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Show View of Londonderry, North Ireland. (Prepared by th. National Oeogr.phlo Society. Waihlugton, D. CI IRELAND'S north coast, shared by counties belonging to the state of Northern Ireland and by territory of the Irish Free State, Is a picturesque pic-turesque portion of the Emerald Isle. Parts of the region have been bones of contention between the two state, and the former Ulster counties of Monoghon, Donegal and Cavan have been added to the Free State. Ulster, In the northeastern corner of the Island, is In the odd position of being a part of Ireland which Is In large part not Irish. Three hundred years ago the British king, James 1. with the desire to Anglicize a part of Ireland, decided to "plant" a colony of English and Scotch. What Is known as the Ulster Plantation followed. The original plan of the king was to have English settlers dominant in Ulster; but he also permitted the Scotch to participate. English settlers were not easily Interested, however, while the Scotch flocked In, making the Plantation dominantly Scottish. By 10C0 the population of Ulster con-listed con-listed of some 80,000 inhabitants of Scotch blood, 5,000 of English ancestry, ances-try, and 40,000 Irish. Altogether probably prob-ably about 100,000 Scotsmen moved to Ulster. The English were soon merged with the Scotch but the Irish and Scotch strains remained almost entirely independent. Ulster differs economically from the rest of Ireland. Either the Scotch Immigrants Im-migrants had a greater propensity toward Industry or their economic conditions were more favorable. At n.v rate Ulster has become the marked Industrial region of Ireland while the remainder of the country, save In the larger cities, has not followed this line of development. There Is a religious difference, too. between North and South Ireland. Ireland, Including Ulster, was Cath olic. The Scoteh Immigrants brought their Presbyterian religion with them and it became firmly rooted. The English Eng-lish government favored the established estab-lished Church of England and this Is also strong In Ulster. The Presbyter-Inns Presbyter-Inns and the Episcopalians combine! today tip the scale In Ulster to the Bide of Protestantism. But the margin Is not great. The county Is a Innd of wild mountains moun-tains and lakes, less than half of the surface being under cultivation. Its streams are noted for salmon and troul fishing. The const Is rocky and Indented, In-dented, bold headlands Jutting out Into In-to the sea. Though boasting nearly "00 miles of roast line there are no good harbors from Killyhegs In the south to Lough Swllly In the north. Rye, oats and potatoes are the chief crops of the valley farms. In Donegal Done-gal cottages are woven some of the homespun tweeds for which Ireland la famous. Attempts have been made In recent years to give Impetus to the fishing Industry along the coast Fishermen still use the ancient coracle or skin boat without keel or rudder. They are easily handled In fine weather but become be-come extremely dangerous when surf pounds against the rocks. These primitive prim-itive boats probably represent the next step In navigation nfter the raft and have not changed during many centuries cen-turies of nse. Now fine seaworthy fishing craft are being Introduced- On the north shore of Donegal are several modern summer resorts with luxurious hotels frequented by Irish j and English holiday makers because ; of the excellent golf and sea bathing to be had there. Two of the best known of these gathering places are Itosapenna and Portsalon. Further south Rundoran, with its scarred and weather-beaten cliffs, offers a splendid view of the sea. Here three galleons of the Spnnlsh Armada, staggering homeward from the famous defeat In the English channel, were washed ashore In a storm and completely wrecked. Only a few antique cannon and anchors were recovered. When Philip of Spain learned of the destruction destruc-tion of his supposedly Invincible fleet he Is said to have philosophically remarked re-marked that he had sent them against the English, not the elements. , Seat of the O'Donnells. Donegal town from the dawn of history his-tory has been the seat of the O'Don-neli O'Don-neli family. Their ruined ; castle, whose shell has been remarkably well preserved. Is still the most Interesting sight of the countryside. It remained In the hands ot the O'Donnells until the days of Charles I when their line ran out and the castle passed to Sir Basil Brooke, an English Catholic supporter sup-porter of the king. Donegal town is now chiefly noted for the Irish tweeds and soft steamer rugs which it exports. Along the Border. The present border between the Irish Free State and the State of Northern Ireland, created In 1920 and 1021, extends through a rather rough country. Dundnlk on the east coast. Is Just south of the line. Near this city is one of the passes through the hills used since earliest times in' Ireland; Ire-land; and because of this situation Dundalk's neighborhood hns been the scene of numerous battles. Farther west the boundary touches the long deep valley In which lies Lough Erne the longest and the second largest lake In Ireland. The Islnnd's largest lake. Lough Neagh, lies In the heart of Ulster east of Belfast. Formerly Ulster consisted of the northern tier of counties from coast to coast. When the two self-governing states were formed, however, Donegal largest of the Ulster counties, occupy Ing the northwestern corner of Ireland, was attached to the Free State. The boundary of the State of Northern Ire land, therefore, does not nnw reach the Atlantic but turns at its southwestern corner a few miles short of the coast and rims northeastward between Don egal on the west and Fermnnneh, Ty rone and Londonderry on the east to Lough Foyle, an Inlet at the very fop of the Island. The State of Northern Ireland, therefore, occupies only a small segment In the northeastern cor ner of Ireland. Readjustment of the boundary as desired by the Free State would concentrate the northern divl sion still closer Into the northeast corner. , . :' ; ' ! Though small In territory the State of Northern Ireland has a conrentrat-i conrentrat-i ed population. Its area Is less than one-sixth that of Ireland but it con 1 tains more than a quarter of the ls-I ls-I land's Inhabitants. Inhabitants of County Donegal are noted for their courtesy and quick Intelligence. In-telligence. Though the district Is poor, hospitality Is universal and beggars are rare. Country customs hark back to ancient times. It Is a common sight to see women riding pillion fnshlon on horseback, behind the men, and bare feet are not unusual. Though lying ly-ing In the fur northwest Donegal forms a part of the Free State, Its population being largely of Celtic origin. or-igin. The United States has more than an academic Interest In all that affects Ireland. Two of the most Important streams of Immigration that have reached America came from the island : one the so-cnlled Scotch-Irish from Ulster; Ul-ster; the other, tfie Irish from south of the Ulster line. The Scotch-Irish early felt the weight of repressive English lows both In the religious and economic eco-nomic fields. Tliey began emigrating to America In large numbers during the latter part of the Eighteenth cen tury and It Is estimated that they made up one-sixth of all the colonists by the time of the American Revolution. Revolu-tion. They were prominent In that struggle and Inter became the fron tlersmen, playing an Important part In winning the Middle West and the West. -" - - The main stream of Immigration from Southern Ireland took place In the ' Nineteenth century. The genius of the newcomers for politics hns made Itself felt tn local. State and national na-tional governments. ; I Donegal Warmed by Gulf Stream. ! Although In the same latitude ns l northern Labrador, Donegal, the north west county of the Free State, enjoys the temperate climate of Virginia Tills freedom from severe cold Done gnl owes to one of the pleasant little pranks of the Gulf stream which washes Its rocky coast and " sends warm winds. '. ; " i Although sllglitly smaller than Dela ware, Donegal was In ancient times the kingdom of the clan O'Donnell Scattered throughout the county are many Interesting ruined castles of trie days of the Irish kings and later stnig gles with the Danes and the Kngllsh Parts of the country were not subju gnted until the last years of Queen Elizabeth's reign. |