Show Just l lo r o 1 lold w V r r- r VJ J r r t ti Pty M 9 I I HOW A WOMANS WOMAN'S BODY BURNS UP ENERGY WHETHER SHE'S ASLEEP OR AWAKE t f S 'S A I-A woman asleep in bed loses calories energy units at the rate of 70 an hour Sitting Z-Sitting up in bed perfectly quiet j calories an hour While 3 standing looking in her mirror calories Doing 4 the breakfast dishes or 01 other light's light s 's l tr 1 housework calories Writing 5 on a typewriter calories Scrubbing 6 floors and doing other heavy housework o calories Dancing 7 the Charleston or more calories c j L cM il l Me Measuring suring the Energy I Via the Body Loses in in 4 Work Rest and Play r J and the Amount of r M Nourishment Needed J S anS y q t to Replace It and an d Deep h rv pal a i iw irr w S rr it the Human Huma Machine I Going i t t i A J J t at the ther the r e 1 I f Carnegie ti H 1 1 lotion ution preps r m g to measure 1 I WI L Measuring the amount of energy expended 4 amount exact ofen of en energy by y a man in in operating a factory machine J z t ergy spent pent by yia a amans aman's r l t with the complicated but very efficient nt i J Jt Jy y mans man's body in I I apparatus now now- now In in use at the Carnegie t walking t ti i us 4 Institution l u or L 2 v l A KE RE you you-a OU a person of leisure If ARE so it is because you are so situated situ situ- as to be able to make other people do your our work It II you are a person of leisure you requite require for that reason less food That is why the idle man and par par- particularly par particularly ar- ar the idle well-to-do well woman is likely to get fat Too much food More of it than the body requires The woman of leisure needs less legg food than the woman who ho works in an office The latter requires less than the woman woman woman- ho ho works in a shop and whose occupation occupation tion demands more muscular effort The woman who works in a shop needs less food than the woman who docs does her own housework and has children to take care of Housework is hard labor The Carnegie Institution Institution is making a stud study of these matters It is trying to find out exactly how much mach energy is expended by a woman in various kinds of work work dusting work lusting dusting sweeping sewing washing clothes scrubbing floors etc The energy she slie has available is of course supplied by the food she eats cats her lIer body is an engine and her food is in effect fuel under the boiler chemi chemi- chemically chemically chemically cally burned The engine has to keep on running all the time Even when she is asleep p there is burning of fuel to keep her heart pump going and to maintain other vital ital processes About third one-third of her food is consumed merely to keep her alive giving While she is seeping sleeping her body is ing out a great deal of heat which is a product of food combustion This heat heal has been accurately measured and found to amount to about seventy calories per r hour A calory is the amount of heat required to raise one on pint of water four degrees Fahrenheit She Sho wakes up and lies awake for a awhile awhile while Being awake she thinks lIer brain in other words words becomes active and at the same time she le breathes more rapidly Though lying still her output of heat Jumps to eighty calories per per hour If I she sits up in bed perfectly quiet her ber heat output rises to calories She is burning fuel that much more rapidly When she the stands erect it g goes s sup up to calories Suppose that after ailer breakfast she goes about the house and performs a few housewifely tasks There are arc the break break- fast breakfast fast breakfast dishes to be washed and put away sonie some odds an and ends of things have to be beset beset beset set in order with perhaps a bit of dust dust- ing dusting That calls for calories an hour The h hat hat hiat at rated in it calories is an exact I of energy developed by her body engine How much of that energy was mentioned abovementioned consumed in performing the tho above above- mentioned tasks Easiest U Ung thing ng in the world to reckon it If while lying still and awake she used eighty calories per hour the dif dif- r r i t 1 s 1 Finding S t i out how git gi giS many calories calo calo- calories r ries vies of energy a womans woman's body uses up while ironing and how hearty meals she he will require require to keep her in shape for such work ference between that and calories must represent the fuel consumed in indish indish indish dish washing dusting etc It is this difference that that has to be con con- considered considered con considered in determining the tM fuel cost of different kinds of work In the case of a woman typewriting rapidly it amounts to one calory a over minute minute and above her fuel consumption while lying flat on her back If It very ery busy let us say at amateur paperhanging it might run up to two and a halfor half or even three calories a min minute ute Washing W dollies clothes it would go much higher than that and scrubbing floors it might easily reach six calories It is not possible to bum burn one aile thing When coal or wood is burned there must be oxygen also to produce combustion SimilArly in the human body body there must be for fuel purposes an oxygen supply furnished through the lungs By meas meas- measuring measuring the quantity of oxygen consumed i is practicable to ascertain the amount of fuel burned For Par this purpose experts of the Car Car- Car Car- Carnegie Carnegie Carnegie negie Institution have invented a novel navel and ingenious contrivance which is fastened upon the body of the person under experiment This person perSall with nose clasped by a pincher to prevent breathing through the nostrils holds in his mouth a tube that supt supplies lies air 6 i iP P s sf f IrH 1 n J 1 in ah an an occupation that calls for moderate labor such as painting or carpen carpen- carpentering q is as follows i iS i S S Calories s Eight hours houn sleep deep leep a at r 1 l l's s 's l 70 calories calorie per hour A e Two hours light ex ex- ex erce ercile at calories calo- calo calorie ud j ries rid rie r j Eight hours carpen carpen- L Lr r t r tar at calories calorie 1920 Six hours houra sitting silting at 1 rest at calories calorie r 2 rf Total for day o ot t ow Food is the fuel that runs Diagrams made by English scientists in their recent the body engine Burned by interesting experiments to find out how any given given bur bur- bur bur- burden chemical means in the body den be carried with the smallest possible expendi expend expenditure i- i can it produces energy enerY Even in It is always the same sarno ture tune of energy sleep the body is consuming air breathed over and fuel all the time All All of the over again indefinitely but kept eon con constantly con constantly supplied with fresh oxygen from froma a bag carried by one of the experimenters menters The air exhaled from the subjects lungs is freed treed of carbonic acid gas a waste product of of combus combus- combustion combustion combustion tion by passing through a vessel filled with soda lime This is a m much much ch easier and simpler method than the former one of shut shut- shutting shutting shutting ting the subject in a box for days or weeks and employing various elaborate elaborate rate devices to measure the heat out out- output output out output put etc A given quantity of oxygen consumed represents one calory of energy and so there is a ready reckoning for a person performing different kinds of work or exercise including walking When walk walk- walking walk ing at a slow pace a bit under three miles an hour one uses about lo clI calo calories ries in sixty minutes at a mile an hour faster than that calories If a woman devotes eight hours hours to sleep four hours to sewing six hours to dish dishwashing washing ironing and such light work and six hours to La rest she ehe will expend in four twenty four four hours about 1822 calories or enough expressed in terms of heat to raise gallons of water from freezing freez freez- freezing freezing ing to the scalding temperature of degrees How shall that number of units of energy be supplied There Thero must be a sufficiency of food Some kinds of food It tr-s tr are arc better fuel than other kinds An aye average rage egg weighing two ounce ounces will furnish calories A pound of o lean sirloin steak without bone represents 1635 calories calorie a a pound of chicken calories a pound of bluefish calories a pound of oysters 23 5 calori calories s Fat of any kind is great fuel Thus Thusa a pound of butter will yield calo calo- calories calories ries Starch is a n big energy producer and all cereals are arc rich in it it A pound loaf of bread represents 1065 calories calories The green vegetables are arc health makers makers containing valuable vitamins but low grade fuel In a pound of lettuce there arc only ninety calories If H a woman has real hard housework to do with children to take care of her total expenditure of energy in twenty twenty- twenty four four hours may rise to or calories Needless to say her lier food sup sup- supply sup sup- supply ply must be correspondingly greater and of a substantial kind A washerwoman who goes out em- em employed employed em employed by the day must have substantial food If only a light diet be provided for her even though there be plenty of it she the complains that it does not stay by her She means that it does not supply her with enough fu fuel l For the work she sho does docs is hard labor and she needs at least calories calories- daily calories daily It is estimated by the Carnegie experts ex- ex experts ex experts that the fuel requirement rement of an average man weighing pounds en- en I loPno toe 10 energy thus developed eventually ap- ap appears appears ap appears pears IT Ir in the form of heat radiated from the body This conversion of energy into heat becomes apparent when one exercises actively Much physical exertion makes you hot liot Playing tennis on a summer day makes you too warm for tor comfort A marathon runner on a day in winter wears next to nothing at all though the weather be cold yet he feels warm enough There is no warmth in bedclothes They are arc used to insulate the body of the sleeper to retain the heat which he himself gives off When the sleeper finds himself too warm he throws off ofT part of the bed bed- bed bed- bedclothes bedclothes bedclothes clothes If n not not t warm enough he pulls over him the extra blanket C Commonly ho performs these actions without wak- wak waking wak ing up ing-up p his sub-consciousness sub attends to them What he is trying to do is simply to keep the temperature of his body at atthe the tho normal point of ninety-eight ninety and tenths tenths six degrees A person who is not warmly enough clad who has insufficient bedclothes in cold weather or who lives in a place inadequately heated in winter is obliged to burn bum a lot of food for heat production production production tion A young child if not kept warm enough will burn for warmth material t teat at might better be used for growth It follows follows- that a person insufficiently y J l k h clad in winter or obliged to undergo exposure needs more food on that ac- ac account ac account count to supply the requisite warmth I The body tRust must somehow b be kept at nor nor- normal normal normal mal temperature or death will be the result On the other hand there is no such requirement of extra food for Cor a person living in well heated quarters and warmly dressed Other things being equal a fat person needs less food in the winter time than thana a thin person The former has a w warm rm coat of fatty tissue under his skin which the skinny individual lacks lacks A considerable fraction of the food one eats necessarily goes to make new blood and new tissue It is thus tat that the body utilizes what is called pro tein But in cases of necessity the human engine will burn burri protein for warmth Ordinarily however the needed fuel is supplied by starches sugars and fats These are arc the things that people try to cut out of their diet when they are trying to reduce for any o I of them is liable to be stored in the body as fat fat Fat is stored fuel There is b more or orless orleas orless less leas of it in all nil the tissues and in mod mod- moderation moderation moderation it is very verp desirable In case of illness when the digestive functions are not working properly and the diet pre pre- prescribed pre prescribed scribed by the physician is low the body can draw upon this reserve of fat tat to keep the engine running I Recently the government Bureau of Home Economics undertook to find out what was the fuel expenditure required for th the labor of dressing and undressing a baby A size life-size doll was used for forthe forthe forthe the purpose with all the cloth clothing pg g usually pertaining to the costume of an infant including socks and bootees and cap The young woman employed in the the ex- ex experiment experiment ex experiment consumed twenty-four twenty calories per hour in addition to what she burned while ying vying prone and motion motion- motionless motionless motionless less Hence twenty-four twenty calories represented represented the muscular effort involved in inthe inthe inthe the performance This was very interesting but tut ut really not a fair test for the wooden baby weighed only four pounds and could be b relied upon to keep still while being dressed and undre sed A live human baby weighs a good deal more than that and and it wriggles How JIow low many calories extra for the wriggles |