Show f A CENTURY Jfo the Footsteps of Washington EIORIAL SERVICES At the Scene of the First Inauguration e URISflAX PEOPLES IKHIAGF In E Piuls Cln tlBisliop Potter s Allllress Whlttlci I oem Dcpevv s Oratlcn Thc Magnificent lara > Ivrw Yomi Apr OTlie day broke bright and beautiful More perfect weather for the celebration could not hare been wished for The air was a little sharp but i lnhritinc and just right for those who were pienaiing to take part in the procession The earliest streaks of dawn found mal people in the streets and as the day wore on the number incieasei till the Irvvti half of Manhattan islmll was filled with a greater throng than was ce before there at one time A brisk breeze set a myriad of flags flapping flap-ping in jubilation on the memorable anal wsarv and rustled among the vast quan tJjes of decoration which blazed in great < 51 ofusion from ever housefiout making a bewildering kaleidoscope of the national colors Martial strains were bore upon the breezes from the Batter and else win rt Horsemen IN miLIIT IMFOI Ms tlashp 11 C aHI there troops and other bodies uiuvd to their apOiflted positions to take Part in the paiode Iheii the chimes of Old Trinity church rang out the solemn strains of the Old Hundred followed bv Hail Columbia Yankee Doodle Centennial Cen-tennial March Columbia the Gem of the Ocean America The Starry Flag Our Flag is there Auld Lang Sync Mj Countr s Flag of Star Then the sound of the bells tailing the people to thanksgiving services in the various churches awakened the people anew to the I true solemnity of the occasion Services c re held in l the churches of the city of Jh cry denomination votive masses being offered upin the Catholic churches which special prapers were held As a luattci it course the principals principal-s nues were at St Piuls church on Broidwav when Washington attended ont on-t morning of his inauguration AtW a in the President arrived at the isev stnet ate As the President cppod from his carriage followed by the I ViCrosjdeiit and Mt million a com trric of the rrimtv vestry stepped front fron-t egattwaj and escorted the part to the i pstcntrm t wh re the rector of Trinity t ii RPV Ir Dix was waiting to escort the resident to TI OLI WlsUINtTON PEW L the itxt carriage were Mrs Harrison j s I1rtol tad Clarence Bowen A few n nuUs Liter the carriage containing Gov 4 nor F ll Mayor Grant and General Scho ntJ drew up Postmaster General Wana nakir harnod through the crowd on foot A Jl an open carriage containing ex President Cleveland ex President I av i s L i ut < mut Go ernor Jones and Senator William Ev arts drew up MiCk Mi-Ck vilar 3 the first to alight missed his futnJ and almost fell During the service ti new British minister occupied a seat i th pew allotted to the diplo taiL corps The Spanish minis td sat near him The Vice Pipsitknt occupied a large pew mid was up Lie aisle under the south gallery The exercises were conducted by the Ht Ksl H nry C Potter DD LLD bishop cu iStw York as the services on the day of W ashington inauguration were conducted by the bishop of New York thq Rt Rev Samuel Provost Bishop Potters address was an eloquent one After dwelling on the exalted character charac-ter of Washington especial on the deep rellv4 us feeling which governed him as shoa on the day of his inauguration hI je came to worship in this very church the speaker touched upon thee the-e of the United States and the vast work which had brought the member mem-ber into one body The bishop then aid in part But it is 1 somewhat significant fait that it is not along lines such as these that the enthusiasm which has tame out during these recent das and weeks a3 this annnersar approached seemed to moe moeOne thing that has I imagine amazed a good man cynical and pessimistic people among us is the way in which theardorof a grout peoples love and homage and grati vc have kindled not before an image of mvchanism but of man that it celebrates tie beginning of an administration which by its lofty and stainless integrity by its absolute superiority t selfish or secondary I motes by the rectitude of its daily con duct in the face of whatsoever threat blandishments or combinations rather than fessions by the ostentatious bust phariseeism of its pro TACOHT THIS NATION and the world forever what the Christian ruler of Christian people ought to be and not the conception of a national government govern-ment as a huge machine existme mainly vice for the purpose of rewarding partisan ser viceThis 1 This was a conception so alien to the character and conduct of Washington and his associates that it seems grotesque even to speak of it It would b interesting to imagine the first President of the United States confronted with some one who had I veafjtired to approach him upon the basis of S whaTare now commonly known as practi s cal poltc but the coneeptiou is iiupo The bishop quoted from a letter of Wash ingtOfl to a friend who sought a pledge of I office during the campaign refusing any such pledge and declaring that neitherthe tics of blood nor of friendship when in office should sway his judgment The speaker then proceeded to contrast such political methods with those of today Im thing language He declared We IhaiyKxchanged Washingtonian dignity for IJeffersonian simplicity which was in truth lity only another name for Jacksonian vulgar I The speaker closed with a prayer that I the nation might be led t follow Washing tons noblo Christian example The following is the order of exercises at t Pauls Processional hymn IOur Father etc 3 Psalm LXXXV 4 First lesson Ecclesiastics XLIV 5To Deum 0 Second lesson St John VIII Bendicte SThe creed and prayers 9 Address by Bishop Potter JjFocessional hymn AFTER THE CEPEMOMES n ths church were concluded the Presi lentlt party escorted by the committee V < i V 1 was driven to the sub treasure building where the literary exercises of the day began The crowd at the sub treasuii defied computation and the cheers which greeted the President upon his appearance on the under the heroic statue of Washington platform ington fairly shook the foundations of the building The moment the exercises at the sub treasuri began the military parade started up Broadway from Pine street with Geneialbchofieldcommandinsr The parade was in three divisions the first consisting I of the regular troops the cadets and the naval na-val corps The West Pointers 400 strong led the column The second division consisted of the mil itia marching in the order in which their respective states were admitted to the union with the governors of each state at the head of its troops Places were also given heal in this division for goveinois without troops including Governor Cooper of Col oralo and Governor Pennoyer of Oregon The third division cousi tel of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Loyal Legion The sub tieasmv steps were the Mecca of thousands from an early hour At 0 ilock it was almost impossible to pass through the streets foi quarter of a mile around while in the immediate neighbor ho liod of the sub tieasmv the sightseers were packed like sheep As soon as the Presidential part reached the platform a shout of applause io = Item the assembled 11 ow d million Fish Si opael the exercises i iatioditinjllbiid1e 1 C crry as chair an Geniv with a few r > lopiiate maiLs called upon the tIer Richard S Storm WhO Ielncit an eloquent in oci i i 105in with tii Lords Prayer ll th Clarence A V Bow u secretary of the centennial committee was next intro dared He readr E hittier s poem como > com-o ed for the occasion TIlE YOW OF AblirSGTON Il Jax EENLEW VTHirIFI Ino sword was sheathed in Aprils sun Lay green the fields by Freedom won And set ere 1 section wear of debate Joined hands at last and were United State O City sitting bv the Sea How proui the day that dawned on thee When p the new en long desired began And in its need the hour had found the man One thought the cannon salvos spoke The resonant betowers vibrant stroke The oiceful street the plau litehoms hill And prayer and hymn bore heavenward from St Pauls How felt the land in even par The strong throb of a nations heart < I rat leader pave with revee awe Its pledge to Union Liberty and Law That pict Ise tho heavens above him heard nit vow the bleep of centuries stirred In worldwide wonder listening peoples bent rheir gaze on Freedom great experiment Could it succeed Of honor sold And hopes deceived all histoQ told Above the reeks that btewed the mournful pastas past-as the long dream of ages true at last Thank God the peoples choice was just The one man equal to his trust Wuie beyond lon and without weakness good Calm in the strength of flawless rectitude His rule of justice order peace Made possible the world release TaD ht prince and serf that power is but itrjt And rule alone which serves the rued is just That Freedom generous is but strong In hate of fraud and seltish wrong Pretens that turns her holy truths to lies And lawless license masking in her guise Land of his love with oae glad voice Let thy treat sisterhood rejoice A century suns oer thee have risen and sct 1 r h r M nnB nn uu uuu U u u vu v v And still we rust the years tote Shall prove his hope ws destiny Lsaving our tag with all its added stars Unrent bv acton and unstained by wars Lo where with patient toll he nursed And trained the new set plant at first The widening branches of a stately tree Stretch from the sunrise to the sUnset sea unrse And in its broad and sheltering shade Sitting with none to make afraid Were we now silent through each mighty limb The winds of heaven would sing the praise of him Our frt and best his allies lie Beneath his own Virgin i an sky Ferris e forget 0 true and just and brave rae storm that swept above thy sacred grave Fo ever in the awful strife < j CT3 jsfrj V Uiddarl hour of the nation life < Through the fierce tumult pierced his warning word The r father s voice his erring children head The change for which he prayed and sought In that sharp agony was wrought Xo partial interest draws its alien line Twixt North and South the cypress and the pie One people now all doubt beyond His name shall be our Union bond We lift our hand to Heav en and here and now Take on our lips the old Centennial vow For rule and trust must needs be ours Chooser and chosen both are powers Equal in servIce as In rights the claim Of Duty rests on each and all the same Then let the sovereign millions where Our banner heats in sun end air Yom the war palm lands 1 Alaska cold Repeat with us the pledge a century old OAI Ksor D wpiis MASS At the conclusion of the reading tho assembly as-sembly gave hitter three cheers and a tiger The Hon Chauncej M Depow the orator of the day was next introduced and received a hearty greeting He spoke a follows We celebrate today the centenary of our nationality One hundred years ago the Unit States began their existence Tle powers of government were assumed by the people of the republic and they became the sole source authority The solemn core monial of the first inauguration the rover eat oath of Washington tho acclaim of the multitude greeting their President marked the most unique event of modern times in the development of free institutions The drYelpmen ns occasion was not an accident DUI i result I was tho culmination of the working out b v mighty forces through many centuries of the problem of selfgovernment I was not the triumph of a system the application of a theory or tho reduction t practice of the abstractions of philosophy The time the county the heredity and environment of the people the folly of its enemies and the noble courage of its friends gave t liberty after ages of defeat of trial of experiment ex-periment of partial success substantial gains this immortal victory Henceforth it had a refuge and recruiting station Tho oppressed found free homes in this favored and and invisible armies marched from itby mail and telegraph by speech and song by precept and example t regenerate tho world Puritans in New England Dutchmen in New York Catholics in Maryland Hugue not in South Carolina had felt the fires of persecution and were wedded t religious liberty They had been purified in tho furnace and in high debate and on bloody battlefIelds > had learned t sacrifice all atonal interests and to peril their lives for human rights The rcile constitutional itutional government had been impressed upon them by hundreds of year of struggle upn for each principle they could point V t the grave of an ancestor whose death attested at-tested the ferocity of the fight and tho value of the concession wrung from arbitrary arbi-trary power They knew the limitations of authority they could pledge their lives and fortunes t resist encroachments upon heir rights but it required tho lesson of Indian massacres the invasion of the aries of France from Canada the tyranny of the British crown the seven years war of the revolution and tho five years of chaos of the Confederation to evolve the idea upon which rest tho power and permanency manency of the republic that liberty and union are one and inseparable The traditions and experience of the colonist had made them alert to discover and quick t resist any peril to their lib rties Above all things they feared and eres a thng fea distrusted power The town meeting and II the colonial legislature gre them confidence con-fidence in themselves and ourge to check the royal governois Iheirinterests hop and affections ere in thlij f several con monwealths anil each bloyffbj the British ministry at their freedom each attack upon their rights as Englishmen weakened their love for the mother land and intensified their hostility to the crown But the same cause which broke down their allegiance to the central government increased their con fidenee in their respective colonies and their faith in liberty was largely dependent upon the maintenance of the sovereignty of their several state The farmers shot at Lexington echoed round the world thq spirit which it awakened from its slumbers could do and dare and die but it had not yet discovered the secret of the permanence and prcgres of free institutions Patrick Henry thundered thun-dered in the Virginia convention James Otis spoke trumpet tongue and felid eloquence for united action in Massachusetts Massachu-setts Hamilton Jay and Clinton pledge New York to respond with men and mone for the tomu on cause but their vision only saw a league of independent colonies The vail was not yet draw from before the vista of population and power of empire em-pire and liberty which would open with national union The Continental Congress partially grasped but completely expressed the c h tral idea of the American lepublic More fully than any other body which ever assembled as-sembled did it represent the victories won from arbitrary power for human rights In the hew World it w ib tho conservator of liberties secured through centuries of straggle in the Old Among the delegates i wcic thedesccndantbof the men who had i stood in that brilliant i array upon the field of Ilunnjmede which wrested front King I John Magna Chartl that great charter of li > wit in whip fTnllim in the iuiistopntli century bears witness that i which had been since obtained is little inoi e than as confirmation or commentary There were the grandchildren of the statesmen who had biiinrnonod Charles before parliament and compelled his assent to the Petition of Rights which transferred power from the crow to the commons and gave representative represent-ative government to the English i i traCe i u t-raCe And there were those who had sprung from the iron soldiers who had fought md charged with Cromwell at Naseby and Duubai and Maiston Moor Among its members were Huguenots whose fathers had followed the white plume of Henry of Isavarie and in an age of big otrv intolerance and the deification of absolutism ab-solutism had secured the great edict of religious liberty from French despotism and who had become a people without country rather than surrender their convictions con-victions and forswear their consciences In this Congress were those whoso ancestor ances-tor were the countrymen of William of Orange the Beggars of the Sea who had survived the cruelties of Aha and broken the yoke of proud Philip of Spain and who had two centuries befc re made a declaration declara-tion of independence and formed a federal union which are models of freedom and strength These men were not revolutionists they were the heirs and the guardians Of the priceless treasures of mankind The British Brit-ish king and his ministers wore the royolu tiomsts They were reactionaries seeking arbitrarily to turn back the hands upon the dial of time A year of doubt and debate the baptism of blood upon battlefields where soldiers from every colon fought under a common standard and consolidate the continental army gradually lifted the soul and understanding of this immortal Congress to the sublime declaration Ue therefore the representatives ot the United Statesjbf America in general Congress Con-gress assembled appealing to tae Supreme Judge Of the world for tie rectitude or our intentions do in the name and bv the authority of the good pcop of these colonies col-onies solemnly publish and declare that these UnitedsColomes are and of right ought to be frcs and indepen lent states To this declaration John Hancock proscribed pro-scribed and threatened with death affixed a signature which has stood for a centarv like the pointers to the north star in the firmament of freedom and Charles Carroll taunted that among many Carols he the richest man in America might es ape added description and identiheatnn with Iof Carrollton Benjamin Harrison a delegat from Virginia the ancestor of the distinguished statesman and soldier who today so worthily fills the chair of Washington Wash-ington voiced the unalterable determination determina-tion and defiance of tho Congress He seized John HancocK upon whose head a price was set in his arms and placing him in the Presidential chair said We will show Mother Britain Brit-ain how little we care for her by making our President a Massachussets man whom she has excluded from pardon bj public proclamation and when the were signing sign-ing the Declaration and the slender El bridge Gerry uttered the grim pleasantry We must hang together or su we will hang separately the portly jtuT on responded re-sponded with the most daring lintor I will be a over with mo in a moment but you iv ill be kickmsr in the air half an hour ftria gone Thus flashed athwart I the great charter which was to be for its signers a death warrant or a diploma of immortality as with firm hand high purpose pur-pose and undaunted resolution they sub aenbed their names this mocker of fear and the penalties of treason The grand central idea of the Declaration Declara-tion of Independence was the sovereignty of the people It relied for original power not upon states or colonies or their citizens citi-zens as such but recognized as the authority author-ity for nationality the revolutionary rights of tho people ot the United States I stated with marvelous clearness the encroachments en-croachments upon liberties which threatened threat-ened their suppression and justified revolt but it was inspired by tho very genius of freedom and the prophetic possibilities of united commonwealths covering the conti neat in ono harmonious republic when it made the people of the thirteen colonies all Americans and devolved upon thorn t administer ad-minister bj themselves and for themselves the pre ogativ es and power tested from crown and narhamcnt It condensed Magna Charter the Petition I Rights the great body of English liberties embodied in the common law and accumulated in the decisions of the courts the statutes of the realm and an undisputed though unwritten constitution but this original principle and dynamic force of the people anl daie for poples power sprang from these old seeds planted in the virgin soil of the New World Mora clearly than any statesman of the i period did Thomas Jefferson grasp and pro the possibilities of popular govern I meat He cauphtand costalired the spirit of free institutions philosophical mind was singularly free from the power of precedents pre-cedents or the chains of prejudice He had an unquestioning and abiding faith in the people which was accepted bj but few of his compatriots Upon his famous axiom of the equality of all men before tho law he constructed his system I was the triphamnier essential for the emergency t break the links binding the colonies to imperial authority and t pulverize tho privileges of caste I idspired him to w nto the Declaration of Independence and Drton Independenc persuaded per-suaded him to doubt the wisdom of tho powers concentrated in the coustitu ton In his passionate lovo of liberty ho became intensely jealous of authority Ho the substance of royal destroyed to substmc rya pro rogativo but never emerged from its shadow Ho would have the states as the guardians of popular rights and the barriers barri-ers against centralization and ho saw in the growing power of the nation ever increasing in-creasing encroachments upon the rights of the pple For the success of the pure democracy de-mocracy which must precede Presidents and cabinets and Congresses wa perhaps providential that its apostle never believed 1 great people could giant and still retain could giv c and at will reclaim could delegate and jot ttnnlj hold tho authority which ultimately created Jtho power of their republic public and enlarged the scope of their own libertyhore Where this mastermind haltedall stood I still Tho necessity for a permanent union was apparent but each state must have hold upon the bowstring which encircled its d I throat I was admitted that union gave the machinery required to successfully fight the common enemy but yet there was fear that itmight become a Frankenstein and destroy its creators Thus patriotism and fear difficulties of communication between be-tween distant communities and the intense growth of provincial nnde and interests ed this Congress to frame the Articles of Confederation happily termed the league of friendship The result was not a govern ment but a ghost By this scheme the American people were ignored and the Declaration of Independence reverse The states bj their legislatures elected delegates to Congress and the delegate dele-gate represented the sovereignty of his commonwealth com-monwealth All the states had an equal voice without regard to then size or population popu-lation required the vote of nine states to pass any bill and fiv o could block the wneols ol tne government uongiess nad none of the powers essential t sovereignty I could neither levy taxes nor impose duties nor collect excise For the support of the army and navy for the purposes of war for the preservation pUlps own functions it could only cal upon the states but it possessed no power to enforce en-force its demands It had nOI Pre tent or supreme5 court executive authority no supieme with general jurisdiction and no national power Each of the tiniteen states hal seaports and levied discriminating duties against the others and could also tax and thus prohibit interstate commerce across its territory Had the confed ation been a unionnstead of a league it could have rusep and equipped three times the number Of men contributed bj reluctant states and conquered con-quered independence without foreignassis tauce This paralyzed gov ei uinent without with-out strength because it could not enforce its decrees svithout credit because fttould pledge nothing for the payment of its debts without respect because without Inherent authority would bj its feeble life and early death have added another to the n store s-tore tragedies which have in inauj lands marked the suppression of freedom had it not been saved bj the intelligent inherited ted and invincible understanding of liberty bj the people and the genius and patriotism patriot-ism of their leaders But while the perils of war had given temporary strength to the confederation peace developed its fatal weakness Jt derived de-rived no authority from the people and could not appeal to them An uchj threatened threat-ened its existence at home and contempt met its representatives abroad C In you fulfill or enforce the obligations O the treaty on your part if we sign ont with you was the sneer of the courts of the Old World to our ambassadois Some states gave a halfhearted support to its demands others defied them The loss of public credit nas speedily followed bj universal uni-versal bankruptcy The wildest pllantas ies assumed the force of serious mejisures for the relief of the general distress States passed exclusive and hostile t laws against each other and riot and disorder threatened the dis integration fl society Our stock is I stolen our houses ire plundered our I farms arc raided cried a delegate in the Massachusetts convention despotism is bettti than anarchy To rise sI01uO0O a year was beyond the resources of the government and v > 00 0 was the limit of the loan it could secure from the moneylenders of Europe Even Washington Wash-ington exclaimed in despair I I see one head giaduallj changing into thirteen I see one army gradually branching into thirteen which instead of looking up to Congress as the supreme controlling power are considering themselves as depending on their respective states And later when independence had been won the impotency of the government wrung from him tae ex lamation After gloriously and success fully contending against the usurpation of Great Britain we may fall a prY our own folly and disputes V < But oven trouqh this Cimmenanflaik ness shot a fame which illumined the coming century and kept bright the beacon Sires of liberty Tho architects of consti utional freedom formed their institutions with wisdom which forecasted the future They may not have understood at first the whole truth but for that which they knew hey had the martyrs spirit and the era sa ors enthusiasm Though tlie confederation con-federation was a government of checks without balances and of purpose without power the statesmen who guided it demonstrated demon-strated often the resistless force of great souls animated by the nurest patriotism and united in judgment and effort to promote pro-mote the common goo by lofty appeals and high reasoning to elevate the masses above local greed and anpareut self nte est to their own broad plane The most significant triumph of these moral and intellectual forces was that which secure the assent of the states t the limitation of their boundaries to the grant of the wilderness bevond them to the general government and to the insertion in the ordinance electing the north west territories of the immortal pro vise piohibitin slavery or involuntary servitude within all of that bread domain The states carved out of this splendid concession con-cession were not so ereignties which had successfully rebelled but they weie the children of the union born of the covenant and thrilled with its life and liberty They became the bulwarks of nationality and the buttresses of freedom Then pro JOiideratins strength first checked and then broke the slave power their fend loyalty haled and held at bay the spirit of state rights and secession for generations and when the crisis came it was with then iwhelming assistance that tho uation < uaton ki ed and buried its enmj The cornerstone corner-stone of the edifice whoso c ntenai V w e arc ceieoratiuig was the ordinance of 1787 It was constructed by the feeblest jf Con grosses but few enactments of ancient or I modern times have had more far reaching and beneficient influence I is one of the ublimest paradoxes of history that this weak Confederation of statesjjhould have welded the chain against which after soy mty four years of fretful efforts for release died lease its own suit frantically dashed and diedThe The government of the republic bv a Congress of states a diplomatic tonrention of tho ambassadors of petty common wealths after seven years trial was fall leg asunder Threatened with ciHl war among its members insurrection and lawlessness law-lessness rife within the states foreign commerce ruined and internal tragic paralyzed yzed its currency worthless it merchants mer-chants bankrupt its farms mortgaged its market closed its labor unemployed it was like a helpless wreck upon thffocean tossed about by the tides and ready to bo engulfed in the storm Washington gave the warning and called for action It was a voice accustomed t command but now entreating The veterans of the war and the statesmen of the revolution stepped to stpp the front The patriotism which had been misled but had never faltered rose above tho interests of states and the jealousies of jarring confederates t find the basis for union It is clear t me a A B C sail Washington that an extension of federal powers would make us one of the most happy wealthy resnectable and powerful nations that over inhabited the terrestrial globe Without them we shall soon be everything which is the direct revere I predict tho worst consequences frem a half starved limping government waj s moving upon crutches and tottering totter-ing at ever step The response of tho country was the convention of 1787 at Philadelphia The Declaration of Independence Inde-pendence was but the vestibulo of the temple which this illustrious assembly erect With no successful precedents t guide auspiciously worked out the prob em of constitutional government and of imperial power and home rule supplementing supple-menting each other in promoting the grandeur of the nation and preserving the liberty of the individual The deliberations great councils hav e vitally affected at different periods the history of the world and tho fate of empires but this Congress builded upon popular sovereignty institutions broad enough to embrace tho continent and elas tic enough to fit n conditions of race and I traditions The experience of a hundred yeas has demonstrated for us the perfec tion of the work for defense against foreign foes and for self preservation against domestic do-mestic insurrection for limitless expansion in population and material development and for steady growth in intellectual freedom free-dom and force Its continuing influence upon the welfare and destiny of the human race can only be measured the capacity of man to cultivate and enjoytho boundless opportunities of liberty and law The eloquent elo-quent characterization of Mr Gladstone condenses its merits The American constitution con-stitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a glen time by the brain and purpose of man The statemen who composed this great senate were equal to their trust Then conclusions were the results of calm debate and wise concession Their character and abities were so pure and great as to command I com-mand the confidence of the countr for the reversal of the policy of the independence of the state of the power of the general government which had hitherto been the invariable piactice and almost universal opinion and for the adoption of the idea of the nation and its supremacy Towering in majestv and influence above them all stood Washington their President Beside him was the venerable Franklin who though eighty one j ears of age brought to the deliberations of the convention the unimpaired vigor and resources of the wisest brain the most hopeful philosophy and the largest experience of the times Oliver Ellsworth afterwards chief justice jus-tice of the United States and the profoundest jurist in the country Robert Morris the wonderful financier of the revolution and Gouveiiieui Moms the most versatile genius of his period Roger Sherman one of the most eminent of the signers of the Declaration of Indo pendence and John Kutledje Rufus King Elbridgo Gerry Edmund Randolph and the Pinckneys were leaders of unequalled pa tnotism courage ability and learning while Alexander Hamilton and James Madison Mad-ison as original thinkers and constructs statesmen rank among the immortal few whose opinions have for ages guided minis tmsnf state anti ilptnrnnnld the lesehuies T o s n This great convention keenly felt and I with eout and serene intelligence lU I tremendous responsibilities I had thc I moral support of the few whose aspiration I for liberty had been inspired or renewed I bv the triumph of the American rev olution I and the activ es hostility of ev erj govern ment in the world 4 There were no examples to follow anti I the experience of its members led part of them t lean toward absolute centralize tion as the only refuge from the anarchy 01 f the Confederation while the rest clung fo tho sovereignty of the states for fear that tho concentration of power would end in the absorption of liberty The large states did not want to surrender the advantage of their position and the smaller states saw the danger to their existence The leagues of tho Greek cities had ended in loss of freedom tyranny conquest and destruction destruc-tion Roman conquest and assimilation had strewn the shores of time with the wrecks of empires and plunged civilization civiliza-tion into the penis and horrors of the dark ages The government of Cromwell was the isolated power of the mightiest man of his age without popular authonty to fill his place or the hereditary principle to protect pro-tect his successor The past furnished no light for our state builders the present was full of doubt and despair The future the experiment of selfgoverhment the perpetuity per-petuity and development of freedom almost most the destiny of mankind was in their hands At this crisis the courage and onfidence needed to originate a system weakened The temporizing spirit of compromise seized the convention with the alluring proposition of not proceeding faster than the people could be educated to follow The cry Let us not waste our labor upon conclusions con-clusions whietfwill not bo adopted but amend and adjourn was assuming startling start-ling unanimity But the supreme force and majestic sense of Washington brought the assemblage to the lofty plane of its duty cud opportunity He said It is too probable prob-able that no plan we propose trill be adopted Perhaps another dreadful conflict is to bo sustained I to please the people we offer what we ourselves disapprove how can we afterwards defend our work Let us raise a standard to which the wise tad hncst can repair the event is m the hands of God 1 nia the state said Louis the Fourteenth hut h3 hue ended in the r1e of absolutism POttv centuries look 1 down upon you was N ipo leons nddess to his arm in the shadow of the pj rounds but his soldiers saw only the dream of eastern empire vanish in blood Statesmen and parliamentary leaders lead-ers have sunk into oblivion or led their I party to defeat ov sunender a their con ictious ti the passing passions of the hour but Washington in this immortal speech struck the keynote 1 of represeiita the obligation and propounded the fundamental mental pimeiple of the purity and perpetuity perpe-tuity of constitutional government Freed from the limitations of its environment envir-onment and the question of the adoption of its work the convention erected it gov etnment upon the eternal foundations of we power oi me people I dismissed tne dlusive theory of a compact between independent in-dependent states and derived national povvci from the people of the United States It broke up the machinery of the confederation and put in practical opera tion the glittering generalities of the Dacaiation of Independence From chaos came order from insecurity came safety from disintegration and civil war came law and liberty with the principle proclaimed pro-claimed in the preamble of the great charter char-ter We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union establish justice insure domestic tranquility tranquil-ity provide for the common defense promote pro-mote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity to ordain and establish this constitution for the United States With a wisdom inspired of Go to work out upon this conti nent the liberty of man they solved the problem of tho ages by blending and yet preserving local self government with national authority and tho rights of the states with the majesty and power of the republic The government of the states under tho articles of confederation became be-came bankrupt because it could not raise 1000000 the government of the union under the Constitution of oft United Rtntna T iiorwl Sit fWl fWl fWl ifa oiwl f growing firmer as its power and resources were demonstrated The congress of the confederation fled from a regiment which it could not pay tho Congress of the union reviewed the comrades of a millon of its victorious soldiers saluting a they marched th flag of the nation whoso supremacy they had sustained The promises prom-ises of the confederacy were the scoff of its states the pledge or the republic was the honor of its people The constitution which was t b strengthened by the strain of a century t be a mighty conqueror without a subject province to triumphantly survive the greatest of civil wars without the confiscation confisca-tion of an estate or the execution of a political politi-cal offender t create and grant homo rule and stat sovereignty to twenty nine a ditional commonwealths and yet enlarge its scope and broaden its power and t make tho name of American citizen me nae an Aerican ctien a title of honor throughout the world came complete from this great convention to the people for adoption As Hancock rose from his seat in the old Congress eleven years before to sign the Declaration of Indepen dente Franklin saw emblazoned on the back of the Presidents chair the sun party abovo the horizon but it seemed setting in a blood rod sky During the seven rears of the confederation ho had gathered nohopo from tho ghtenng emblem but now as with clear vision he beheld be-held fixed upon eternal foundations the enduring en-during structure of constitutional liberty pointing t tho sign ho forgot his eighty two years and with the enthusiasm of youth electrified the convention with the declaration Now I know that it is the rising sun The pride of tho states and the ambition of their leaders sectional jealousies and the overwhelming distrust of centralized I power were all arrayed against the adop tion of the constitution North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to join the union until long after Washingtons inauguration For mouths New York was debatable ground Her territory extending from the sea to the lakes made her the keystone of the arch Had Arnold treason in the evolution not been foiled by the capture Andre England would have held New York and subjugated the Colonies and in this crisis unless New York assented a hostile and powerful commonwealth dividing the states made the union impossible Success was due to confidence in Washington Wash-ington and the genius of Alexander Hamil ton Jefferson was the inspiration of independence in-dependence but Hamilton was the incarnation incarna-tion of the constitution In no age nor countrv has there appeared a more preto ref1 tious or amazing intelligence tnan mantis ton At seventeen he annihilated the I president of his college upon the question of the rights of the colonies in a series of anon j mous articles which were credited to the ablest men in the country at forty seen when he died his briefs had become the law of the land and his fiscal system was and after a hundred year remains the tile and policy of our government He gave life to the corpse of national credit and the strength for selfpreservation and aggressive power to the federal union Both as an expounder of the principles and an administrator of the affairs of govern ment he stands supreme and unrivalled in American history His eloquence was so magnetic his language so clear and his reasoning so irresistible that he swayed with equal ease popular assemblies grave senates and learned judges He captured the people of the whole tonntrj for the constitution bv his papers in the Federal t and conquered the hostile majority in the Now York convention bv the splendor of his oratory But the multitudes whom no argument could convince who saw in the executive executve power and centralized force of the Constitution Consti-tution under another name the dreaded Usurpation of king and ministr were satisfied sat-isfied only with the assurance Washinsr ton iv ill be President Good cried John Lamb the able leader of the Sons of Liberty Lib-erty as dropped his opposition for to no other mortal man would I trust authority author-ity so enormous Washington will be Pros ident was the battle erv of the Constitution Constitu-tion It quieted alarm and gave confidence gve to the timid and courage to the weak The country responded with enthusiastic unanimity una-nimity but the chief with the greatest reluctance re-luctance I the supreme moment of victory when the world expected ex-pected him to follow the precedents prece-dents of the past and perpetuate the power a grateful country would will nglj hav e left in his hands he had resigned and retired to Mount Vernon to enjoy in private station his well earned rest The convention created by his exertions to pro vent7 as he said the decline of our federal dignity into insignificant and wretched fragments of empire had called him to preside pre-side over its deliberations Its w ork made possible the realization of his hope that we night survive as an independent republic md again ho sought the seclusion of his home But after the triumph of the war and the formation of the Constitution came he third and final crisis the initial move meets of government which v ere to teach he infant state the steadier steps of em lireHe He alone could stay assault and inspire confidence whie the great and complica ed machinery of organized government stas put in order and set in motion Doubt existed nowhere except m his modest and unambitious heart Mj movements to the chair of government he said will be ac companied bj feelings not unlike those of a culprit w ho is going to the place of his execution exe-cution So unw ilhng am I in the evening of life nearly consumed in public cares to quit Jlabcdeforan ocean of diftl cnltles vituout that competency of polio cal skill abilities and inclination which ire necessary to manage the helm His syhole life had been spent in repeated sacrifices for his eountrv s welfare and he did not hesitate now though there was an undertone inexpressible sadness m this entry in his dairy on the night of his departure de-parture About 10 clock I bade adieu to Mount ernon to private life and to dom do-m ° stic felicity md vv ith a mind oppressed syith mere anxious and painful sensations tuat I have words to express set out for Sew York with the best disposition to render service to mv country in obedience to its mill but w ith less hope of answ enug itS expectations Is o conqueror vas ever accorded such a numnh no ruler evcrreceived such a wel come In this memorable march of six tlavs to the capitol it w as the pride of the states to accompany him with the masses of tht n leople to then borders that the citi zeus of the next commonwealth might es con t him through its territory It was the glory of cities to receive him with eve y civic honor at then gates and entertain him as the savior of their liberties He ode under triumphal arches from which children lowered laurel wreaths upon his > row The roadwajs were strewn with low ers and as they were crushed beneath his horse hoofs their sweet incense afted to Heaven theJevei aosndmg pray ens of his loving countrymen for his life and safety The strolling anthem of grati tttdc and reverence greeted and follow d him along the countiv side and through the crowded streets Long live George Washington Loner live the father of his people His entry into New York was worthy the city and state He was met by the chief officers of the retiring government of the country bj the governor of the com monw ealth and the whole population This superb harbor was alive with fleets and flags and the ships of other nations with salutes from their guns and the cheers of their crews added to the joyous acclaim But as the captains who had asked the privilege bending proudly to their oars wed the Presidents barge swiftly through these inspiring scenes Wash nstons mind and heart was full of realm cence and foreboding He had visited New York thirty three years before also in the month of April in he full perfection of his early manhood fresh from Braddock bloody field and wearing the only laurels of the battle bearing bear-ing the prophetic blessing of the venerable resident Davies Princeton college as That heroic youth Colonel Washington whom I cannot but hope providence has hitherto preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to toe country It was a fair daughter of our state whoso miles allured him here and whoso coy confession that her heart was anothers recorded re-corded his only failure and saddened his departure Twenty years passed and ho stood before the hew York Congress onus on-us very spot the unanimously chosen commander in chief of the continental army urging the people to more vigorous measures and made painfully aware of the increased desperation of the struggle from he aid to be given to the enemy by domestic domes-tic sympathizers when he knew that the same local military company which es contest hint was to perform the like service for the British Governor Tjron on hn landing on the morrow Returning for the defense of the city the next summorhe ex ecu ted the retreat from Long Island which secured from Frederick the Great the opinion opin-ion that a great commander had ap poorest and at Harlem Heights be won the first American victory of the revolution which gave that confidence to our raw recruits against the famous veterans of Europe vvhieh car rued our army triumphantly through the war Six years more of untold sufferings of freezing and starving camps of marches over the snow by bare footed soldiers to heroic attack and splendid vie 0 y of despair de-spair with an unpaid army and of hope from the generous assistance of France and peace had como and independence tn umphed As the last soldier of the Invest tug enemy embarks Washington at tho head of the patriot host enters tho city receives re-ceives the welcome and gratitude of its people and in tho tavern which faces us across the way in silence more eloquent than speech and with tears which choke the words ho bids farewell fare-well forever to his companions in arms Such vv ere the crowding memories of the past suggested to Washington m 1789 by his approach to Nest York But the future had none of the splendor of precedent and brilliance of promise vv hich have since at tended the inauguration of our Presidents An untried scheme adopted mainlj because its administration was to be confided to him was to be put in practice He knew that he was to be met at every step of constitutional con-stitutional progress bv factions temporarily hushed into unanimity bj the terrific force of the tidal stave which was bearing him to the Presidents seat but fiercely hostile upon questions affecting every power of nationality and the exisence of the federal government Washington w as never dramatic but on great occasions he not only rose to the full ideal of the event he became liiiusolf the event One hundred years ago today the procession of foreign ambassadors of statesmen and generals of civic societies and military companies which escorted him marched from Franklin square to Pearl street through Pearl to Broad and up Broad to this spot but the people saw only Washington As he stood upon the steps of the old government building here the thought must have occurred to him that it was a cradle of liberty and as such giving a bright omen of the future In these halls in 173o m the trial of John 7enger had been established for the first time in its history the liberty of the press Here the Jew York assembly in 17M made the protest asamst the stamp act and proposed the genera conference which was the beginning of united colonial action In this old state house in 1705 thefst m > at C nHS3 the first and the lather of American Con grosses assembled and presented to the English gov ernment that vigorous protest which caused the repeal of the act and checked the first step towards the usurpa tire which lost the American colonies to the British empire Within these walls the Congress of the Confederation had commissioned com-missioned its ambassadors abroad and in ineffectual efforts at government had ere toted the necessity for the concentration of federal authority nov to be consummated The hist Connress of the United States gathered in this ancient temple of liberty greeted Washington and accompanied him to the balcony The famous men visible V about him were Chancellor Livingston VicePresident John dams Alexander Hamilton Governor Clinton Roger Sherman Sher-man Richard Henry Lee General Knox and Baron Steuben But we believe that among the invisible host above him at this supreme moment of the culmination in permanent per-manent triumph of the thousands of years of struggle for self gov ernment were the spirits of the soldiers of the revolution who had died that their counti jmon might en jov this blessed day aod with them were the Barons of Runnvmodo and William the Silent and Sydney and Russell and Cromwell and Hampden and the heroes and martyrs of liberty of every race and ageAs As he came forward otnc multitude ic the streets m the mdows and on the roofs sent up such a rapturous shout that Washington satdosvn overcome with emotion emo-tion As he slow Iv rose and his tall and majestic form again appeared the people doeplj affected m awed silence viewed the scene The chancellor solemnly read to him the oath of office md Washington repeatin said I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President Presi-dent of the United Stales and will to the best of mj ability preserv protect and defend de-fend the constitution of the United States Then ho roventlj bent low and kissed the Bible uttering with profound emotion So help me God The chancellor waived his robes and shounted It is done long live George Washington President of the United States l Long live George Wash mjtoa our first Pres dent was the answ oring cheer of the paeple and from the belfries rang the bells and from forts and ships thundered the cannon echoing and repeating the cry with responding acclaim all over the laud Long live George Washington President of the United i States The simple and imposing ceremony over the inaugural read the blessing of God pra fullj petitioned in old St Paul the festivities passed and Washington stood alone Iso one else could take the helm ot state and enthusiast and doubter alike trusted only him The teachings and habits of the past had educated the people to faith jn the independence of their states and for the supreme authority of the new govern ment there stood against the precedent of a century and the passions of he hour little besides the irguaients of Hamilton Madison Madi-son and Jay m the Federalist and thojudg V meat of Washington With the first attempt at-tempt to exercise national poster began the duel to the death between V state sovereignty claiming the right to nullify federal laws or secede from the union and the power of the republic to c iinmand the resources of the country to enforce its authority and protect its life It w as the beginning of the sixty yea rs w ar for the constitution and the nation It seared consciences degraded politics destroyed de-stroyed parties ruined statesmen and ro tarded the advance and development of the country it sacrificed hundreds of the j < = nis of precious lives and squandered thousands thou-sands of millions of money it desolated ho fairest portion of the land and carr cd mourning intoeveryhomeNorthand uth but it ended at Appomattox m the atsjlutt t lumph of the republic Posterity owes to Washington administration ad-ministration the policy and measures the force and direction which made possible this glorious result In giving the organization organi-zation of the department of state and foreign relations to Jefferson the treasury to Hamilton and the supreme court to Jay he selected for his cabinet and called to his assistance the ablest and most eminent men of his time Hamilton marvelous versatility and genius designed the armory and the weapons for the promotion of V national poster and greatness but Wash mgtona steady support earned them through Parties erjstilized aud party passions w ere intense debates were intern perate and the union openly threatened m and secretly plotted against as the firm pressure of this mighty personality person-ality funded the debt and established V credit assumed the state debts incurred in-curred in the war of the revolution and superseded su-perseded the local oj the national obligation obliga-tion imposed duties upon imports and ex else upon spirits and created revenue and resources organized a national banking system for public needs and private bust ness and called out an army to put down laws imposing unpopular taxes Upon the plan marked out by the constitution this great architect with unfailing faith and unfaltering courage mildest the republic re-public He gave to the government the principles of action and sources of power which earned it successfully through the wars with Great Britain in 1S1 and f Mexico in ISIS > which enabled Jackson to defeat nullification and recruited and equipped millions of men for Lincoln and justified and sustained his Proclamation oC Emancipation I Tho French revolution was the bloody reality of France and the nightmare of the civilized world The tyranny of centuries culminated in frightful reprisals and reckless reck-less rov enges As parties rose to power and passed to the guillotine the frenzy of the revolt against alt authority reached every country and captured the imaginations V imagina-tions and enthusiasm of millions in every land who believed they saw that the madness mad-ness of anarchy the overturning of all institutions in-stitutions the confiscation and distribution of property would end m a millenium for V the masses and the universal brotherhood of man Enthusiasm for Fran ze our Into ally and the terrible commercial Industrial Indus-trial distress occasioned by the failure of the government under the articles of confederation aroused an almost unanimous cry for the joung republic not vet sure of its own existence to plunge into the vortex The ablest and purest statesmen of the time bent to the storm but Washington was unmoved He stood like the rock nbbcd coast of a continent between the surging Continual on Fifth Page l THE CENTURY Ciiitlmtcel Fmm Fit Paye dillovvs of fanaticism and the child of hove h-ove Order is Heavens first law and the mind of Washington was order The rev mtton Vasbingon and derided the law Washington elcvoutlj reverenced the Deit and believed liberty impossible withou law Ho spoke t the sober judgment of the nation and made clear the danger H e saved the infant government from run and expelled the French minister who had appealed from him t the people The whole land seeing safety only in his continuance con-tinuance in office joined Jefferson in ur > log him to accept a second term fort eel South fpcaicd tie secretary wi hang together while they hive you to has gto No man ever stood for so much to his eodntrj and to mankind as Washington Hamilton Jefferson and Adams M idiso and Jay each represented some of the clc 1 mints which formed the union Vashinl ton embodied them ill They fell at time under popular disapproval were burned in cfUgi were stoned but he with unerring judgment was always the leader of the people Milton sail of Cromwell that va made him great peace greater The super loritv of istnnfton rliarilctcr and c im were mere conspicuous in the formation of our government and in putting it on inde I rfctructiblc foundations than in lea ing y armies to Victory and < onqucring the uidc peniiemo of his eountrj The union in a 1 event is the central though of his farewell address aiid al 1 he years of his grand life were devoted tits < its formation and preservation He fought as a youth with Hraddock alt in the lap turn of Fort Dn Quesiie for the piolcctioi of the whole country As commander in chief of the continental army his commission commis-sion was from the Congress of the United the fo I Colonies He inspired movement fO j the republic was the President and dominant domin-ant spirit of convention which famei its constitution and its President for eight years and guided its course until itishci that moving safely along the broad high wav of time it would be surely ascending toward the first place among the nations of the W jrld the asylum of the oppressed tin home of the free Do his eountijmen exaggerate his vir ties Listen Guizot historian of civilization civil-ization Washington did the two greatest things which m politics it is permitted to man t attempt He maintained by peace the independence of his counti which lu conquered bj war He founded a free tpv cinment in the name of the piniciplcso order and In establishing their sway Heal I old Erskine the most funous of English advocates You lie the only bcinj for whom have an awful reYcicncc Kc member the tribute of Charles James Fox the greatest parliament orator who over SYY iv ed the British house of com y mon ° Illustrious nun before whom ali iroYYed al-i gic itncss sinks into insipiiii < jiu e Contemplate the i h nae tei of Lord BroUnhain preeminent for two generation in ever department of human activity and thought md then impress upon the mentor ic i of your children his deliberate jude m nt Until time shall be no more trill a test 01 the progress YYhicl our rue has lade it vvisdini and virtue be derived from thl Yineritiou paid to the immortal name of jshmgton e hatiam who with Cure conquered an empire in the east died broken he u ted at the loss 01 tue empire in the wtstbv follies vrhlch even his power and eloquence could cot prevent Pitt saw the vast ereitionsol his diplomacy shattered at Austerliu and fell murmuring My country how 1 leave m1 country Napoleon caused a i noble tribute to Washington to bc read at tae lead of IIH armies but unable to arise to Washington greatness witnessed the T ist structure wetted by conquest and cemented by blood to minister i to his own cuut ambition md pndecrumblo into fragments and an exile and a prisoner he breathed his last babbling of battlcfitlds and of elr isngi ashinptjp with his finger upon his pulse felt tho presence of death and Jrcsenc calmly reviewing the past and forecasting I the future answered to the summons of the grim messenger It is well and as his mighty soul ascended to God the laud was lclULed with tears and the world united in his culo j Blot o t from the page of his I try the names of ill the great actors nL his t lilt in the drama of nations and preserve the lamp of ashin tou and the century v e I 1 e renowned We st md today upon the dividing line IctYetu the first ana second ecntur of onstituto al government lucre art no clouds overhead and no convulsions under our fet We reverently return thanks to Vlini ht dod for the past and with ton fi tint and hopeful promise match upon sun I grand oards the future The simple i flt of these hundred years paralyze the I i ignition and YYC contemplate the vast 1l l J I umulations of the centui v with awe md pudt Our population has grown heat four i to iitt lie millions Its center mOiug I vvostvYaid > i0 miles since 17sO is eloquent I with the founding of cities and the birth oJ founding ctes state New settlements dealing the forests I for-ests and ibduing the primes and uldinl i 4 000 000 to the few thousands of farms whidi weie the support of W islnn tons republic create one of the great g1uaries of the world and open exhaust ess i essi v 01 1 s of national wealth llf ait I lit infant industries which the liist of first administration sought to art our administmtoa en ourigt now give icmuneiitive tmpov in ut t 1 m > ie pi oplt than inh ilnted the Kipublii at thebi iniung of ashingtons presidency The grauid total of then in tUtU output of seven thousand millions of I uiiars in value plaits the United State rsi among the miniif ittuiiiif tountiiis of 1 0 earth One h lf the total mileage ot u the railroads and one quaitci of ill the uttgittti lines of the world within our h i ideis testify t the volume variety andS and-S alue of an inteinil touimcice which makes these states if need be independent and self supporting These hundred years development under favoiablc political editions hive brought the sum of out nitional wealth to a figure whnh has passed the results of a thousand v PaS for the motherland herself otherwise the rich st of model empires During this generation a civil war of I unequal magnituae caused the expenditure I A and loss ofXJXlOOO and killed 00 000 3 rM i IJ r i and permanently disabled over a million oung men and yet the impetuous ogress of tin north and the marvelous industrial development of the new md flee south have obliterated the evidences of destine tion and made the war a memory and have stimulated production until our annual surplus near equals that of England France md Germany combined The teeming millions of Asia till the patent soil md work the shuttle and loom as their fathers have done for ages modern 1 u ope has felt the intlucnce and I e 05 ed the benefit of the incalculable multiplication of force bj inventive genius sluice the Niioleome wars and vet only 2lfl years after the little band of Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Hock our people numbering less than one hftcenth of them ibitants of the globe do one third of its mining onefourth of its manufacturing one fifth of its agriculture and ow n one sixth of its wealth 1 fins realism of material pio > petiti < sur issmg the widest creations of the ixi mancers who have astonished and de lighted inkiml ould bt fi 1 of < i nisor for the present and mcna e for the future if the vttue ntfilhgence and independence of the I lo pie were notc < iml to the wise ugula thin of its usesmd the stem prev eiitiou of its aibt ses 3ut following the growth and power of the great factors whoso aggrega ton of capital male possible the tremendous tremen-dous prcc of the cttlemcnt of our national domuu the building of our gicit cities f and the opening of the lines of toinim mca tion which have un fled fie counti Y and reated our resources have conic I itioual md state legislition and supervision super-vision fucnti millions a vast mi joi ti of our people of intelligent age at 1 lea iwledging the authority of their several chut 1 es twelve millions children in the ci miion ehoo three hundred and fort I five iiniv ei si ies and colleges for the highet < Hit itiou ot man and two hundrid for i women liar Ire 1dled aid liftv mstitutoms i ci niigfet st dice law medicine und I ticolo A a1 g the despair of the scoffer mal tin demagogue md the lira suppoit of I libation und liberty Swal and electriiity hive chingcdih uineiix not only they Inure revolu Umerp 9 UOL171 also the rov ei nments of the word ft Thej hive given t the press its POVY i i ld brought l rates amid iticnihUs l 11 1 f runs and svmpatln fhev 1 i 1 are r u 0 tH t pth Oi al s > tjsau < thi s u iiuud o forl If the conditions which follow tho gevmma ing influences of American Dcmoci At the time of the inauguration of Washington Wash-ington seven royal fame lEes ruled a Dan kingdoms in Italy but six of them have seen their thrones overturned and their countries disappear from the map of Europe Most ot the kings princes dukes and margraves of Germany who icignei despotically and sold their soldier for foreign service have passed into history and their heirs hive nether prerogatives nor domain Spain has gone through many violent changes and the perm per-m inencj of her Dieseut government seers to depend upon the feeble life of an infant prince France our ancient friend with prnce ancent repeated and bloody revolutions has tried the government of bourbon aud convcn ton of directory and consulate of empire and citizen king of hereditary so ciun I and republic of empire md again icpub lie The Hapsbuigh and the Hoheuzollern after convulsions which havetoeled the foundations of their thrones have beer compelled to concede constitutio to then people and to divide with them the anti trarv power wielded so autocratically and brilliantly bv Maria Theresa and Frederich the Great Ihe royal 1 will of George the Thud could crowd the American chnes into tebellion and wage war upon them until they wtte lost to Ins Um dom bit the authority of the Clown has devolved upon ministers who holdoftice subjett to the appioval of the representatives of the people and the equal powers of the house of lords hive becouit vested m the commons leaving to the per onli the shadow their ancient privileges But totiny the Amer an people after Jl the dazzling developments of the century ar happily living under the government of Vtshiingtitii The constitution during all that peliOl his been amended only upon the lines laid down m the original instrument instru-ment and m conformity with the recorded opinions of the fathers The first great iddition WIS the incorpomtion of a bill of lights md the list the embedding into the ionstitution of the immortal principle of the laration of inde pciidencc of the equahtv of all men before the law 1 Io crisis has been too perilous for its powers no evolution too rapid for its ad iption and no expansion beyond its easy grasp and administration It has assimilated diverse itionalitics with w airing ai-ring triditions customs coudit oils md languages imbued them with its spirit and won their passionate loyalty md love 1 The ilovYoi of the youth of the nations of continent Europe are conscripted 1om pioduttiveindustues inddnllinriii mines Vast armies stand 11 battle array along the frontiers and a Kaisers wnim 01 a ministers mistake may piecipititt the most destructive war of modem times Both monarchial all Kcpublicaii govern nients ire seeking safety in the repression and suppression opposition indtiiticisiii The volcumiic fonts of Demotiitit ispua tiou and socialistic revolt ue rapidly in < teasing and threaten peace and security We turn from these gathering storms the British isles and hud their people in the throes of a political crisis involving the form and substance of their government and their itcsmen far from couifidcumt that the cufrmehised md unpiepai d misses will wisely use their power But for us no army exhausts our resources re-sources nor consumes our youth Our navy must needs incicise in order that the protecting pro-tecting flag rnav follow expanding com mei e which is t successfully compete in ill the markets of the world The sun of our destinv is still t sing and its rays i amine vast territories is yet unoccupied all undeveloped and which are t be the molly homes of millions of people The imcstK us which affect the powers of government gov-ernment and the exp insion or limitation of the authority of the federal constitution in so completely settled und so unanimously unani-mously approved tint our political divi i sioiis produce only the healthy antagonism jf parties which is uecessari for the of Our institutions preservation liberty institutons prscrTaton turnish the full equipment of shield and spear for tho battles of freedom aud absolute abso-lute uoinst every danger which threatens the welfare of the people will a ivays be found in the mfUigente which ipprcciates their value and the courage and morality with which their powers are xciciscd The spirit of Washington fills the executive oft cc Presidents miv not rise to the full measure of his great Less but they must not fall below be-low his standard of public duty and obligation His life and character i icntiousli I studied and thoroughly understood bj coaling generitionSj will be for them a liberal education for pnv ate life md public station for citizenship and patriotism Juhlic triotism for love md devotion t union and Liberty With their inspiring past and plendid present the people of these Lulled States heirs of a hundicJ jens narv clouslv rich in al which maIds to the loiv and neatness of a nation with an jbitlin trust in the stability md elasticity af tleir Constitution md an abounding faith in themselves h iiltheco nm tentuiY with hOle and JOY Gerry then introduced President lIar iisoii who iro e from his scat and idv micd to the front of the platform This was the signal for a grind outburst of cheering Dozens of cameras pointed at him from the surrounding house tops He stood still foi a moment unionsciouslv THIIIJ the photographeis an excellent opportunity I He stoke a folows ibesc proceedings I arc of very exacting chai ictei and nmake it unite impossible that I should deliver an iddrc ss on this occasion At in ear date I notified OU com unttec that the proi mime must not c on tHin inv address bv me The selection of 11 Doper as the orator on this occa3ion made further spe ih not oiily difficult but superfluous He has met the demand of the occasion on its own high level He has bioupht before us the incidents of the < eve monies of the great inauguration of Wash nipton Ae seem to be put of the ad inning and almost adoring throng that tilled these streets a hundred years io to greet the always inspiring presence of ishingtou He was the incarnation of duty and he teaches us today this great lesson that those who would associate their name with those events that aha s oi TIIV v CENTURY can onlv do so bJ the highest consecration to duty He was like the captain who goes to sea and throws overboard his etiro of 11gS seaL at he may gain safety and deliverance deliver-ance for his imperiled fellow men ishington seemed to come to the dib charge of the duties of his high oftice impressed im-pressed vUth the great sense of his unfa niiliantj with the position newly thrust upon him modestlj doubtful of his own ability but trusting implicitly in his hopefulness hope-fulness of that God who rules the world and presides in tho conscience of nations antI His power to control human events We have made marvelous process in material ma-terial event since then hut the stately and enduring shaft that we have built a the national capital it Washington svmbo t izes the fact that he is still the lirst Anion can citizen ctzen The remarks of the President were fre eiucntlvinteiiupted witH cheers and when he plause sat of own the air w is rent with the ap Till VSsEMltl FD CKOYM Then came cues for Moi ton but the Picsidcut merely responded by rising and bowing ArchBishop Coingau then pionounced the benediction attired in pontific pon-tific il robes The literary exercises Wle over at 1 n and the icsidenti party entered then carriages md stated for the reviewing stand at Madison square At 1231 O the Picsident mil other guests were d iv m past the city hal in open car oJen meres t htiic 1 tM htarv bodies hll bcch draw ling columns on the eibtsi < Je ii cjii IWQ President Hani son 1 hart J 1 < IIP id i uc ov ei ed and nodded to the right and left in acknowledgment of the wiidtipl lue whith greeted him along the me The cabinet oniccis and other honoieu guests were greeted with plaudits but the ov ition accorded to President Cle el ind was at maiij points more hearty thin that received bj the occupants of the first coach ANashnitfton sqtaie was smpJ a teeth ing hustling busting crowd ot humanity As the troops passed down Vaverly i lace and up fifth avenue undci the grind aicb the scene from the grand stand was hung nihtdit The Ions line of soldiers with their ti ippmgs mil trimmings plittcrmg in the sun looked like a vast river of humanity As the troops filed into Fifth avenue they were reeled with cheer after cheer As into Union square came tie head of the column the troops made a bautiful turn and passing In the statue of the immoitil Geoi e wound round the stlUare like some hinge rally colored serpent and away mice moi to 1 iith iveuue and thence to the mvhLsviiig stud The huzzas of thf people that wafted up the av enue on the wind announced to those d1sn I f d I h r i the stands it Madison square the 4PP1 J C I Or THE PARADE The scene at the square was a brilliant oneFrom the Madison square reviewing stand to the disbanding point at Fifty scvfenth street the crowd was if anything thicker than below Tent tthird street thicr As the hours wore on the crowd refreshed itself with fruit sandw itches and drink purchased from the vendors who swarmed on every side From every fruit stands earne a perfect rain of oranges t the tired soldiers whenever the column halted Barrels and boxes to stand on readily brought from Joe to > 0eand seas on the tiuks were often twice fled as original puichasers became tired anti forsook them Mam brought chairs and campstools to stand on and one long headed individual earned a stepladder which he planted wherever he pleased The stands in front of the various churches were well patronize and from Fiftieth street up to where the broad railings abounded each house had half a hundred sights rs clinging below and I above the mimes Accidents were ex ceclHngIy rae allthough fainting spells were common enough On the whole the I cntirc affair was most excellently ma ia0ed I For fully two hour befor the parade arrived ar-rived the stauls were occupied bv the people who hal determined to be patient II thereby secure good seats The hotel windows pi escnted in attractive scene I A man who had eertainlj as line a view a tumuyhody perched himself on the top of a triumphal arch ru front of the Fifth fh iI n 11 aho i Av en1 hotel Keeping companj with Wishi gton and his horse he surveyed the spectacle as it approached md passed beneath be-neath him Among those who went througl m the icmitv of the stands prior t the arrival ar-rival of the parade was evSccretirj Bay arcl arclAt 1 clock there was a stir about Mad rson Squire which indicated the drawing near of the President 11d part The sol dieij bad armed at Twentj second street and were drawn np on either side leaving an avenue through which the distinguished party could be driven I Soon after t ochock the carriage containing I contain-ing the President diove up Mijor Grant was with him Following were the Vice President md Senator Sherman md I Eats Presidents Cleveland md haves occup ed another carriage Ch imicev 1 De pew occupied a carriage with Archbishop I Coin an On the stand Pres I dent H ii ison occupied the center On his right was General Slier man and on his left I was Mayor Grant To the left of the latter were Presidents Clcv cl md and Hives I But a few minutes elapsed after the arrival ar-rival of the Presidential party when the I rmlitaij started Vith hardly a hoOt the I great column moved on past the grandstand I grand-stand and it was twentj imputes past clock live hours and tent liv e minutes I alter the start when the last of it had passed and the President was able to rest his right arm which for live hours hid been constant bus in answering salutes rjllnoughout the soldier made remark ably tine appe n mee The Grand Armj of the Republic came rn it the end amid was leceivcd all along the route rth cheers timitl hurrahs though nearly every one who i hail viewed the long parade WI thoroughly I tied out |