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Show 18 passed the naval appropriation bill carrying $323,000,000. ' LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL Bulking large In the affairs of America Amer-ica were the two big strikes, of Uie railway shopmen and the coal miners. In effect at the same time, they seriously seri-ously threatened the national well-being well-being by disrupting traffic and causing country-wide shortage of fuel. Unable to reach an agreement with the mine operators on the wage scale, the miners, both anthracite and bitu-tutnous, bitu-tutnous, went on strike April L In June and July President Harding conferred con-ferred with representatives of both sides, and proposed that the men return re-turn to work at the old wages and that the new scale be arbitrated. His plan being rejected, he told the operators to reopen their mines under protection of federal troops and the flag. In only a few coses was this done. There were numerous local conflicts and some killings, and the price of coal threatened threat-ened to become extortionate. To prevent pre-vent profiteering the government adopted a plan for the supervision of production and distribution of coal on statesman; Prince Kalanlnanole, Ra-wallan Ra-wallan delegate Ur congress; Joseph" , Oliver, grand sire of Odd Fellows; for-roer for-roer United States Senator J. H. Millard Mil-lard of Nebraska; John T. Kelly, T eran comedlun; George B. Sohlen, Inventor In-ventor of gasoline-driven vehicles; Arlchbishop Gauthier of Ottawa, Can, I Pope Benedict XV; John Kendrlck Bangs, author; Viscount James Bryc-e; , Arthur Nlkisch, orchestral conductor; Mrs., Elizabeth C. Seaman (Nellie ' Bly), and Klchard Westacott, United States vice consul In London. 4' J ! In February; Prince Yamagata, Jap- -anese statesman; E. If Shaughnesay, ' second assistant postmaster general; Gen. Christian De Wet, Boer cons-' mamlef lu' 1809; duke, of Lelnster; J-aho S. Miller, leading Chicago' law yer; former Senator J. F. Shaft-ota Colorado; Viscount HarcourL In March: Henry Bntallle, French dramatist; Col. John Lambert, steel magnate; Sir John Eaton, Canadian merchant prince; Charles Pope, "gl cose king." V In( April: Charles, ex-empero of -Austria; Dr. Cyrus Northrup, presl-dent presl-dent emeritus of University of Mlnne . aota; Frederick Vllllers, famous war , correspondent: Gen. von Falkenhavn. ing. On August 22 President Collins was killed In an ambuscade and William Wil-liam Cosgrove waa elected to succeed him. He offered amnesty to the rebels, but .. they . decided to "fight to the death." Ersklne Chllders. chief aid of ; De Valera, raa captured and executed, as were other republican leaders. The Irish Free State formally came Into being be-ing on December 8, with '.Timothy Hcaly as governor general. -l Prime Minister ' Moyd George, held power through all the vicissitudes of the year until October 19. On that day the conservatives In parliament decided decid-ed to abandon the coalition and act In future as a separate party. The premier pre-mier was thus deprived of his majority and promptly resigned, with his cabinet. cabi-net. A. Bonar Law, chosen leader of the . conservatives, succeeded htm, formed a new ministry and called an election for November 15. At the polls he won control of parliament. The lahorites made great gains and be came the "opposition party." Under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, Mus-solini, the Fusclstl of Itay, orgnnlzed primarily to protect the country agninst the communists, fought a long and successful battle. Guining steadily stead-ily In strength, notably by the accession acces-sion of ninny thousands of working men, they saved the Industries of Italy from the Beds, and finally, dissatisfied with the weak policies of Premier Facta, Fac-ta, compelled his resignation on October Octo-ber 20. Mussolini was made premier and at once set to work to restore the, prosperity of the country. The king I and chamber of deputies gave him full power to put Into effect his contemplated contem-plated reforms and economic measures, meas-ures, and as he hud the support Pf most of the people, the prospects for Italy were bright. Greece's disaster In Asia Minor resulted re-sulted In the second abdication of King Constontine 011 September 20, In Efforts to "enforce the prohibition law and violations of K absorbed a vast amount of time and money, and It may be the difficulties encountered by the government in this strengthened the cause of the organization ormed to bring about the "liberalization of the enforcement act so as to permit the 'manufacture and use of beers and light wines, and ultimately the repeal of the Eighteenth amendment Itself. On October 6 Attorney General Daugh-erty Daugh-erty ruled liquor off all American ships throughout the world and declared foreign for-eign ships could not enter American ports if they can led liquor, sealed or unsealed. Great . commotion ensued, but the ruling was upheld by Federal Judge Hand In New York. The cases Initiated ln behalf of various steamship steam-ship companies were carried to higher courts, and enforcement of the ruling against foreign vessels was temporarily held up. The Supreme court on February 27 ruled that the woman's suffrage amendment to the Constitution was constitutional, and on May 1 It upheld the packers' control act. June fi It handed down an Important opinion to 1 :lie effect that labor organizations can be sued for violations of the Sherman nntl-trust Inw. By a decision announced an-nounced on November 13 Japanese are not eligible to naturalization. Associate Associ-ate Justice John A. Clarke resigned September 4, to devote himself to promotion pro-motion of United Stntes membership In the League of Nuttons, and former Senator George 11. Sutherland of Utah was appointed to succeed hlin. On October 24 Associate Justice Day also resigned, having been made umpire on the American-German claims commission, commis-sion, president Harding selected Pierce Butler, an eminent lawyer of St. Paul, Minn., to All the vncancy. Associate Justice Pitney resigned December 18 on account of III Jiealttr. ..ad succeeded Lloytj George as prlnle minister. Then, at a conference of the allied premiers In London, Bonar Law gave the French to understand that, though Britain could not approve of military measures against Germany, she would not actively oppose them If the Germans defaulted In tbe reparations repara-tions payments due ln January. The conference adjourned to meet in Paris on January 2 and premier Polncare Intimated that he might be satisfied with milder measures. V About this time It was stated In Washington -that the Uulted State was looking for a way to help out Europe without entangling en-tangling herself In alliances, but nothing noth-ing definite was suggested and Europe Eu-rope was skeptical. On April 10 an economic and financial finan-cial conference, called by the allied supreme su-preme council, opened In Genoa. Germany Ger-many and Russia were Invited to par-tlclpate, par-tlclpate, under certain restrictions, but soon after the sessions began tbe delegates dele-gates of those two nations concluded a treaty canceling their war debts and the treaty of Brest-LItovsk and estab-Ushlt.g estab-Ushlt.g full diplomatic relations. Surprised Sur-prised and angered, the great powers, despite the protests of the neutrals, barred Ihe Germans from further participation par-ticipation ln the discussion of Russian affairs, which was the most important subject before the conference then. The allied nations offered to give finnm clul aid to Russia under certain conditions, condi-tions, but Belgium refused to agree to this and a day or two later the French withdrew their assent, charging that Lloyd George was practicing trickery to gain control of the Russian oil fields. Meanwhile the soviet delegates were making such excessive demands that thetisylessnens of further negotiations negotia-tions became evident and the conference confer-ence adjourned after adopting an eight months' truce with Russlu. Mustapha Kemal Pasha tnd the irUW THE WORLD FARED IN 1922 ' Prosperity,' Discontent and Two Big Strikes Among Notable Developments in America. REVERSE FOR REPUBLICANS ' ' Europe Still la In Economic and Financial Finan-cial Turmoil Downfall of Lloyd George Turks Def tat Greske And Recover Lest Territory Fascist! Cain Control of Italy. By EDWARD W. PICKARD Momentous events and developments marked the year 1922, both at heme end abroad. In America these Inctud-, Inctud-, ed the great strikes of coal miners and '" railroad ahopmen; the passage by congress con-gress of a new tariff bill, and the general gen-eral defeat of the Hepubllcuo party in the November elections. Among the most noteworthy events elsewhere were the establishment of the Irish "Tree State; the election of a new pope; tbe rout of the Greeks In Asia Minor and the regeneration of the Turkish state, followed "by the Near East peace conference at Lausanne; ' , tbe downfall of Prime Minister Lloyd George, and the triumph of the Fas etatt in Italy. Although the people of the Uulted Btates enjoyed a fair amount of prosperity pros-perity throughout the year, they were discontented and dissatisfied, and howed It when they, went to the polls former chief of staff of German army; Henry M. Shrady, American sculptors Sir Boss Smith, Australian aviator; Adrian C. Anson, veteran of baseball; Henry V. Esmond, English playwright) John Foord, editor Asia magazine; B, I S. MuJIcn, Chilean statesman ; Lord Leopple Mountbatten, cousin of King George ; Frederick Van Rensselaer ' Dy, writer of Nick Carter stories; Paul Deachnnel, former president of France; Richard Croker, former chief of Tammany Hall, In ,Mny: John Vance Cheney, poet and essayist; Ada Jones, musical com edy star; former Senator A. J. Gronne of North Dakota; Henry P. Davison, New Tork financier ; J. II. Patterson, hend of National Cash Register company com-pany ; Federal Judge Beverlj Evans of Georgia; A. C. Bnrtlett, prominent Chlcagoan. . ... - In June: Mrs. Mary . Tcrbune (Marlon Hartand) ; V. T. ;,bbott, Chi-cngo Chi-cngo financier; Lillian Rv.sscll (Mrt. A. P. Moore), famous stage beauty; R. A. Bellinger, former secretary of the Interior; George Carmnck, discoverer discov-erer of Klondike gold fields; Henry T. Oxnar-d. sugar magnate; Horace' B. Hooper, publisher of Encyclopedia Brltunnlcn i G. W. Aldredge, collector of the port of New York; F. C. Pen-" field, former ambassador to Austria; Take Jonescu, Rumanian statesman Wu Ting-Fang, Ch'nese diplomat ; Wll-Ham Wll-Ham Rockefeller, capitalist ; S. C Gob, Inventor of printing presses. In July: E. W. Barrett, editor Birmingham Bir-mingham Age-Herald ; Dr. E. J. WheuU er, edl'or Current Opinion; Rev. Dr. J. F. Goucber, educator; Alice Miriam, grand opera star; Col. R. W. Guthrie, oil magnate; Miss Mnry N. Murfree (Charles Egbert Crnddock). lit August: Glenn E. Plumb, noted labor attorney; Alexander . Graham Bell, Inventor of the telephone; United Stntes Senator W. E. Crow of Pennsylvania; Pennsyl-vania; former Congressman Lemuel Padgett of Tennessee; Enver Pasha, ex-war minister of Turkey; Rear Admiral Ad-miral Uriel Sebree, U. S. N.; Arthur Grimtli, president of Dall Elrrannj John O Woolley. noted prohibitionist ; Ixrd Northcllffe, English publisher ; Levy Mayer, prominent Chicago lawyer; law-yer; K,oliln D. -Salisbury,, geologist! j Genevieve Ward, American tragedienne; tragedi-enne; Rev. Dr. Hrnrjr Couden. chaplain chap-lain of house of representatives; foi 25 years ; Delavan Smith, publisher Iiv dlunnpolls News; Dr. Stephen Smith, founder of American Public. Health association; as-sociation; F. 8. Peabody, Cldcng millionaire; mil-lionaire; Arthur Dawson, America artist; Mrs. Nellie Grant Jones, daughter daugh-ter of Gen. U. S. Grant; W. H. Hudson. British naturalist and author. In September: Theodore A. Bell, prominent lawyer and politician of San Francisco; Bishop Samuel Fal-lows Fal-lows of . Reformed Episcopal church ; Kinmet O'Neal, former governor of Alabama; Leon Ronimt, French artist Cnos Mills, American naturalist and author; United States Senutor Thomas Wutuon of Geonrla. In October: Rcnr Admiral Charles . E. Clark. U. S. N. ; Walker Hill, banker bank-er of St. Lords; Made Lloyd, English July 24. Operators and miners of the bituminous fields met at Cincinnati and on August 15 signed an agreement ending the etiike, the men winning virtually vir-tually all their demands. A similar settlement of the anthrucite Btrlke was made on September 2. It was admitted admit-ted that the root of the trouble bad not been reached and that another strike in the spring of 1923 was almost a certainty. cer-tainty. Since there waa Btlll a great shortage of coal, Conrad E. Spens was appointed federal fuel director on September Sep-tember 22. The railway str.'ke followed an order of the federal railway labor board, Is-sued Is-sued June 0, reducing .the wages of the shopmen about $00,000,000 0 'cnr Other rail employees had their pay cut proportionately, but tbe shopmen were chosen to make the fight. They quit work on July 1. and two days later were "outlawed" by the board. On July 14 they were reinforced by the stationary engineers, firemen und oilers. oil-ers. From the beginning the administration adminis-tration strove to bring about n settlement, settle-ment, but both sides were stubborn, the restoration of seniority lights being be-ing the main stumbling block. President Presi-dent Harding wurned the strikers against Interference with mails or Interstate In-terstate tinnsportatlon, and the agencies agen-cies of tho government were active In enforcing his orders. Finding they could not tic up truffle, the strikers In many regions resorted to extreme violence, vio-lence, ami even to murder. In the Fur West some of tha Brotherhood of Trainmen members co-operated with them until called off by their chiefs Several trains loaded with passengers were abandoned In the deserts. Finally Final-ly the government struck a vital blow at the strike. Attorney General Daugh-city, Daugh-city, on September 1, obtained from Judge Wllkerson In Chicago a sweeping sweep-ing order restraining (be shop crafts from Interfering in any way with the operation of the railways. Two weeks later the strike was broken when many railroads negotiated separate agreements with tbe shopmen. DISASTERS , Many thousands of lives were lost in disasters In 1922, and vast property losses sustained. In January a Greek destroyer was blown up, 50 men perching; per-ching; and ln Washington 97 persons were killed and 133 injured when a theater roof collapsed under weight of snow. In February 25 men died In a mine explosion at Gates, Pa., and 34 were killed by the full and explosion of the army dirigible Ifomn, which bad been bought In Italy. On March 15 a great Are In the Chicago business ills, trlct did damage amounting to $8,000,. 000; on March 23 a British eubmuiine sank wlih 22 men, end on March 29 tbe famous Church of St. Anne de Beiuipre, near Quebec, was burned. April was marked by futHl nnd destructive de-structive floods and tornadoes in t!'e Mississippi river valley nnd In Texas, und by n severe earthquake In Japan. On April. 13 400 carload of war muni-tl-ms exploded In Mnnastlr, Serbia, killlog hundreds and destroying the center of the rlty. On May 19 the P. Kenesaw M. Lnndis, the able nnd spectacular federal district Judge of Chicago, left the bench on March 1 to take tbe position of high commissioner "f organized hnseball. Ills place was not filled until Juiy 11, when James 1L Wllkerson was appointed. One nwti left the President's cabinet cabi-net Postmaster Will Hays, who quit to become supreme head of the moving picture Industry. Pr. Huliert Work Kuccceded . him. Gen. Charles M. Dawes, retired irnn the position of director di-rector f the 'budget July L General-Lord General-Lord taking the iost. . One of the wst shocking events of Hie year took pice tn Illinois on June 22. Strikebreakers mid guards nt a coal mine at llerrln, Williamson coon-ty. coon-ty. after being attneked by striking miners, surrendered nnd 19 of them were at once brutally massacred. The community nnd some of Its officials seemed largely In sympathy with tbe murderers end for a long time It wu doubtful witeiber they would be brought to Justice. The state law officers offi-cers took charge and In September mnny of the member of the mob were Indicted. - - ' .1 ' Truniflii IL Newberry of M'chigan, whose right to a sent In the senate was upheld by that body on January 12, grew weary of the continual fight made to unseat him nnd resigned on November Novem-ber 18. Governor Gioesbeck appointed appoint-ed Mayor Jnmcs Coiuena of Detroit to fill out the term. For the first time In hlntory the United States .senate had a woman aeitator.' When Tom Watson of Georgia Geor-gia died Governor llnrdwlck appointed Mrs.:W.. H. FelU'O. veteran suffragist, to the vacancy, pending an election. W. F. George was elected to the place, but .when congress met In extra session ses-sion he withheld bis credentials long enough for Mrs. Felton to be sworn In and serve one day. NATIONAL LEGISLATION One of the first nets of congress In the year was the passage of the foreign debt refunding bill, with a limit for payment et at 25 years. The house In January also passed the Dyer nntl-lynchlng nntl-lynchlng bill, but It got no further until December, when Ihe Democrats In the senate filibustered It to dmih. The co operative marketing bill wns enacted enact-ed In February. On March 2.1 the tl.e face of a revolt by the returnlilg ' troops. Next day the crown prince; George, was sworn In as king and a new government Installed. The revolutionists revo-lutionists In control caused the arrest of various former cabinet oillcers unci generals on the charge of high treason . In connection with the debacle In Anatolia, Ana-tolia, and si), of them, Including three former premiers, were condemned to dciith. Ores'. Britain tried vainly to prevent the "xeciitlon and tl.n broke off relation w ith Greece, probably glad to pet rid of an embarrassing ulllaiM'e. Prlm-e Andrew, uncle of the king, also whs tried ai;d condemned, but escaped with -exile. ... M. lirland resigned ns premier of France on January 12 because bis pedicles ped-icles nt the Cannes conference were opposed. ,. lie was succeeded by M-Polncare, M-Polncare, w hose policies Included tiict enforcement of the treaty of Versailles. Ver-sailles. , Pope Benedict XV died on January 22, and on February 2 the Sacred Col-lese Col-lese met in Rome to choose his succee-tor. succee-tor. Four dnya later Cardinal Achilla . Rattl, archbishop of Milan, wns elected, elect-ed, and February 12 tie ' wmr erowied pope as Plus XI. , To the account of affairs In Tnrkfy related dove Is to be added the downfall down-fall of the suit an. Considered by the Angora government to be a tool of the British, and consequently a traitor, he was deposed on November 1, The sovereignty sov-ereignty of tbe nation wns declared to be In the hnndn of the people and the name changed from Ottoman empire to State of Turkey. The dethroned ruler took ' refuge ' on- Malta. fn Xovember 1 IS his nephew.- Abdul Mcdjld EffendL was . elected caliph . of the Moslem church. .- . . .. (. . Germany devoted herself through the year lurgely to efforts to evade the payment of reparations, to determined work to regain her foreign trade, and to the printing of Innumerable billions of paper murks. The value of the mark fluctuated widely, reaching n low level of more than eight thousand for a dollar. On June 24 Dr. Wolter Ruth-enau, Ruth-enau, foreign minister, was assassinated assassi-nated In Berlin by reactionaries. Chancellor Chan-cellor Wlitb and bis CHblnet were forced out of office November 14 and Wllhelin Cuno became chancellor with a ministry In which the socialists und communists were not Included. On December 9 Gabriel Xnrutwlnt wns elected pref-lient of Poland to tn November. Seemingly they did not like the new tariff law, and the big strikes and the matter of prohibition enforcement also had their effect then. Economic and financial conditions In ome of the European countries howed little or no Improvement, due In part to the continued state of tin-eettlement tin-eettlement concerning the German rep ; arations and to the renewed turmoil In ' the Near East. Other countries, nota ( bly Italy and (Tzechoslovakla, raored definitely toward stabilization and prosperity. Communism nnd socialism uffered a tremendous setbnek In Italy when the Fascist! rebelled agr.inst those doctrines and took over tlw control con-trol of the government As ln 1921, December wns marked by an International conference In Washington, for President Harding bad invited tbe Central American republics re-publics to send delegates there to discuss dis-cuss limitation of armaments and . other question. They met 00 Decern-ter Decern-ter 1 ? INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS -.. ? January found the great powers still engaged In formulating treaties nnd agreements In the Washington conference confer-ence on armaments and Pacific ocean problems, and on February 1 the dele-fates. dele-fates. In plenary sesslonj adopted the nve-power naval limitation treaty with r an agreement on Paclfve fortifications; passed resolutions declArlng the open , door In China, and eppwed a treaty i for the restriction of the use of poison f and submarines In warfare. At f the same time, Mr. Balfour announced that Great Britain would restore Wei-Hal-Wei to China. Three days later tbe conference approved a nmnber of treaties designed to restore to China some of her lost liberties nnd passed a resolution for the creation of nn International In-ternational commission to revise the rules of warfare. On February fl the delegates signed all the treaties and the conference adjourned sine die. and In four days President Harding submitted sub-mitted the treaties to the senate. By the end of March tbe senate hnd ratified all these treaties, ns well ns one with Japan, by which the troublesome trou-blesome question of American rights on the island of T:n was settled Great Britain and Japan ei.J. In the course nt time, ratified the conference pacts. Turkish nationalists, who hnd disavowed disa-vowed all the doings of the Turkish government at Constantinople, spent the summer In secretly preparing for a great offensive against the Greeks hi Anatolia. They opened the attack on August 23 and tok the enemy completely com-pletely by surprise. Within one week the Greek armies had been routed and driven back to Smyrna und other const positions and Athens was asking for an armistice and agreeing to get out of Asia Minor. Kemal 'occupied Smyrna on September fl and five da later a large part of the city was destroyed de-stroyed by flames. At first tbe Turkish Turk-ish troops were blamed tr this, but la- ter developments Indicated tbe confbi- I gratlon was started by the fleeing Greeks and by looters. Great Britain ' which had !ceii sponsor for the Greek ' venture In Asia Minor, was alarmed by the expressed Intention of the nil-1 tlonallsts to take possession of Cmistan-' tinople and the rest of the old Turkish Turk-ish empire, and she called on her do- minions and France, Italy, Serbia, Uu- j mania and Greece to Join her In tbe 1 defense of the Dardanelles. France. 1 which had been giving aid and comfort to the Turks," and Italy objected t military operations against the Kemal-Ists, Kemal-Ists, and some of the British dominions domin-ions were noticeably cool.- However. Britain hurried reinforcements to her land and naval forces In the Near East nnd let the Turk and tbe world know that she would act alone If necessary. The ' allies on September 23 Invited Ihe nationalists to a peace conference, agreeing to return to them Constsntl-nopte. Constsntl-nopte. Adrlanople and eastern Thrnce In return for the guaranteed freedom of the straits. Kemal Insisted that Russia must be Included, and the allies agreed that the soviet government should participate In settlement of the question of the Dardanelles. After several sev-eral trying days, when war seemed almost al-most unavoidable, the allies and nationalists na-tionalists met nt Mudanln on October S to arrange an armistice. A week later la-ter a protocol was signed providing for tbe evacuation of eastern Thrace by Greece within 15 days and Its delivery to Turkey within 45 days, and, yielding yield-ing to the Keinnllsts the civil control of Constantinople pending a peace conference. con-ference. Tills conference opened In Lnusnijne. Switzerland. November 20. with the prospect of being long In session. ses-sion. Tbe United States declined full piirtlcloatlon, but sent Ambassador house pulsed the soldiers bonus bill nnd, niter u bmg mo! bitter fl;lit. It went through the hcnatc on August HI. President Harding bad warned congress con-gress the ines'sure was entirely unacceptable unac-ceptable to him, chiefly because it pro-vided pro-vided w) means! of raising the money to pay the bonus, ni:d on September 10 ho vetoed It. The Iiouhc overrode the veto, but the Eeiinte sustained It. Tbe agitation for such legislation was In-ccKsaiit, In-ccKsaiit, however, and new bills were Introduced beforg Ue year close, 1. Appropriation fii! for the army and navy, providing for yl.000 and fcl.OOO enllhtcd mm, respectively, were passed; nnd $l7,ooo,(.00 wus appropriated appropri-ated for soldieis' hospitals. The tariff revision bill of course took a long time in tho making. It llniilly wns completed and was signed by the ' President on .September 21. One uofnble feature Is a provision giving giv-ing the President power to lower or raise certuln rates when be thinks rendition ren-dition of foreign trade warrant. Congres oijourned on September 22, und us it had fulled to take any hc-tlon hc-tlon on a ship subsidy measure, the President cn'led an extra sessbin to meet on November 20. mainly to consider con-sider siifli a bill. The house passed It on November 2'.. The extra session merged Into the regular session on December De-cember 4. In his tiiesne to congress President Presi-dent Harding called for mrict enforcement enforce-ment of fhe prohibition law, a thoroughgoing thor-oughgoing agricultural credit system. Improvement of transportation and outlawing of railroad strikes and pio-vlsion pio-vlsion for drnltitu' In ur nil national resources. Tl o ship subsidy bill run up nsaJtiHt a determined o.;Hss!il,in in the secute. The bvut-t i,a Ltceiubtr and, like the United StHtes, took sfpps toward putting Into effect the terms of the treaty on nnvnl limitation. But France, more Interested In her own troubles connected with the German " reparations and with the development Is the Near Fat, delayed action, nnd her example was followed by several ""'-. smaller nations. Thus tbe full effect of some of the treaties wns lost for the time being. Rehabilitation of Europe, economic and financial, was the grent problem that confronted the world and. of course. Its solution depended to a considerable con-siderable extent on a settlement of the German reparations matter. This hnd not been reached when the year came " to a close. The allied commission, an International bankers' .committee and various Individuals straggled with the question throughout the twelve months, hut it would be tedious to fell In detail of their efforts. Tbe Germans steadily maintained that complete enforcement en-forcement of the treaty of Versailles would ruin Germany and be disastrous for the rest of Europe, Although Doctor Doc-tor Wlrth, the chancellor, held that Germany must nnd would ultimately pny the reparations bill. Perl in Insist-ffl'tbat Insist-ffl'tbat n long moratorium be granted on all the paymet.ts and thnt nn inter-rational inter-rational loan to Germany be arranged. France, depending on the reparation money for reconstruction nnd conllnii-sMy conllnii-sMy on tbe verge of bankruptcy, would not listen to propo-dthns f-r h re-duct re-duct Km of tbe war bill, and from time 10 time made preparations to put Into cH ret sanction airnlnst Germany, ncch occpvlng the Ruhr district and ihe 1 uthmnl forests In the Rhlneloml. A -fvH Great Britain objected to this until un-til b-te In tho year, wheo Bonur Law succeed General PHsudskl. lie was duly Inaugurated, n:nhl scenes of great disorder nnd on December 16 wus assassinated h.v nn artist. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS As ha been said above, the people of the United States, despite the fact thnt they were relatively prosperous, were not contented. Tares, rentals nnd the prices of the necessities of life remained too high, nnd the farmer especially es-pecially complained because be did not receive enough for the products of Ms toll. A usual, tbe unrest expressed Itself It-self nt the polls. What many considered consid-ered the conservatism of the Harding administration wns blamed, with or without reason. As the primary elections elec-tions In various states came along, the voters snw and Relzed their chance, nnd frequently tbe more conservative candidates were beuten by so-called progressives. Albert J. BcvtTldge defeated de-feated Senator New In Indiana; Lynn J. Fra.ler defeated Senator McCumber In North Dakota; Senators Johnson of Citllfornlu and La Follette of Wisconsin Wiscon-sin were triumphantly renominated and there were many other such In-stni.ces. In-stni.ces. It wa generally predicted that the Democrat would win big , Ic-torles Ic-torles ln the election on November 7, and tlie results Justified Ihe forecast. In both house and senate the Republican Republic-an majority was tremendously reduced. re-duced. .Such well known figures ns DuPoiit, Kellogg, Townsend, ('abler, Pomerem; and I'olmlexter were r tired, A feature of the election wns tlie Immense Im-mense majority rolled up for Al Smith, Democratic candidate for the $yver-toisMp $yver-toisMp of Svw oii. t hlld, Jlinistcr urew noo auiiuhi ,.. tol to guard the Interests of America nnd American, these being especially In connection with the oil fields of Mosul. Tlie conference bad to deal with the frontiers of the Turkish state, ooth In Europe and In Mesopotamia, where the oil fields Hie located, nnd with the control of the straits and the snfegnnrdlnn of the Christian minorities minori-ties In Turkey. By the middle of December De-cember the conferees were well on the way to agreement, Turkey hnd prom-Ned prom-Ned to join the League of Nations ns Bonn a peace wns signed, nnd the treaty was In process of being drafted. On May 15 tbe conference to settle the old Tacnu-Arlca dispute between Chile nnd Peru opened In Washington, nnd hi due time came to a successful conclusion, adopting a compromise plan suggested by Secretary Hughes. Colombia and Venezuela settled their boundary dispute on April 0. Esthonla, Latvia, Lltbunn'a nnd Albania were recognized by the United States as sovereign sov-ereign states on July 27. FOREIGN AFFAIRS ; Wlt'h Mtcbnel Collins ns Its head, tbe provisional government of the Irish Free State was established In Junu-ary. Junu-ary. nfter Pall Elrennn had accepted thetreaty with England and De Valera hud refined to accede. Immediately the republlca.'js, now rebel., started 11 warfare that lasted throughout the yenr and vvas marked by Innumerable assassinations nnd other outrages. T:,e Free State forces gradually gained p .sM'Ssioti of most of the territory ,unre ti e rebels ecre stroi.g and the f.ghUng degem rutod Into bx-diwhuck- comcdientie ; Jorge Montt, former president pres-ident of Chile; Isaac Guggenheim, copper cop-per magnate; Dr. Lyman Abbott, editor edi-tor of Outlook; Father Bernard Vaugbnn, famous Jesuit preacher of London. In November: Thomns Nelson Page, author nnd former nmbnssndor to Italy; It-aly; Alfred Cupu. French journalist; T, DeWltt Cuyler, prominent railroad man; Jacob Gltnbcl, merchunt prlnc of New York, Philadelphia end Milwaukee; Mil-waukee; J. A. L. Gutierrez, lloudiirnn minister to Washington; Mrs. Mnry S. Lock wood, founder of D. A. R ; Bellamy Bel-lamy Storer, former diplomat; Richard IC. Fox, publisher, of Police Cs'.cne; Gen. Luke E. Wright, former secretary of wnr nnd governor general of the Philippines; W. G. Sharp, former am-basMiidor am-basMiidor to France; Frnk Bncnn, American nctor; George Briis-n I bur-nrd, bur-nrd, playwright n id author; Baron Sidney Sonnluo, Italian statesman; Henry N. Cary, prominent nei-Mpef man of Chicago; F. ( NYdriri jbaun, former congressman from Missouri; (l. II. Scldmore, United Slates co -uil general gen-eral nt Tokyo; CungresMiiian .faroc ll, Mann of Mine Is. In December: Dr. W. 1" Qu'ne, lend-Ing lend-Ing Chicago physician; Cardinal lg' sla of Spain; L, B. Pi nice, f.rmef governor of New Mexico; John Wan.i-niaUer, Wan.i-niaUer, famous merchant of I'hihidei-pb'.fi I'hihidei-pb'.fi nnd New York; Alexander Un!. crt.-on, Chicago banker; Jes-e M. Overton, capitalist, of. Ni"-b tile, Turn.; James O, Davidson, ! .ii.n-r governor of Wisconsin; lord M'-in-u Beresford, Hriiish horseman ; VI, A. E. Bradley, foriuvir chief urc-in of tbe A. hi. F. & 1.1. liner r.gypt wus sum; 111 collision, OS lives being lost ; and on June 4 07 perished when a Paraguayan excursion excur-sion steamer blew up. New York city bad one of tlie worst storms of recent years cn June 11, about CO persons being killed. Forty lives were lost in tlie wreck of a pilgrims' train near Lourdes, France, on August 1 ; fio.000 Chinese perished In a typhoon at Swo-tow Swo-tow August 2; 37 were killed In a railway rail-way wreck at Sulphur Springs, Mo., on Aug. 6. Great forest fires ln Minne fotu In August destroyed several small towns. The Japanese cruiser Nitaka went down during a typhoon August 20, with a loss of 300 lives, nnd three days later 310 perished when a Chilean ship sank near Coqulmbo. On August 28, 48 men were entombed In a burning burn-ing gold mine shaft at Jackson, Oil., nnd 22 days later nil were found dead. Fiilconnra fort, Ttaly. was destroyed on September 28 by exploding ammunition stores, 171 soldiers being killed. On November 0 a gas explosion In n mine rcnr S !ingler, Pa., killed 80 miners, and on November 2C h dust explosion in s mine near Birmingham, Ala., killed 84. On December 8 a conflagration de-tro,ed de-tro,ed tlie center and much of the residence section of Astoria. Ore., tlie loss being f l",fMK),(KM). NECRCLOGY Every month of the year ha Its l't rf notable person taken by death. In January these included: Sir Ernest Shnckleton, British explorer, In tbe Antarctic; Mnrtjul Okumo, Japanese |