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Show , PASSED !N REVIEW i World Found Great Difficulty in Re'.urn'ing From War to Peace Conditions. ' ' MAKING THE GERMAN TREATY Europe in State of Ferment, While the United States Was Struggling With Grave Industrial and Economic Eco-nomic Problems. By DONALD F. BIGGS. After nearly five years of frightful warfare, in w hich all of the great powers pow-ers and many of the smaller nations had been involved, the world found it difficult to return to anything like normal nor-mal conditions during the year 1919. While the arnjistice which was signed in the closing weeks of 1918 brought a cessation of hostilities between the two groups of nations that had been engaged in the great struggle, it did" not bring peace to all the peoples Involved. In-volved. Technically the world still was at war throughout practically all of the year just closed as the peace treaty, which was framed in Paris after months of negotiation could not be made fully effective until ratified by the great powers and formally promulgated pro-mulgated by the peace conference. Failure of the United States senate to ratify the treaty, because of opposition national secretiiriut. It was provided that decisions of t lie executive council should be enforced, if necessary, by "the prevention of all financial, commercial com-mercial or personal intercourse" between be-tween the nation failing to abide by the decision and all other member states of the League of Nations. On the same day that he presented tills plan to the peace conference President Pres-ident Wilson sailed for the United States to attend the closing sessions of congress at Washington. Opposition Opposi-tion to the incorporation of the League of Nations covenant in the pence treaty already had developed in this country, and President Wilson, upon his return, delivered an address at Boston in which he emphasized the necessity of the United States taking a leading part in the organization of the League of Nations. Meantime the peace conference was endeavoring to reach a solution of several other vexing problems. A bitter bit-ter dispute had arisen between Italy and tlie new Jugo-Slav state as to the possession of the eastern coast of the Adriatic. The Italians demanded possession pos-session of the city of Fiume on the ground that its population was largely Italian, while the Jugo-Slavs maintained main-tained that possession of this port was essential if their newly organized nation na-tion was to have access to the sea. The Japanese delegates also gave an early' indication of their attitude by insisting upon Japan's right to retain re-tain the Marshall and Caroline islands, which she had taken from Germany. President Wilson returned to Paris after spending little more than a week in the United States. With his arrival in France on March 14 the peace conference con-ference began consideration of recommendations recom-mendations bv various committees. mittee on foreign rel iU iijT'pT'itposi ng amendments and four reservation-; to the peace treaty. Senator -Hitchcock presented a minority report, recommending recom-mending the adoption of the treaty without reservation. There begun then n determined light between the opposing oppos-ing forces in the senate, which ended finally in a deadlock (hat prevented the ratification of the treaty either with or without reservations. President Wilson had continued to combat every suggestion of a change in the treaty or the covenant of the League of Nations and in an effort to force its ratification had undertaken an extensive tour of the country, beginning be-ginning on September 4. After delivering deliv-ering more than forty speeches throughout the West he broke down tinder the strain and was forced to return to the White House. His condition con-dition was regarded as very serious, and he , was unable to take a lending part in the battle for the treaty when the contest reached its climax. The president still insisted, however, upon the adoption of the treaty without reservations, res-ervations, and when the question came to a final vote in the senate on November Novem-ber 19 the Democratic minority, aided by a number of Republicans opposed to the league in any form, defeated the majority resolution of the Republicans, which would have carried with it the reservations -adopted by the senate. Senator Hitchcock thereupon offered a resolution providing for ratification of the treaty without reservations, and this, in turn, was defeated, a number of Democratic senators voting with the Republicans. With a compromise between the opposing groups apparently appar-ently impossible, the senate adjourned. ad-journed. In the meantime the peace treaty socialists seized control of the government. govern-ment. The situation in Ireland where the Sinn Fein continued Its efforts to establish es-tablish a republic grew more serious as the year advanced. Repeated disorders dis-orders occurred and on September 12 Viscort French, lieutenant governor of Ireland, prohibited further meetings of the so-called Irish parliament. Many arrests were made by the military. The fighting in Russia bad continued without decided advantage to any group until on October 25 the force commanded by General Yudenitch, advancing ad-vancing against the bolshevists, reached a point within fifteen miles of Petrograd. While other problems growing out of the war were being settled, the question ques-tion of the disposal of Fiume continued to cause trouble. On September 13 Gabriele d'Annunzio, the Italian soldier-poet, entered Fiume at the head of several thousand soldiers and took control of the port in defiance of the Italian and allied military authorities. On September 19 the representatives of the great powers handed a peace treaty to Bulgaria. Under this treaty western Thrace was taken from Bulgaria, Bul-garia, her army was reduced to 20,000, and she was required to pay $445,000,-000 $445,000,-000 as reparation for damages done by her armies. Reverses for all of the forces opposing op-posing the bolshevik! were reported in November. On the 15th General Yudenitch Yu-denitch was forced to retreat to the Esthonian border and resigned command com-mand of the Russian northwest army. On the same day it was reported that the bolshevik! had captured Omsk, the seat of the Kolchak government. D'Annunzio D'An-nunzio created a still more serious situation sit-uation fnr Tf-nlv whpn hp spizpfl Znrn The United States entertained a number of distinguished officials from abroad during the latter part of the year. Including Cardinal Mercier of P.elgium. King Albert and Queen Elizabeth of Belgium, and the prince of Wales. During the closing weeks of the year a determined attack upon tiie war-time prohibition act held the attention at-tention of the country. On October 27 President Wilson vetoed the stringent prohibition enforcement bill passed by congress on the ground that the emergency for which the prohibition law had been enacted, had passed. Congress immediately passed the bill over the president's veto and It became be-came a law. Attacks were made upon the prohibition law in federal courts in all sections of the country and varying vary-ing decisions were given. Appeal was taken to the United States Supreme court which on December 15 upheld the act. ' Labor and Industrial. Serious industrial disturbances were prevalent during the greater part of the year in all countries that had been engaged in war. The series of great strikes In the United States was inaugurated in-augurated on January 9 by a walkout walk-out of marine workers in New York. This strike was of short duration, however, how-ever, as It ended on January 12, pending pend-ing an arbitration of the dispute by the war labor board. South America apparently - was affected also by new conditions as great strikes were in progress during January In Argentina and Peru. On February 6 the country was startled by- announcement of a general gen-eral strike in Seattle called in sup- nnr sf effib-tnt oil IrVini Mora AnfTlrT-- companled by airplanes, crossed tha border in search of the bandits. President Pres-ident Carranza demanded the withdrawal with-drawal of the United States troops, but his demand was ignored. Tha punitive expedition attacked a bandit stronghold on August 21, lulling four men, but on August 24 the pursuit was abandoned and the troops returned to the United States. The relations between Mexico and the United States reached a crisis on November 19 when Secretary of State Lansing dispatched a note demanding the immediate unconditional release of William O. Jenkins. United States consular agent at Puebla, who had been arrested on charges of complicity complic-ity with bandits who kidnaped him and held him for $150,000 ransom. A few days later Jenkins was released on bail, but this did not relieve the strained relations. Aeronautics. As a result of the great development develop-ment of aviation during the war, rapid progress was made during the year in the use of both dirigibles and heavier-than-air machines for commercial purposes. pur-poses. On May S three United States navy seaplanes started from New York on the first trans-Atlantic flight by way of Halifax, N. S. ; Trepassay Bay, Newfoundland, and the Azores. One of these machines, the NC-4 arrived at Lisbon, Portugal, on May 27, having hav-ing completed the first flight across the Atlantic in actual flying time of 26 hours, 47 minutes from Newfoundland Newfound-land to Portugal. Fog caused the other oth-er two planes to lose their course. Two British aviators, Harry G. Hawker and Lieutenant Commander tions, which was made a part of the peace treaty, prevented the formal declaration of peace until more than a year after the armistice was signed. Internal disorders and territorial disputes arising from the establishment establish-ment of many new nations kept a large part of Europe in turmoil. Such a complete remaking of the map of Europe as resulted from the great war naturally could not be accomplished without friction. The great empire of Austria-Hungary had fallen to pieces with the defeat of the central powers and out of the wreckage new. states arose. These new nations Austria, Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Jugoslav states could not establish their new boundaries without friction among themselves and with their neighbors. The new government of Germany, which had been transformed Into a republic, was striving to maintain main-tain Itself against the attacks of radical radi-cal elements. Russia was i torn by civil strife, with half a dozen groups fighting for the mastery. At times world peace seemed still far off, but as the year passed conditions became more settled and It seemed probable that with the formal promulgation of the peace treaty the chaos Into which Europe had been thrown would pass. In the United States conditions were not so unsettled as In the nations that had been longer engaged in the war, hut here, as In Europe, the transition from a war to a peace basis was not easy. New industrial problems had been created. The high cost of living caused labor to make insfstent and repeated re-peated demands for higher wages and resulted In numerous strikes among all classes of workers. Radical leaders lead-ers took advantage of the unrest that existed to recruit their forces and they became so active that the constituted con-stituted authorities of the nation finally found It necessary to take determined de-termined steps to suppress disloyal propaganda. The Making of Peace. The first steps toward the organization organi-zation of the peace congress were taken on January 12 when the supreme su-preme war council, members of which were President Wilson and Secretary Lansing of the United States, and the and the peace treaty began to take definite shape. On March 24 the council of ten which had been considering the chief problems before the peace conference was replaced by a council of four, consisting con-sisting of President Wilson and Premiers Pre-miers Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando. From that time up to the actus! signing of the peace treaty all of the problems arising were disposed of by this council of four, in which, at times, the premier of Japan also participated. The revised covenant of the League of Nations was presented at a plenary session of the peace conference on April 28. President Wilson, as chairman chair-man of the commission which framed the covenant, explained the changes that had been made, mostly as a result of criticism in the United States. One of the most important of the amendments amend-ments made was that providing that the covenant should not affect existing understandings for maintaining peace. While It was not so stated specifically, this amendment was designed to prevent pre-vent the League of Nations covenant from interfering with the Monroe doctrine. doc-trine. The revised covenant was adopted by the unanimous vote of the peace conference. . On April 30 the council of four, which by this time had been 'reduced to a council of three by the withdrawal with-drawal of the Italians, agreed to transfer to Japan the German possession posses-sion of Kiau-Chau. The Chinese delegation dele-gation objected strenuously to this settlement, set-tlement, although Japan agreed ultimately ulti-mately to restore the territory to China. On May 6 the council determined deter-mined that Great Britain and her colonies colo-nies and dominions should become mandatory for the Islands north of the equator. By May 8 the treaty had finally been completed and on that date it was presented to the German plenlpoten-tiaries'nt plenlpoten-tiaries'nt Versailles. The pact, while it represented chiefly the deliberations of the council of four, had been adopted adopt-ed by a conference In which 27 allied and associated powers were represented. represent-ed. At the same time It was announced an-nounced that President Wilson and Premier Lloyd George had negotiated treaties with France providing that had been ratified by the other great allied nations and by many of the smaller nations that had been engaged in the war against Germany. Foreign Affairs. While the treaty was being negotiated negoti-ated conditions remained very unsettled un-settled not only in the territory which had been inoluded in the four defeated nations but throughout Europe. Russia Rus-sia continued in a state of turmoil throughout the year. Although the bolshevist government under the direction direc-tion of Lenin and Trotzky maintained its control over a large part of the former empire it was hemmed In on all sides by opposing groups which attacked it with varying success. The newly constituted nation of Poland was beset for a time on all sides, but it, too, succeeded In weathering the storm and had established a stable government before many months had passed. Failure to reach a settlement of the Fiume question continually threatened an armed conflict between the Italians and the new Jugo-Slav state. Serious conditions existed In Hungary both because be-cause of Internal disorders and because be-cause of clashes with Roumania and with the new Czech government. In Germany a split among the German Ger-man socialist leaders resulted on January Janu-ary 7 in serious street fighting. The government was seriously threatened, but on January 9 its troops in Berlin were re-enforced and regained control of the situation. On January 16 Dr. Carl Liebknecht, leader of the Spar-tacans, Spar-tacans, or antigovernment faction, was killed while attempting to escape after arrest in Berlin. His companion, Rosa Luxemburg, long known as a radical leader both in Germany and Russia, was killed by a mob. Disorders in Germany were suppressed and on January Jan-uary 19 the people elected a national assembly, the majority socialists led by Chancellor Ebert retaining control. The assembly met n Weimar on January Janu-ary 6 and on February 11 elected Chancellor Ebert as first president of the Germf'S-republic, after adopting a provisional constitution. In Poland opposing factions reached an agreement agree-ment on January 17 whereby Ignace Jan Paderewskl became premier, with Daimatia, on November 14. Domestic Affairs The return of the United States to a condition of peace was not accomplished accom-plished easily. Unusual conditions existed ex-isted and the people of the country were confronted with problems that had been unknown in the days before the war. The adoption of nation-wide prohibition prohi-bition and the submission by congress of the constitutional amendment for complete woman's suffrage were important im-portant events of the year. Ratification Ratifica-tion of the national prohibition amendment amend-ment came early in the year with a rapidity that surprised the nation. On January 29 the state department proclaimed pro-claimed the ratification of the amendment amend-ment and set January 16, 19?0, as the date when it would become effective. On January 9 Attorney General Gregory Greg-ory tendered bis resignation, to become effective March 4, and A. Mitchell Palmer Pal-mer was appointed to succeed him on February 27. On January 11 Walker D. Hines was appointed director general gen-eral of railroads to succeed William G. McAdoo. The government's first , blow at the radicals during the year was delivered deliv-ered on January 8 when Congressman Victor L. Berger and four other Socialist So-cialist leaders were found guilty by a federal jury in Chicago of conspiring to interfere with the successful conduct con-duct of the war. On February 18 they were sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. imprison-ment. On March 2 Herbert Hoover was appointed by the president to be director di-rector general of American relief among the population of Europe. Because of the necessity for legislation legis-lation to meet the new after-war con-' ditions, President Wilson on May 7, by cable from Paris, called a special session ses-sion of congress to convene May 19. On May 10 the campaign for the Victory Vic-tory Liberty loan, the last popular war loan, closed with a heavy oversubscription oversub-scription of the $4,500,000,000 bond issue. The special session of the Sixty-sixth Sixty-sixth congress opened on May 19 with ilhe Republicans in control of both house and senate for the first time .. vfc ... u-.u-u. " ities announced that this strike was forced by the radical labor element and prompt measures were taken by Mayor Ole Hanson to suppress it. As a result the strike ended on February 10. On February 16 a nation-wide, strike of building trades workers was started and on March 4 the marine workers in New York again went out. On April 15 a strike of girl operators tied up the telephone service throughout through-out the New England states, but this was ended on April 20 by a compromise compro-mise wage increase. On July 18 the Building Employers' association of Chicago, combating a strike of building workers, locked out 200,000 employees. On the same day Boston street car employees went on strike. Chicago surface and elevated car men struck on July 29 but the strike ended three - days later with a compromise wage agreement. Railway Rail-way shopmen throughout the country struck on August 1 for an Increase from 68 cents to 85 cents an hour, but the strike was called off on August 14. On Au?jst 7 there was inaugurated in New York one of the most unusual strikes on record a walkout of actors. The strike spread to Chicago and was not settled until September 6 when the actors won. On September 9 the largest part of the Boston police force went on strike after the suspension of patrolmen active ac-tive in forming a union. Rioting followed fol-lowed in which seven persons were killed. The striking policemen voted on September 12 to return to duty. On September 22 steel workers throughout the country went on strike, demanding wage increases and shorter hours. Many plants were closed for a short time but the strikers soon weakened weak-ened and within a few weeks practically prac-tically normal conditions were restored. re-stored. On October 6 an industrial conference confer-ence called by President Wilson, representing rep-resenting labor, capital and the public, opened its sessions in Washington, but after ineffectual attempts to agree upon a proposal to recognize the principle prin-ciple of collective bargaining, the labor la-bor members withdrew on October 22 and two days later the conference , came to an end without having ac- Mackenzie Grieve, left Newfoundland on May IS in the first attempt to cross the Atlantic without stop. Engine trouble forced them to descend 850 miles from Ireland and the aviators were picked up by a passing vessel. The first non-stop flight across tha Atlantic was made on June 14 and 15 by Capt. John Alcock, British flyer,, and Lieut. Arthur W. Brown, nisi American navigator, who Sbvered the 1,900 miles from Newfoundland to Ire-: land in 16 hours and 12 minutes. The British dirigible R-34, carrying 31 persons, started from Edinburgh on. a trans-Atlantic, flight to New York on July 2 and reached its destination on July 6. It made the return trip without with-out mishap in three days and three hours. Roland Rholfs, in a Curtiss triplane, made a new altitude record on September Sep-tember 18 by ascending 34,610 feet. A transcontinental airplane race was started simultaneously at San Francisco Francis-co and New York on October 8 with 65 competitors. Five aviators were killed during this race. Lieut. Alexander Alexan-der Pearson was declared the winner. On December 10 Capt. Ross Smith of Australia completed an airplane trip from England to Port Darwin, Australia, in 30 days. . Necrology. Death took a heavy toll among the leaders in many fields of world activity activ-ity during 1919. The most prominent of Americans who passed away during the year was former President Theo- , dore Roosevelt, who died suddenly at his home at Oyster Bay on January 6. The following are among the more prominent men and women who died during the year: January 4, Count George F. von Hertling, former German chancellor ; January 8, Maj. Gen. J. Franklin Bell, U. S. A.; January 12, Sir Charles Wyndham, English actor; January 31, Nathaniel C. Goodwin, famous American comedian; February 17, Sir Wilfrled Laurier, former premier of Canada; February 22, William P. Borland, Bor-land, representative in congress from Missouri ; Dr. Mnry Walker, former army surgeon and noted as an advocate advo-cate of male attire for women ; February Febru-ary 27, George F. Edmunds, former premiers and foreign ministers of Great Britain, France and Italy, together to-gether with Marshal Foch and military mili-tary representatives of the several powers, began actual consideration of the terms of peace to be imposed upon the central powers. The peace congress con-gress itself, without delegates from the defeated powers or Russia, met in the ministry of foreign affairs at Paris on January 18. President Wilson Wil-son proposed Premier Clemenceau for permanent chairman of the conference confer-ence anil the delegates elected him by unanimous vote. It was determined at the beginning that only the five great belligerent powers, the United States, Great Britain, France. Italy and Japan, should take part In all meetings of the conference and commission to be appointed; ap-pointed; that other belligerent and associated as-sociated powers should participate only in meetings at which questions concerning them were to be discussed. As the representatives of the many belligerent nations entered upon the task of bringing peace to the world Europe was In turmoil. Poland was being reconstituted and the fixing of her boundaries gave rise to many controversies con-troversies between the Poles and surrounding sur-rounding peoples. The question of whether a League of Nations should ' be created as a means of preventing future wars was one of the first to be taken up by the peace conference. On January 20 the conference formally declared in favor of the establishment of a League of Nations, and a commission, com-mission, of which President Wilson was chairman, was appointed to prepare pre-pare a definite plan. The League of Nations commission held its first meeting meet-ing on February 3 and on February 14 President Wilson read and explained to the peace conference a draft of the constitution for the League of Nations. The plan provided for an executive council to be composed of representatives representa-tives of nine nations and for au Inter file United States and Great Britain would come immediately to the assistance assist-ance of France in case of any future unprovoked attack by Germany. When the peace treaty was submitted to the Germans the Italian delegates were present, having returned to Paris In response to an Invitation extended by .President Wilson and Premiers Lloyd George and Clemenceau. The German delegates were not permitted per-mitted to discusts the peace treaty with the conference but were given fifteen days in which to submit their reply In writing. Announcement of the terms of the treaty caused a storm in Germany. Ger-many. The terms were denounced by President Ebert of Germany as being the most severe ever "imposed upon a vanquished people." Several communications commu-nications requesting changes In the treaty were submitted by the German delegates and these were given consideration consid-eration by the council of five. As a result some parts of the treaty were made more lenient toward Germany. The revised terms were presented to Count Brockdorff-Rantzau. head of the German delegation on June 16 and the Germans were given seven days in which to sign. The German national assembly on June 22, by a vote of 237 to 138, authorized the government to sign the treaty. On June 28 the treaty was signed at Versailles by representatives rep-resentatives of Germany and of the allied and associated powers. The Chinese delegates alone refused to sign because of the Shantung settlement. settle-ment. On June 29 President Wilson sailed from France and returned to the United States after an absence of more than six months. On July 10 he presented the treaty to the senate and there at once developed bitter opposition oppo-sition to its adoption without change or reservation. On September 10 Senator Lodge submitted sub-mitted the majority report of the com- General PilsudskI as foreign minister and M. Demoskl as president. Opposition to Japanese control had been developing rapidly In Korea and on March 12 Korean nationalists issued is-sued a declaration of independence, declaring themselves ready to "fight to the last drop of blood." Serious disorders disor-ders also were reported fn Egypt In support of the nationalist demand for autonomy and on March 25 the British Brit-ish secretary for war, Mr. Churchill, admitted that the whole of Egypt was virtually In a state of Insurrection. On March 16 a new Germano-Austrian government was established at Vienna with Doctor Renner as chancellor. Count Karolyl had been made president presi-dent of the new Hungarian republic on January 11, but on March 22 he was forced to resign and there was constituted consti-tuted a new government which proclaimed pro-claimed a dictatorship of the proletariat prole-tariat and an alliance with the Russian Rus-sian soviet government. A ministerial crisis arose in Italy as a result of the government's policy In connection with the peace conference. As a result the ministry of Premier Orlando was unexpectedly overthrown over-thrown on June 19 and two days later Francesco NittI, former minister of finance, became premier of Italy. At the same time the German cabinet resigned re-signed because of the determination of Chancellor Scheidemann not to recognize recog-nize the peace terms offered by the allies. Gustav Adolph Bauer, former minister of labor, was appointed chancellor chan-cellor by President Ebert and formed a new cabinet. A clash between the new German government and the allies was threatened on June 21 when the German fleet which had been interned in British waters under the armistice was scuttled by German crews, tnenty battleships and cruisers being sunk. On August 1 Bela Kun, who for four or five months had been dictnr , '.n Hungary, was compelled to retire when since 1912. The nouse or representatives representa-tives was organized by the election of Congressman Giilett of Massachusetts as speaker. In the senate Senator Cummins of Iowa was elected president presi-dent pro tern. One of the first acts of the new house was to pass the woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution by a vote of 304 to 89. The amendment was again brought up in the senate on June 4 and this time was adopted by a vote of 56 to 25. The activities of anarchistic elements ele-ments were , manifested on June 2 when bombs were exploded simultaneously simultan-eously at the residences of ten men in eight Eastern cities. On July 1 the war-time emergency prohibition act went into effect and for the first time in history the sale of liquor was illegal throughout the United States. On July 12 President Wilson vetoed the agricultural appropriation appro-priation bill because of a "rider" repealing re-pealing the daylight saving law. Congress Con-gress promptly passed a separate bill repealing the daylight saving law and when President Wilson vetoed this measure, both houses passed the bill over his veto on August 20. The country was aroused during the summer by a series of race riots, the first of which occurred in Washington on July 21. Four persons were killed in the rioting at the capital. On July . 27 the most serious race riots of the year began in Chicago. It was found necessary to call out state troops and before order had been restored 33 persons had been killed and hundreds inju red. In recognition of the services which he rendered as commander-in-chief of the American expeditionary forces, General Pershing was made a general for life by act of congress. His commission com-mission was handed to him as he landed on September 8 at New York with the First division. uoliilJiJOiiu liny icauiu On October 15 bituminous coal miners min-ers were ordered to quit work on October Oc-tober 31 upon failure of the miners and operators to agree upon a new schedule of wages and hours. The leaders of the miners refused to consider con-sider an appeal by President Wilson to call off the strike, pending an effort ef-fort to effect a compromise, and the government proceeded to take vigorous vigor-ous steps to prevent the shutting of the mines. The department of justice jus-tice obtained an Injunction from Federal Fed-eral Judge Anderson at Indianapolis to prevent the leaders of the union from directing the strike, which, however, how-ever, began on November 1, The shortage of coal, especially In the middle and western states, became alarming and the situation was rendered ren-dered worse by a severe cold wave. The fuel administration and local commissions put Into effect drastic orders for conservation of coal. President Pres-ident Wilson then proposed that the miners accept a wage Increase of 14 per cent and return to work at once and that a commission of three to be appointed by him investigate and settle set-tle wages and conditions for the future. fu-ture. This plan was accepted by the miners on December 10 and coal production pro-duction was resumed. Mexico and the United States. Conditions In Mexico continued to provide a perplexing problem for the United States government during the year 1919. A report on July 6 that armed Mexicans Mex-icans had attacked and robbed a boatload boat-load of American sailors near Tam-pico Tam-pico caused bitter feeling and on August Au-gust 17 this was Intensified by the capture cap-ture of two United States army aviators avia-tors by bandits, who held them for S15.000 ransom. The ransom was paid by the United States government on August 19, and a troop of cavalry, ac- United States senator from Vermont ; March 10, Mrs. Amelia K. Barr, author; au-thor; April 4, William Crookes, famous fa-mous British chemist and physicist ; April 9, Sidney Drew, comedian; April 21, Jules Vedrines, noted French aviator; avia-tor; May 19, Edward Payson Call, prominent newspaper publisher of Boston, Philadelphia and New Yirk ; May 29, Robert Bacon, former secretary secre-tary of state and former ambassador to France; June 5, Manuel Franco, president of Paraguay; June 11, John C. Spooner. former United States senator sen-ator from Wisconsin; June 12, James A. Tawney, former representative in congress from Minnesota; June 14, Ernest Lister, governor of Washington Washing-ton ; July 2, Dr. Anna Ilownrd Shaw, former president of National Woman's Suffrage association; July 20, Sir Edward Ed-ward John Poynter, English painter, president of the Royal academy; August Au-gust 1, Oscar Hammersleln, theatrical and operatic producer; August 11, Andrew An-drew Carnegie, veteran steel manufacturer manufac-turer and philanthropist; August 28, Gen. Louis Botha, premier of the Union of South Africa; September 6,, Admiral Baron Charles William I'.eros-ford, I'.eros-ford, British naval commander and critic; September 9, John Mitchell, ln-bor ln-bor leader ; September 21, Theodon P. Shonts, president of tiie Inti vT borough Rapid Transit company o New York and former chairman of V Isthmian canal commission; Sept? her 27, Adelina Pattl, famous oper singer; October 19, William Wn Astor, former American millio who became a British peer; O' 21, Alfred T. Ringling, head of mous circus family; October ? Ella Wheeler Wilcox, writer-'' ber 1, Col. J. D. Bell, co" 1 chief of the O. A. R. ; Tf " Thomas S. Martin, Unit" ntor from Virginia ; Dec jr Clay Frick, steel magr thronist. ' I |
