Show vi r petroleum petroleum leu ill is Nv widely idely distribute ed I 1 being round found in byj many iffy ajl places ces t i in sufficient quantities for profitable working the chief deposits in america tire are found ln in pennsylvania indinia Ind imia 0 ohio 11 i 0 new york west livest virginia virgillia calif ornia colorado and canada allada many foreign countries havel have large deposits tile the most notable one beilig russia petroleum occurs in rock of ge geological periods from tile the tertiary terge I 1 6 ury down to the ole silurian in california t the he oil is found in ill the Alie miocene cene or middle tertiary sir strata aLti the colo colorado rad fie fields ads are aie in ill the cretaceous and the new york and Pennsy livania de deposits pos it s tire are in ilie alie de devonian donjan and up per silurian in ili all cases where oil is found it ib is in ili sedimentary rock lying in or b gen gell aly folding strata where tile the strata are inclined the inclima tion is seldom over 30 degrees the character of the rock is ii gen orally sandstone or conglomerate 1 called oil sands or lime ihne estoile stono st ono in ili any case the oil strat strait I 1 um uin inest bo be covered with an it IM im pervious stratum usually there tire are wo two theories baring on cilc olio origin ifil of peti petroleum which might inight be mentioned alq lie theody aid vit lie ed bd in 1877 supposes th that itt fihs il is by the action of water 06 metallic carbide car bides si sti such 1 I as carbide of iron or alcum c I 1 tl this I 1 I 1 S theory would llesis state it a ver very wido wide dis distribution of carriles carbides car bides biles while there io ie little evidence to 10 s support the khe apic 1 I an and d too tile would have to be of quito 1 it i to III uniform biform co composition 11 pos i tio 11 which is no not t tie the caso case i 1 1 A more inore recent theory 1 and I ti 1 I tho the one olic now DOW ge generally lle rally accepted is is that petroleum is derived deprive f from ro ill organic ai mutter titter in ili filet fact there are several theories bearing cr on oil tho the organic theory one of these states that tile oil is id derived from slowly decomposing vegetable and animal P remains the the decomposition taking 11 place hace at ab a low te in p real wre lure under r salt water with the exclusion of oxygen another that biily till anim i aa nl I 1 in matter atler is the basis of tile oil tile the ili nitrogen trogen from r til the 0 animal 11 1 illa tissues I 1 ing og as alnonia or other flit nitrogen rogell ous compounds and tal id the remaining fa fafa t being subjected to at a sort of oadry dry distillation under great rr 1 e at pres pre pressure tiro yielding yields ng knude pe petroleum troje the new york pennsylvania and ohio oils probably have tile their 11 OVI origin trill III in ve vegetable retable matter but ai tunit itt of california and texas contain nitrogen and are found in rocks cocks hilled billed with animal re maitis remains rude crude petroleum petrol etim consists co lasi ts of s several e series tir of compounds all and d never can be expressed by a si single I 1 g 0 fo formula rill ti I 1 a as one in might i g 11 t suppose for instance is is the methane eLliane ni the ethyline othy line and the he benzine series it IL is anre very ry 1 I i ill c 1111 to separate sep ariaLe these f from ro in bil bab 0 another in filet fact fur c com 0 th mercial purposes separation io seldom complete th tin oil is subjected fractional to distillate dis ion and the product subsequently t I 1 y tre treated abed with acid and alkali al kili where at a pure product is is desired the b the percentage cl of light bialt b oils the ahr more value ablo is the pi amny oils how low everage eve rire rare distilled only for the lubricating oils some are areus used ed ab lubricants without d astill ing kenning the crude petrol petroleum eull usually consists of se separating parati nry it into about five fiva portions and purifying v them thell these are naph 11 thas illuminating oils tub lub cating ri oils a and n d coke the process pro cesi is is ca carried aried out in ill two sti stages alres tile distilling ind and refining of tile light oils 4 and thell tile the heavy oils 1110 vol very y light oils c illel called tile 1 benzine distillate or cri crude ile naphtha consists of oils with a sp gr of 79 or less lez s thon then chims billes tile the I kerosene or burn 71 ing ing oil distillate with it a sp gr 6 from 0 to 0 79 6 or 1 for very heavy I 1 a oils Y att when tho the distillate reach esth is density I 1 the lie distillation list illation i 3 inter erupted pt ed and alel the residuum n is drawn off into the tarr still where it is distilled for lubricating MIX L oils and par afline tiffine tile the heating continues until the retort is rod hot the remaining material being coke highly valued for electrical elect por purposes poses Cs gasoline oline vaseline and many other oilier products prodie ts are also I 1 received from froin the crudo crude petrol petroleum euill there pill can be no certainty as to wh whether other or not oil will bo be struck in ill a any iby locality in ili fact only about one fifth of the wells sunk ever produce oil it Is is never found in igneous rock and only in ill kocl pockets ets in ill highly bisti distributed regions nor is it always found W where the oil stratum trat tun exists even though it be horizontal some of the I 1 most lost productive oll oil and gas wells ever unk sunk have been in folds though sin clines and monoclines mono clines often favor the accumulation of oil oil is 1 always I accompanied by gas and tile pressure within tile the well reaching as high as 1525 pound per square inch in ill one case I 1 is is due to the gas the wells well s range in ill depth fro from ill 50 feet fee tto to feet tile the average in ill ne new v york being from 1200 to 1800 feet tile the average aver tige cost is f from ro ni to laoo 1000 per well the ordinary production varies from I 1 I 1 1 1 one t tr several indred lit bi barrels urela I 1 berday per adny one well tie near I 1 air brao braa 1 ford yielded barrels barre ls Y of 0 oil ia i in 1 i issa |