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Show I '-' " i Cha-nceristic Picture of Theodore Roosevelt, "Progressive11 Presidential Possibility. j i i i i . i i . MJlflJ JjJvJhJtffffffffffffffffffffffffB 3fiHflDBllK "8mS5v tlT &. $te j Copj right by American Press Association. Roosevelt Outlines What He Galls ar Gharter of Democracy Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21. "Big business," tho fitness of tho American peoplo for self-government, tho recall of Judges, and pratso for the progressive progres-sive legislation in Wisconsin instituted institut-ed by and furthered by Senator Robert Ro-bert M. LaFollctto when he was governor, gov-ernor, were topics discussed by Theodore Theo-dore Roosevelt in an address today beforo tho Ohio constitutional convention con-vention here. Colonel Roosevelt choso as his subject "A Cbarater of Democracy." Of what ho termed "big business ' Colonel Roosovelt had this to say; ''"Tho anti-trust law does good In so far as it can bo Invoked against combinations which really aro mo nopolies or which restrict production or which artificially ralso prices. But ln bo far as Its workings aro uncertain uncer-tain or as It threatens corporation which have not beon guilty ot. antisocial anti-social conduct it does harm. Thoro should bo a fixed governmental policy which shall clearly dotlno and punish wrongdoing and givo In ndvnnce full Information to any man ns to Just what ho cannot legally and proporly do." As to tho Iltnes8 of tho American pooplo or Bolf-governmont, Colonol Roosovolt said: "Many eminent lawyers bellovo that tho American peoplo aro not lit-ted lit-ted for popular government and that It Is necessary to keep tho Judiciary 'Independent of tho majority of tho tho peoplo.' I tnko absolute Issue with all those who hold such a position." posi-tion." Of tho recall of Judges ho said: "Tho quostlon Is ono of expediency expedien-cy merely. Each community nns the right to try tho experiment for Itself In whntover uhapo It pleases. I do not boliovo In adopting tho recall savo as a last resort when it has become cloarly evident that no othpr course will achieve the desired ro- suit." ' Senator LaFollctto was mentioned but once, as follows: "Following Senator LaFolletto, a number of practical workorB aud thinkers in Wisconsin have turned that stato Into an experimental laboratory' la-boratory' of v.iso governmental action ln aid of social and Industrial Justice Jus-tice Thoy havo initiated that ktud of progressive government which means not onlj tho preservation ot true democracy, but tho extension of tho prlnclplo of true democracy Into Industrialism as well as Into politics poli-tics " Colonel Roosovelt Bald, ln part: Says The People Are Tricked. "I hold It to bo tho duty of ovory public servant, nnd ot every man who ln public or In private life holds a position ot leadership In thought or action, to endeaor honestly and fearlessly to guldo his fellow coun-trjmon coun-trjmon to right decisions; but I emphatically em-phatically dissent from tho vlow that It Is elthor wlso or necessary to try to devise methods which undot tho constitution will automatically prevent tho peoplo from deciding foi themselves what governmental action ac-tion ttfoy deem Just and proper. ' It Is lmposslblo to Invent constitutional consti-tutional dovlcos which will prevent tho popular will from being effective for wrong without nlso preventing It from being cfTectlvo for right. Tho only safe courso to follow In this great American democracy Is to pro-vldo pro-vldo tor making tho popular Judgment Judg-ment really effective. But It Is a falso constitutionalism, a falso statesmanship states-manship to endeavor by tho oxorelso or a porvorted ingenuity to seem to give tho peoplo full power and at tho samo time to trick thorn out of It. "Yot this Is precisely what Is dono In ovory caso whero tho state permits Its representatives, whether on tho benh br ln tho legislature or In ex ecutive office, to dcclaro that It has not tho power to right grave social wrongs, or that any of tho officers creatod by the people, and rightfully tho servants of the peoplo, can set thomselvcs up to be tho masters ot the people. Constitution makers Bhould make It clear beyond shadow of doubt that the peoplo In their legislative le-gislative capacity havo tho powor to enact Into law any measure they deem necessary for tho betterment of social nnd industrial conditions. 'Evils of Big Business.' "I hold that ho is tho real progressive, progres-sive, that he Is tho gcnulno champion of the people, who endeavors to shape the policy nllko of tho nation and of tho several states so as to en courage legitimate and honest business busi-ness at the samo timo thut bo wars ngalnst all crookedness nnd Injustice and unfairness and tyranny In tho bufcluuBB world. This Is tho reason why I havo for so many vears Insisted In-sisted as regards our national government, gov-ernment, thutlt Is both futile and mlschlevIouB to endeavoi to correct tho evils ot big business by an attempt at-tempt to restore business conditions as they wero In tho mlddlo ot the laut century, beforo railways and telegraphs tele-graphs had rendered larger business oganlzutlons both Inevitable and desirable. "Tho effort to restore such conditions, condi-tions, and to tuist for Justlca solely to such proposed restoration, Is as foollBh as if wo should attempt to aim our troops with the flintlocks ot Washington's Continentals instead of with modern weapons ot proclslon. Flintlock legislation, of tho kind that seeks to prohibit all combinations, combina-tions, good or bad, is bound to fall, and the effect ln so far as it accomplishes ac-complishes anything at all, merely means that somo of tho worst combinations com-binations aro not checked, and that Continued on Page t. ! ; ROOSEVELT OOTLINES WHAT HE , ! GALLS A CHARTER OF DEMOCRACY H H is Continued from pngo 1. ' H ' ' honest business 1b checked, M I ' "Whnt Is needed 1b, first, the lu- B v cognition that modern business con- B ,, , dltlons havo come to stny, In so far H it nt least as theso conditions mean H '' ' that business must bo done in larger H I units, and then tho cool-headed and H ' j j resolute determination to Introduce H ' ; an cfTcctlvo method of regulating big B : corporations so as to help lcgltlma'o HBJ I I business as an Incident to thorough- B I ly and completely safeguarding the HBj Interests ot tho people as a wliolj. HBJ t "Tho middle-sized business men HHJ i form an element or strength which is HBJ j f Of literally Incalculable value to tho HH j ; nation. Tho average business limn HHJ I ol this typo is, as rule, a leading cltl- HH , S'cn of his community, foremost lu HHJ ! everything that tells for Its bettor- HH i ment, n man whom his neighbors HB look up to and respect. HH I Unwitting Transgressors HB "Vet nowadays many men of this HHJ ', kind, when they como to mako nccos- HHJ J i sary trado ngi cements with ono an- HHJ ' ' other, find themselves in danger of HH i ' becoming unwitting transgressors of HHJ tho law, and are nt a loss to know HHJ what the law forbids nnd what It HH f permits. This Is all wrong. There HH i should be n fixed governmental pol- HH ' i icy, n policy which shall clearly tic- HH fine and punish wrongdoing, and HH shall give in advanco full informa- HH tlon to nny man as to just what ho HH can and just what ho cannot legally HH and properly do. HH ' "It Is absurd and wicked to treat HH the deliberate lawbreaker as on an HH exact par with the man eager to HH obey the law, whoso only desire Is to HHJ find out from some competent gov- HH ernmental authority what tho law Is HH and then live up to It. It Is absurd Hhj to endeavor to regulate business In HH tho Interest of the public by means HH of long-drawn suits without any no HH companlmunt of administrative con- HH trol and regulation, and without nny HH nttempt to discriminate between tho HH honest man who has succeeded in Hhj business of rendering n service 'o HhJ tho public and the dishonest man who HH buccccded In business by cheating HH the public. j "It Is Imperative to exercise over HB hlg business a control and supervl- HH , Blon which Is unnecessary as regards HH small business. I do not bellovo In HH 1 making mere size of nnd by Itself HH . criminal. Tho mero fact of size, HH however, docs unquestionably carry HH I tho potentiality of such grave wrong- HH doing that there should bo by law HH provision made for tho Btilct super- HH lsIon mid regulation ot these great HB Industrial concerns doing an Inter- HhJ 1 state business much as wo now regis- HH ' late the transportation agencies i-"- which nro engaged in Interstate busi ness. Principle of The Square Deal. "Our demand is that big business givo the people a squaro deal nnd HH that the people give a square deal to HH ! uny man engaged in big business who HH honestly endeavors to do what Is HH right and proper. On the other hand HH any corporation, big or little, whl-.h HH lias gained its position by unfair HH I methods and by Interference with tho HH rights of others, which hns raised j prices or limited output in improper HH fashion and been guilty of demorallz- HH I lug and corrupt practices, should not HH only be broken up, but it should bo HhJ made tho business of somo comps- HH tent governmental body by constant HH BUpci vision to see that it does not HH come together again, save under bucIi HH strict control as to lnsuro the coin- HB munlty agaiiiBt all danger of a rope- HhJ tition of the bad conduct. HH ( "The chief troublo with big biinl- HH ness has arisen from tho fact that big HH business hns so of ton icfuscd to HH ' abide by tho principle of the squaro HH deal; the opposition which I person- HH ally have encountered from big busl H ness lu every enso arisen not because HHV I did not gtvo a squuro deal but be- HV I did. HH ( "All business luto which the ulc- HH t ment of monopoly In any way or Je- HH greo enters and where It proves In HH ' practice Impossible totally to ellmln- HH ' ate this clement of monopoly, should HH be carefully supervised, regulated, HH nnd controlled by governmental rui- HH thorlty; and such contiol should be HH i exercised b administrative, tatber HH than by Judicial, officers. No effort HB idiould bo maJo to destroy n big cor- poratlon merely becauso It Is big, Hhj ineiely becaute it has shown Itself a HH peculiarly efficient business instru HB-' HHj "Tho legislature should make it HhR I more clear exactly what methods uie HhK I illegal, nnd then the Judiciary will be HHg lu a better position to punish ode- HHp quately and relentlessly those who B H ''- Inblst on defying tho clear legislative legisla-tive decrees. I do not bellovo any absolute private monopoly Is Justified, Justi-fied, but If our great combinations uro properly supervised, so that Immoral Im-moral practices nro provented, absolute abso-lute monopoly will not come to pass, as tho laws of competition nnd efficiency effi-ciency nro against It. "Shnpo your constitutional action so that tho people will bo able through their legislative bodies, or, falling that, by dliuct popular vote, to provldo workmen's compensation acts, to regulate tho hours of labor for children and for women, to provldo pro-vldo for their safety whllo nt work, and to prevent overwork or work tinner tin-ner hygienic or unsafe- conditions. See to It that no restrictions nro placed upon legislative powers that will ptqvcnt tho ennctmont of luws under which your people can promote the general welfare, the common good. As to the Machinery. "So much for tho ends of government govern-ment nnd I have, of course, merely sketched in outline what the ends by which theso ends nro to bo achieved; achiev-ed; and hero again remember I only sketch In outline nnd do not for u moment pretend to work out In dotill tho methods of achieving your purposes. pur-poses. "In the first place, I bellovo In tho short ballot. You cannot get good servlco from the public servant If you cannot see him, and there Is no more effective way of hiding him than by mixing him up with n multitude of others so 'hat they aro nono of them Important enough to catch the eye of tho average, work-n-dny citizen. A crook In public ltfo Is not ordinarily the man whom tho people themselves elect dliectly to a highly Important and responsible position. Tho professional pro-fessional politician and the professional profes-sional lobbyist thrive most rankly under a system which provides a multitude of elective officers ot such cliided responsibility nnd of such obscurity that the public knows, and can know, but little as to their duties du-ties and tho way they perform nuu "Tho people have nothing whatever what-ever to fear from giving any public servnnt power so long ns they retain re-tain their own power to hold him p-v couutnblo for his use ot tho power they have delegated to him. You will get best service whero )ou elect cnly a few men, nnd where each man has his deflnlto duties nnd responsibilities, res-ponsibilities, and Is obliged to wuik in the open, so that tho pcoplo know iio he Is mid what He Is doing, and have the Information that will enable them to hold him to account for nis stewardship. "1 bellovo In piovldlng for direct nomination by tho people, including therein direct preferential primaries for tho election of delegates to tho national nominating conventions. I hellovn In tho election of United States senators by direct voto. 1 believe be-lieve In tho Initiative and tho referendum, refer-endum, which should bo used not to destroy representative government, but to correct It whenever It bo- Continued on pago S I ROOSEVELT OUTLINES WHAT HE ,," GALLS A CHARIER OF DEMOCRACY I BBj I Continued from Page 2. B comes mlareprosentatlve. B j Initiative and Referendum. B ! '; bollovo that tho Initiative and H I 't''0, lcfcrcndum should bo uxod not B ' '.in (substitutes for roprescntntlvo gov- BBB BB inmcut,- but as methods of making B iuich government really luprcsonla- H I llvo. Action by tho lnltlntlvu or ie- B rrendum ought not to bo tho normal K .way of legislation; 'but (hi- power to B . i Jake-It should be provldon in tho con- H ytullon, o that If tho roprcscntn- H Uves fall truly to roprcseir. Oio peo- B jilo"on somo niftter of suTlclon', 1m- B ' n'-i'nncQ to ro.iso poputp lulcrosl, B ahn tho pepp o shall have in tlicir m lisuds tho facilities to make good tho H tiiliiro. H , T'As1 l U''K you not to tr-v to mtt B - ..aconstltutlonal fetters on tho leglshv H rc, ns so many constitution makers ..jtiavc recently done. Such action on 1 : ; our wl wojla Invito tho courts to ircniler nugatory ovory legUb;tl3 nut ito botU-r social conditions. Glvo tho B tcgislaturo an entirely freo hund; nnd B ttlicii provid-3 by tho Initiative nnd rer- B terendum llni' tho people shall b.ivo power to r'jvorHO or supplei,.ciit the B 'work of t.io legislature alitntlJ It cei Vfl n)c'on'e !f '?u:vty. B "Aw to tho recall, I do nut bollovo M , tihni Uicro Is any groat nu'.f's i for B St as regai Uh tnort-tenn olocllvo of H sflcerH, Thcro remains tho question ot M flhc recall ot judges. B Recall of Judiciary. B "An Independent and upright judl- B (Slary which fearlessly stands tor tho B , '-right, oven against popular clamor, B 3)ut which also understands and synv M j jtaUiUcs with popular needs, Is a V Kn;at asset of popular government. 1 H Sjellevc in tho necessity for tho couits H 'amen'retatlon ot tho law as 1-iw with- H t 4ut tho power to change tbo luw or LB . 'tto ubstltuto somo other thing than H Jaw for It. Hut I ugreo with overy H BrcM Jurist, from Mai shall down- B , wanls, when I say that ovory Judgo B .it bound to consider two separate H, .elements In his decision ot a caso, B I one tho terms ot tho law, and tho E other tho conditions ot actual llfo to ' Vhlrti tho law Is to bo applied. Only B' y.laklng both ot theso elements Into H -account Is It possible to apply tho law j as its spirit and Intont demand that Hj J a,t te npplled. Hj ' ""Moreover, never forgot that tho B !ju1eo la just as much tho sorrant ot H ' rthopcoplo as any other oSIclaL Ot B, .ourao bo must act consclontlously. BBEAh. " :sl rat,at not do anything wrong be- cause there Is popular clamor for It, nny moro than under similar circumstances circum-stances a governor or a legislator or a public utilities commissioner should do wrong. Hut In tholr turn tho people peo-ple must follow their conscience, nnd when they have definitely decided on n given policy they must have public ecrvnrts who will carry out that policy. "Keep clearly In mind the distinction distinc-tion between the end nnd the. means to attain that end.' Our aim Is to get the 'type ot judge that I have described, des-cribed, to kcop him on tho bench ns long as possible, nnd to keep off tho bouch, tho wrong typo or Judge. Tho question of applying tho recall In any shnpo is one of expediency merely. Each community has a right to try tho experiment for Itself In whatovcr shape It pleases. Only as Last Resort. "I do not believe In adopting tho recall save as u Inst resort, when It has become clearly evident that no other course will aeliluvo tho desired result. Hut either thu recall will havo to bo adopted or oIbo It will have to bo made much easier than u now Is to get rid, not merely of u bad Judgo, but of a Judgo who, hoeer virtuous, has giown so out ot touch with social needs nnd facts that ho Is unlit longer to render B0od sor-vlco sor-vlco on tho bench. It Is nonseuso to say that impeachment moots tho difficulty. dif-ficulty. In nctual practice wo hao found that Impeachment docs not work, but unlit Judges stny on tho bonch In splto of It, nnd Indeed, because be-cause ot tho fact that Impeachment 1 tho only remedy that can bo usod ugalust tlieni. "A quicker, moro summary remedy Is needed; somo remedy at least as summary and ns drastic us that embodied em-bodied in tho Massachusetts constitu- tlon. And whenovor It bo found In actual practice that such romedy dooB not glvo tho needed results, I would unhesitatingly adopt tho recall "Hut thoro Is ono kind of recall In which I very earnestly bellevo, nnd tho lmmcdlato adoption ot which I urgo. When a Judgo docldcs a constitutional consti-tutional question, when he decides what tho peoplo ns a wholo can or cannot do, tho people should havo tho right to recall that decision it thoy think It wrong. Wo Bhould hold tho judiciary In nil respect; bub It la both absurd and degrading to niako n fetish fe-tish ot a judgo or any ono olso. "Many omlnont lawyers bollovo, |