Show G r r 1 1 t y r 9 I 1 1 s th i 4 I k l I J Types of Ukrainian Women I I Prepared by th the National 1 Geographic Society So So- clety Washington r D D. C C. In their latest uprisings against the soviet so go government the Ukrainians or Little LIWe nus Russians lans are but hut Justifying anew a reputation as ns fi fighters that has hns stuck to them since the dawn of ot European European European Eu Eu- history Theirs Is one of ot the richest sections of the old Russian empire and ami not only have hayo they been called upon to defend their title many times but at others they have hae fared forth against the Poles the Russians of ot the North the and the Turks seemingly for the mere Joy of lighting fighting In recent years the Ukraine has hns' quieted down n so that casual students at the time of at the Russian revolution hardly realized that there was such a distinctive section left lett The Ukraine has had a n troublesome trouble trouble- some orae career The wild helped to feed ancient Greece and her colonies from its endless steppes A thousand housand years ago leY was already b becoming an nn important t place When the he Saxons still railed England In the thelong thelong long ong ago ngo the banks of the were a meeting place meeting for many races drown drawn thither b by commerce Religious Religions II differences had not yet et arisen for nil all were worshipers of idols Even then thena a Slav Slay people were safely established here lere sowing and reaping their harvests har har- ests vests and sending their surplus grain down own this river to the Black sea The name Ukraine means border marches For centuries It was the bulwark that protected Poland and Lithuania from the Tatar Turks and other ther migrating Orientals As a result re re- suit sult It has had cruel taskmasters The native population was largely I Co Cossacks Cossacks-a a a wild and unruly people I at t that time The They were wore not originally original original- ly y a tribe but were men meal men who went forth orth Into the wilderness to find Md free froe- d don om The vast steppes covered with grass to the height ht of t a hor horse within which ar a. a multitude of at game lurked linked lured them hem on There were Poles and Lithuanians and nd Russians and anft even Turks among amon them lem They The became marvelous lous shots hots rl riders iders ers an and swimmers their horses were ere famous for their swiftness and amI cn endurance e. Their differences gradual gradual- 1 ly Iy y blended in a unity of ot purpose nr and d principle Crude Republican Government The name ans was applied to o the community that t was the heart henrt and anil soul of the great groit Ukraine e. e Their government was crude but hut very re- re publican in form Each Ench year ear the tho old officers laid down their duties In n the pre presence nce of ot a general assembly even en evenIn evenin In that day dav called the ruda rada and find new ones were re then cho chosen en As nn any member of or the tribe could be beel el elevated to the highest office It permitted permitted per per- each one to aspire to this dig dig- The highest was known as the hetman If It unpopular he was sometimes choked to death death death-an an tive if It cruel displacement I The They carried on an un Intermittent warfare warfare warfare war war- fare with Ta ars on the east stealing their cattle and occasionally sacking the unprotected towns Again their warring excursions would be he directed I a against the Turks to the southeast In Inthe Inthe Inthe the Balkans When tired of ot this they thoy turned northward to the Slavonic population pop pop- popI I I These larJ early Ukrainians were ever I nt at war with somebody and for tor some some- ho body y ThE They fought with Poland against Russia with Russia against Poland with Poland against t Turkey with Turkey a against the They assisted 1 In lu placing an unfrocked monk upon the tho throne at Moscow Thc They were wro simply natural warriors who rejoiced reJoiced rejoiced re re- in that occupation The war war- warrIor warrior shaved sha his head hend except for a wisp on the crown which was allowed to grow w long enough to wind around the pars I Although h professing the Orthodox Greek creek faith they were the brigands tad and the the corsairs of Christianity Though nominally subjects of ot Poland or for a n. long time the Ukrainians were Involving ol Poland In trouble Uh the Tata and Turkish micro At times they even captured Polish peasants and sold them as slaves t to the who In n turn passed passed them themon on to Persians Lovers of the Soil Soli The Little Russians have worked hard and fought hard and they have emerged a fairly united and antI still vigorous vigor vigor- ous people The population increases Increase more steadily than that of Great Russia Russin Rus RUl- sin sia as the people are greatly attached to home and do not care to wander far from their native villages They are great lovers of ot the soil solI and cling to It with a passionate tenacity The Ukraine Includes old southeastern southeast southeast- ern Russia with Ith the exception of ot the province known as which partakes of ot the character of ot the Balkan Bal flab kan states states' and Is peopled with Rumanians Rumanians Ru Ru- and Bulgarians The great seaport aport of Odessa and the surrounding surround surround- ing country were added to It under Its new alignment after the up break-up ef of the Russian empire I f The Ukraine does not reach m much ch north of ot Kiev or east of but it Is a large e state In lri Itself about as ns large as the German with some twenty-five twenty or thirty millions of p people ople living In It The largest city of the real Ukraine Is K Kiev around which national life centers probably b because Cause of the deep religious associations in correction with the shrines and many hot hol laces It was at nt one time the capital rf rl t all Russia I Is Is' Is the leading commercial com m- m mercial town town in it unless Odessa on the Block Black sea Is considered There Is a n lure about the limitless stretches of or the steppes In the Ukraine In wide level spaces or In gentle undulations they reach rench out until sky and horizon meet In a barely perceptible perceptIble perceptible percept percept- ible line Parts of It remind one very much of our own western prairies In spring and winter it Is an ocean of or verdure with the varied shades i I of or green of the growns growing ve vegetation interspersed Interspersed Interspersed Inter Inter- w with th flowers of man many hues hues hues' later In n the autumn after the crops are har harvested sted It becomes a brown waste of stubble and up burned pastures pasture pastures pas pas- tures ture In winter It Is a white glistenIng glistenIng glistening glisten- glisten Ing expanse e of snow I Windmills in General Use Windmills are exceedingly common and dot the landscape on every hill- hill side Silvery Sil gray m they ther appear appeal from u ago age as all nIl are built hullt of ot wood and they are fire usually unpainted Many lany of them seem rudy ready to fall faIl to pieces from age I The lb general use of windmills Is due not so much to lac lack of wat water r for they will be he found near streams but the flatness of the country does not give enough h fall to allow the use of water- water power They are used to grind grain Kiev Is the holy city of ot the Ukraine and hundreds of thousands of p pilgrims visit It ouch each year jear car The natural landscape landscape land land- is hel heightened at all times In its pictorial effect by hj the picturesque groups r o of pilgrims I s staves e i in h hand r and s 's un on bucks who may be ue Seen j I up the hills bills resting under the shadow of a hill hili or reverently bowing the tho head at the sound of ot a convent bell hell The rhe pilgrims made it a Q point to visit the ghastly catacombs In which are fire rows upon r ro rows rs vs s of the skulls of reputed reputed re reo re- re monks Access Is had hod b by narrow steps and then through labyrinthine I subterranean passages es one descends deeper and deeper into the bowels of or orthe the earth winding hither and und thither along a pathway Finally there begins begins be he gins a series of ot niches In which repose repose re reo re- re po pose e the bodies of ot the saintly re reo re- re cluses The pilgrims pass each holy tomb reverently Kissing the shriveled hands laid out by the monks for that purpose They do not distinguish between the holy and holler holier l but pay a tribute to each ach one Impartially In order to con conciliate con coh- ciliate all Much contagion must be spread h bj this method of homage e. e Nc doubt many an nn Infection and anil po possibly sIbly even great reat pestilences could he be traced directly to this spot sent where the India indas' criminate osculation of church hurch relic lIc lIcIs is practiced |