1170 at 20 Decline in this instance begins at the age of 30 when his value is 1205 The decline continues steadily the value being at 55 years and only 5 at 70 after which the cost of maintenance ex cx exceeding exceeding the e earnings the value beco becomes es negative At 80 the tho tl e estimate of the cost of maintenance ex exceeds exceeds exceeds the earnings by These values may be compared with the tho former cost of slaves in Rome the United States and the West Vest Indies S I IThe The amount of capital sunk in the education of or professional men is not only greater grenter but is probably at greater risk an and it has to remain longer under investment before b fore it ii i is returned Maximum value v lue of such a man is attained later in in life probably at 40 years In the highest orders of the church law and politics where ex experience experience experience and great weight of character are requisite requisite requisite site life still increases value at higher ages Commenting upon Dr Farrs Parrs method Dr Holt Holi th r rl l 7 l tot r i 80 e 2 e z ez c be to 0 t z S ZOL ZOLe 1 t ra eS S 1 e z z t 0 says sa rs the present value of oi the net yearly earnings of a n person for a prospective working life is the sum of their net earnings when discounted at tLe rate of interest used in the computation com corn compounded compounded pounded for each of the series of years be before ore they the will be realized In the tho table r ble for the laboring laboring classes of Amer America America ica which he has prepared pr pre ared Dr Holt makes m kes an average of persons each supposed to earn the minimum wage in his daily work Upon a 35 per cent basis the infant in t antis is lv orth h the child of 5 of 10 At 20 the young man mun is worth and reaches his greatest value 03 at 25 When Then he has bas reached 40 this valuation has hass de decreased decreased decreased creased to at at 50 it is at 60 and at 70 his value is only 1713 1718 From Prom then his worth is below zero he is is a charge rather than an asset At 75 years he is is a drag drab upon u on society soci ty to the extent of f and at 80 to the extent of r Dr Farr Parr determines the present value of per persons p persons r sons in professions on an average income of 1400 a year by applying a n 3 per cent calculation 4 At 25 the economic value of such a person perso n is at 30 it is at 40 it reaches reach s its highest point TABLES TABLE OF SERVICE TO JURORS S Then the inevitable decline begins His eco cco economic economic valuation at 50 is at 60 is 19 and at 70 is only 2988 2985 2 88 f fIt It is not likely that the labors of Drs Parr Tarr arr and Holt will ever be of use in determining the value alue of flesh and blood in an nn actual market but t is s an interesting fact that scientists have reached a aa seemingly satisfactory basis of computation after so many years y cars of or groping in darkness Such tables table J however will probably prove lrOY of considerable cons service ervice to o Jurors who wh may be called calle oJ upon to determine the value of a u life ori or in n deciding the loss of earning capacity through accident nt Every person in in order to be ibe t 4 gg must possess first mst the necessary rY functional n l ability y He must have also tech technical olk or 4 in order that he lie may mayr successfully su couple coup le liis pow poW powers ers era to ohis his occupation and he must have ability or the ability to t apply his l other posses sio s to advantage These r three technical and competing ability are reg regarded as r rIn J Jin in in the formula by which a mans mang economic e value i worked out Impairment of anYone impairs the theman man as asa a whole A person for instance might suffer a disfigure disfigurement ment of the face which in itself in any anyway way impair his ability to work and andY s yet et might pro prep him bim securing employment in f the o D for which he was best fitted Just as electricity has been as 3 sa 1 producing force in the world has been analyzed THE UNITS NITS U OF HUMAN HUM POWE The unit of electromotive e force is is Avolt a volt lt cur current current current rent is measured by amperes and resistance nce byj byl b bohms ohms Multiplying ng these elements e one ob obtains obtains obtains a composite quantity calles cating S the amount of o 0 electricity w a When one on groups the systems organs of the body in accordance with th their functions four general units for the entire body body are rc obtained i d dJ J The first includes the oss osse u arti ul i a muscular systems the bones joints anoS and in muscles i les Next ext come c me the circulatory tor and Y 1 systems consisting of t the he heart lug lungs and acct or organs Digestive organs kidneys s t a their near rela relatives tives compose the third group while the t brain br in arid and nervous ner ous system make lUnk up the fourth All these factors itie not o of equal Yau j but when one is reduced to a negative ne value its group b P Pis is impaired and the bad effects may extend to tho entire body r rBy By placing a valuation upon each unit and nd tracing th effect of its impairment other units and ancl groups scientists by cold mathe mathematical mathematical formulae arrive ut what they regard asa as a aj ajust just j st assessment I t of damages in the tho ease of any act ilc I This formula was applied first in the case caso of ofa a young man whose eyes e C a and d right h hand J were we a badly and permanently injured by ai nl electric shock while at it work in ill a t Maine mill He brought suit for d and the jury fury without having the new scie scientific t is Fables Cables s to guido guid them ahem In abided a s sled him damages daJ n sy CONTINUED ON INSIDE PAGE I |