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Show THE IRRIGATION BILL Full Text of the Proposed Measure for Government Reclamation Rec-lamation of Arid Lands. In the United States Senate nn January Janu-ary 21, TO, Senator Hansbouglt of North Dakota, Introduced the Irrigation bill (S S057) n greed upon by the members mem-bers of Congress from the Mountain', the Coast and the Plain. It was rend twice and referred to the Committee on rubllr Lands. On January 28th, It was reported back foi" passago without amendment It Is, In full, ns follows: Appre.prlnllng tho receipts from tho sile and disposal of public lands In certain States and Territories to the construction of Irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands He It enacted by tho Senate and House of I'cpreselltallves of the United States of America, In Congress assembled, That atl moneys received from tho sale and disposal ot publlo lands 111 Arizona, Cull-fertda Cull-fertda Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mon-una, Mon-una, Nebraska Nevada, fcew Mexico North Dakota, OKI ihoma, Oregon, South Dikota t tah. Washington and W)onitmr, t (ginning with the llscal jear ending Juno 30, 1901, Including tho surplus of fees and commissions In excess of allowances In rtcglstels and Itecelvers, and excepting the B per centum of tho proceeds of the sales of publlo lands In tho above states ret aside bv law for educational and other oth-er purposes, sh ill be, and tho saino aro herein, reserved set nslde and appropriated appro-priated as a special fund In the treasury io he known as the ' reclam itlon fund," in bo used In th cxnniln itlon and survey for and tho construction and maintenance of Irrigation works for the storage, dp -Moil and development of waters for reclamation of arid nn I scml-nrld land, In the said States and Territories, and for the pisment of all other expenditures pro-Mdcd pro-Mdcd for In this nit Provided, thit in raso the receipts from tho sate and disposal dis-posal of public l inds ,.ihe-r than those realised re-alised from the sale and disposal of l inds referred to In -tilts section aro Insufllclent to meet the requirements for the support of agrlculrural colleges In tho Severn! States and Territories, tinder the act of August 2a, 119 entitled. An act to apply a ronton of tho proceeds of the public lands to the more complete endowment and supprri of tho colleges for tho beuei't of agriculture and tho mechanic arts, established es-tablished undtr the provisions of nn net of Congress up) roved luly 2, 18C2." tho de-tlckn de-tlckn If inv. In the sum necessary for the support of tho raid colleges shall ba irovldcd for from any mones In tho iieasnry not otherwise appropriated. TO 8Cl.Vi:y AND CONSTHUCT. See. 2 That the Secretary of tho Interior In-terior Is hereby authorized and directed to mike examinations and surveys for, end to locato and lonstruct, as herein provided Irrigation woiks for the storage, nlier-don and elcrwlonmcnt of waters, in-rlurilrg in-rlurilrg artesian wells, and to report to Congress at tho b ginning of each regular regu-lar sesulon us to the results ot such ex-nmln-iilons and surveve, giving estimates ot cost of all contemplated works, the quantity and locution of the lands which can be Irrlgited therefrom, and nil facts relitlve to the practicability of each Irrigation Irri-gation project: also the cost of worka In I torrss of construction as well as of those which havo bem completed. wiTimuAW rnoM untiiy. Pee 3 That tho Sccretnry of the Interior In-terior mav, in his discretion, withdraw from publlo entry the lands required tor any Irrigation works contemplated under the provisions ot this net, ami shall restore re-store to publlo entry nny of the lands so wllhdnwn, when. In his judgment, such landa aro not required for tho purposes of iris nut that public lands which It Is pro. josed to Irrigate by means of any contcm-1 contcm-1 tiled works shall ho subject to entry onlv under tho provisions of the homestead home-stead liws In tracts of not less than forty nor morn than ono hundred nnd sixty s ies nnd shall b subject to the limitations limita-tions charges, terms, and conditions heroin hero-in nrnvl led Provided that the commutation commu-tation provisions of the homestead laws shall not apply to entries mado under this MAY I.r.T CONTll VCTS Sec 4 That upon the determination by the Hi creiarv of iho Interior that any Irrf. gallon project la practicable, he may cause to ho let contracts for tho construction or tho same In whole or in part, providing the necessary funda therefor are available availa-ble In the redamition fund, and thereupon he shall give publlo nollco of the lands irrigable ir-rigable un lor such project., and limit of area per entrv, which limit shill represent repre-sent the acreage which. In tho opinion of the Secretary, m ly be reasonably required for the support of a family upon tho lands In question, also of the charges which shall be made per ncro upon the said entries en-tries and upon lands in prlvnte ownership which may bo lrrlgat.il bj the waters ot the snld Irrigation project, and the number of annunl Installments, not exceeding ten, in which such iharges shall be paid and the time when such payments shall commence com-mence The said charges shall bo determined deter-mined with a view of returning to the rc-rUmitlnn rc-rUmitlnn fund the estimated cost of ion. Mructlon ot tho project, and shall bo ap-lortloned ap-lortloned according to benefits Provided, that In nil mnstructlon work eight hours shall constitute r day's work, and no Asiatic libor shall be emplovtd thereon. HOW TO L'NTHfl LAND. Sec R That tho entryman upon lands to bo Irrigated by such works shall, In nd-dlllon nd-dlllon to compliance wllh tho homestead laws, reclaim such lands for agricultural purpose,, i, nd before receiving patent for the lands covered bv his entry shall pay to the (lovernment the charges apportioned appor-tioned against such tract, na provided In section four. No right to the use of water for land In private ownership shall bo sold for a tract exceeding ifio acres to any ono landowner, nnd no such right shall permanently perma-nently attach until all paiments therefor are made Tho annual Installments shall i puld to tho receiver of the local land oftlca of the district In which the land la minted, and a fallurn to make any two pavmentn when due shall wmk a cancellation cancella-tion of the homestead entry nnd a forfeiture forfeit-ure of all rights under this act All moneys received from tho abovo sources thall lje paid Into Iho reclamation fund IUSl OP PUNI). Sec. 0. That tho Secretary of the Interior In-terior Is hereby nulhorlzed and directed to urn the tcclamallnn fund for tho operation nnd maintenance of all reservoha ami Irrigation Ir-rigation works tonstructcl under the Provisions of tills act Provided, that when tho pnvinents required by this act lire mide for tho major portion of tho linds Irrigated from tho waters of anj of the works hcrrln provided for. then tho management niul operation of, but not the tltlo to Buch Irrigation work", excepting Sh-aT,"1'? ".V l", wrks nocesj.uy for their protection and opcritloii. shall pass to tlieonneis ot the land litigated thereby, there-by, to ho maintained at their expense under un-der such form of orginlinilnn nnd unckr null rules and regulations as may bo ac-ceptablo ac-ceptablo to tho Secretary of the Intirlor, ACQUIUINO IllOHTB. provisions of this act It beeomes necessary neces-sary to acqulro nny rights or pioperty. Iho feirf ity 0f the Interior la hereh) author' Hi'.'L.0in"1"lrn,"m tnmf ror " V'llltfll fiii by Ptirchuso or by condemnation Sh1.1? J'"1'0 ,'' rrocess and to pay from the leclamatlnn fund the sums which mi) In needed tor (hut put nose, and the t'nllcd Staten circuit or District courts of tho ills, .l.ii whfln "eh Propci iy Is located "in 1 concurrently wllh tho couits of the Stale eir 'territory, havo Juilmllctlon pf lincee.llnga lor such condemnation, nnd It shall k i 11,0 duty of Iho Attornov.Oeneral .iV.."'".!.""."1 8'te. upon every application applica-tion of the Secretary of Iho Interior, under nils act, i mien proceedings to be com-iiiencod com-iiiencod t undemiintlnu within thirty days fr iccelpt uf lh application at iuShD nent of Justice And In all t i...i0u1.".m""1"". Proieedlnga In tho 1'nlted Stairs courls tho piaitlie plead, ings. forms and modes of proceedings In causes arising undei this act Bhall conform con-form as noar as may be, to the prartlee, pleadings forms and proceedings existing at the time In like ciiuscs In tho courls of rrco."3.,of "10 H"t" r Territory within such Circuit or District court Is held oily rule of tho court to tho contrary notwlth-.landing notwlth-.landing IsOT TO INTWIFHUI". JbY. " That nothing In this act shall be construed ns ntYicilnu or Intended to altect or to In any mi) Inierfere with the laws ?L",?y, 8""n or Teirltnry relating to the control, nppiopr at on, use, or dlstrlbu Ion ft watir used 'in Irilgallon hut Slate and reirltnrlal laws shall govern and eontrol in Iho appropriation, uso and dlstrlh Mlon nt tho waters rendered available the worka constructed under ihu prnvi of thH nit I rovlded, thut tho rl' v th0 ujt of wnle r inquired under IP .slons ,'i W ,'" i hll bn apnurtf . to tho land IrilKuted. and beneficial e shall bo JH Jh!! J?"f '." lha """'re. and tho limit of H tha right W I.VKIlTIIINn Ni:pi'B8ATlV. B wff. ,D . 'r,"i.1 ""' Secretary of tho In M W l',I'''h '.'"'""'''''l to perform Rtiy S.i,i"" ""'' '" n"k1 Melt rules and k regulations ua may bo ll.ccltary, ami proper for the purpose of carri Ing the pro-fecu"' pro-fecu"' "U lnl 'u" Bn1 et" REPORT ON THE BILL. Report Acocmpanylne nnd Commend. Ing- the Moasure. Mr Itinsbrough submitted the following follow-ing report In favor ot tho bill nt the snme time: Tho Committee on Publlo UnSls, to whom wis referred the bill S Trail appropriating ap-propriating tho receipts from the sale and disposal of public Mnds In certain States and Territories to tho construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid Ijnds, submit tho following report re-port The bill appropriates the proceeds from the sales of publlo lands amiunttng nn tro average for tho past two ears to nearly nooxm annual!), nnd crcites a reclamation fund, freiin which fund the Secretary of tho Interior Is authorized to mako payment for necesser) examinations examina-tions an! survevs nnd to construct Irrigation Irri-gation works for tho reclamation of the arid and seml-arld linds In tho States and Territories named In the bill The cot of such works Is to be assessed against the lands benellted, and collections mide In ten annual Installments, the monev s thus paid going Into the. reclamation fund By thl method the fund will constantly bo replenished making Irrigation practically n self.sustnlnlng enterprise an 1, according to climates by the geologlcil survev, ultimately putting money Into tho treas-ury. treas-ury. It also provided that the cost of operation opera-tion and maintenance of reservoirs und jrr'gatlon works shall bo paid from the Irrigation fund, but when paj meats nro made on tho major portion of tho lands Irrigated under any project, the management manage-ment and operation of all works except reservoirs and tho works necessarj for their operation and protection, shall pass to the owners of the land to ho maintained main-tained at their expense, under rules prescribed pre-scribed by tho Bcrretnrv. Authority H given for the withdrawal from publlo entry of such lands as aro required for reservoirs and canal sites, and the Secretarj Is dlrecteel to restore to publlo entry any of tho landn which aro pot required for tho purposes for which they were withdrawn Tho bill provides that the Secretary shall give tho limit of area per entry In each of the Irrigation projects undertaken under the provisions of tne bill, the minimum min-imum area being forty acres and the maximum 1W1 acres The fict is recognized recog-nized that in some portions of the country coun-try forty acres Is sufficient for tho sup-Port sup-Port of the nverage-slzed family, as, for Inslanco. in California, Arizona nnd New Mexlrn where fruit nnd vegetables are the chief products grown on Irrigated lands Jn more northerly climes, however, whero grain nnd forage rnr stock are grown, hid acres would be necessary for the support of a famllv. Provision Is also mado for the extension of water rights to landa In prlvnte ownership owner-ship upon such terms as may, in the Judgment Judg-ment of the Secretary, bo deemed Just nnd equitable, no right to the uso of wnter, however, shall bo sold for lands In private ownership to tracts exceeding InO acres to an) one person and no such water right shill permanently nttach to the land until all payments are made for such rights In addition to compliance with the homestead laws which In part are rrndo applicable to the lands affected by the provisions of this bill the entrsman shall reclaim such lands for agricultural purposes, and shall pay all charges before receiving potent The commutation clause of the homestead home-stead liws Is not made applicable to lands entered under this act, the object belna to prevent speculation By section 8 It will appenr that there Is to be no Interference wltn State or Territorial Terri-torial laws on tho subject of Irrigation, and the right to the use of waler Is mado appurtenant to tho lands Irrigated, beneficial bene-ficial use being tho basis, tho measure, und the limit of the right. It will be recalled that under tho net of May 17, llv, known as the free-homestead law, n provision wan Inserted to the effect ef-fect that in case the receipts from tho sale of publlo lands should be Insufficient for tho support of agricultural colleges In tho several States and Territories, tl e de-flclency de-flclency ehould be provided directly from the treasury. A like provision has been Inserted In tho pending measure. Provision Is also made for full and complete com-plete reports at the beginning of each see. slon of congress, such reports to give In detail all the facts relative In tho question ques-tion of the location of lands which can be Irrigated and the cost of all contemplated works, nnd tho cost of worka In process of construction, und thoso which havo been completed. The following communication from tho director of tho geological survey Is of sufficient Interest in warrant its being ap. pended to this report: oi:oL,ofiicAi. sunvKY nr,roitT, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, January 2., l.2 Sir.-Heplj Ing to our request of this dale, 1 havo tho honor to Inclose here-with here-with a series of approximate estimates ot tho possibilities of land reclamation hy Irrigation In the nrld region, together with short discussions of some of the re lated problems lours, with respect, C1IAM.L8 D WALCOTT, Director. Hon II. U. llansbiough, United States Senate. Some leading questions concerning re. clamatlon of tho arid AN est hy Irrigation: COSTS AND ni:8UL,TS What la the cost of water conservation? How much land can the Government re. cltlm7 How much land can private effort reclaim? re-claim? What expenditure la now required of Iho Oov eminent? Summary of estimated costs and benefits. ben-efits. rnojr.cTS buookstkd, San CnrlOB reservoir. California-Nevada reservoirs. St. Mary diversion eanal. ClOVl'.UNMIlNTAt, Iir.f.ATIONB TO lit-IIKIATION. lit-IIKIATION. Why does not prlvule enterprise build largo reclamation works? Where should Government works be built? The work of iho geological survey In relation re-lation to water lonscrvatlon. l'llL'SEKT lltniOATION DUVELOP-MUM, DUVELOP-MUM, Whul Is tho extent of Irrigation? What Investments have been made? Measurement of wuter In Bciond-feet und acre-feet. How rnuili wnt' Is required to Irrigate an acraf WHAT IS Tilt cvST OP WATElt CON. H ATION7 The survovn ind examinations mado In different purts of tho urld region show that tho coat of wottr conservation ranges from 11 per an In most favorable favor-able tase, up to M or -! per aire, whero tho conditions aro less favorable. More, over, whereas per aeio may be prohibitory pro-hibitory In Montana for raising alfalfa. It U reasonable In Arizona, whero high-class high-class products aro produced An arbl-tiary arbl-tiary statement, therefore, of the cost per huh reclaimed beats little relation to (ho feailbllltv of tho enterprise. The ecibt of reclamation also depends upon the completeness with which tho work Is done, ror example tho Intention of lotXO acres mav eost onlv SID per acre, hut tho Irrigation of jjon aldlilonui acres may cost VIS per acre. Viewed as an Investment mil) It might bo found more profitable In such a iuea to Irrigate tho sinuller acreage, but nn n matter of larger benefits to tho people by tho creation cre-ation 'if more homes, It might be wiser to advocate the mine completn system, under the general principle that In developing devel-oping the resources of the country the larger benefits consistent with eionomy should be sought, and not merely tho eheapest or Ihu, most linmedlniel) profit- lha reclamation of 200 ono acres of arid land by means of Iriigatlon would, on an average, cost probably from ilu to lis per ucri. and the ultimate average value wo ild ho three times as much, how mitch land can this oov-i;hn.mi:nt oov-i;hn.mi:nt hiiclaiji? ,11 has been variously estimated thut there la nvuilnhle water for from aooooon to nMiou,jni acres It Is not necessary for the (lovernment to cunseivc all of this water. If the Government should build tho gi eat dams nnd divert the large llv-ers, llv-ers, Individual enterprise would be ahlo to put tho wuter upon the greater pait of the Ian. I It Is estimated trut If Iho Government should conserve vvuier for 20,. KrtOOOucres, Individuals would he able to obtain wfctei for Iho remaining reclaim-able reclaim-able Und . The limit of :o,wo,coo acres has been jft for Government work as being a liberal allowance, when consideration Is hsd ot the projects which nre ot sufficient slzo or importance to JustU) construction by the (lovernment It is assumed that It will not bo tho Intention ot Congress to Irrigate the land but merely to build some of ihe larger works The possibilities possibili-ties of ronstruitlon of these nro limited b) tho character of the tountrj Taking the vast extent of the arid region as a whole and the number of projects called to public attention, thcro arc compnra lively row of these which would Jusiir mnro than survey and cnreful cxnmlm-tlon cxnmlm-tlon The fact i developed bv Impirtlal work conclusively prove that for somo of these projects there Is no reasonable demand de-mand for Government work HOW MUCH LAND CAN PHIVATK UP-10111' UP-10111' m:t"I.AlM? If tho Government provides tho larger f.l'"'?,,:e..wc'rb" ""'' regulates the river-it river-it will then be ptsslbln for private enter prise lo again take un the work of bring Ing wnter lo the I ml Cor example, the ipnstructlon of a large reservoir on Gila river. Arizona will result In the Immediate Imme-diate Increase In popul itlin nnd land val ues suih ns to Jusllfv the ultimate eon ftructlon b Individuals of reservoirs like tho Quen .reek whlih now cannot ho considered ns reaslhle nnd never will be "",'" if supplemental to the larger works The branehrs can not grow un'll the main trunk stem Is better developed r rom the experience already required In the development of the arid regions it may bo assumed that where wnter Is conserved con-served for the direct reclnmntlon of one acre there are ultlmalols brought In use two or three acres through the iosslblliiy or taking ndi inlagn of tloods, through the uso of seepage, through pumping Plants, and b various olhei devlies In short, If the Government by menna of largo storage works, or by tal Ing water from great rivers should provide water directly for aioioooo acres which otherwise other-wise would not be Irrigated, this net would lenter possible Iho gradual mill-zntlon mill-zntlon of tho grenier part of the remainder remain-der through construction of smaller lndi-ldual lndi-ldual systems In tho present state of engineering science sci-ence nnd at existing values nt land. It will not be possible to now utilize all the waste waters within practical limits of expense The Influence of new Inventions, cheaper appliances, nnd tho Increased demand de-mand Tor land make It Impossible to place nny definite limits upon tho development, BUMMAItY OP COSTS AND nnNiifirs Vacant publlo lands, acres nbout oooiworo l.and now Irrigated, acres ,. 6,5oaooo Water supply In sufficient, when conserved, for w)tiiiou to loo,- OOl too acres 60,000,000 It Is necessarj for the Government Govern-ment to conserve water directly for about, acres 20,000,000 This will make possible the reel re-el imatlon by private means at least an equal amount, or. In all acres 40,000,000 rrobibio expense to Government, Govern-ment, during thlrtv eight ears, for 20,ionn, t JIS per aero J 300,000,000 Probable expense to Individuals, Individ-uals, following opportunities thus created, 20 000,000 aires, nt 1T0 per ncre cVXl.OOO.OflO Population made possible In fort) years as a result of reclamation re-clamation 30000,000 Value nf land brought under settlement (excluding buildings, build-ings, cattle, Improvements, etc ), to.oeo om acres, at fA per acre, In forty )ear K ono ooo.ooo SAN CARLOS ItKSKrtVOIll. The proposed San Carlos reservoir Is In southern Arizona, on th Gila river. The esllmnled cost Is Jl.OIOOOO It Is to sup. ply water from the Gila Indian reservn. lion and for nbout loov acres of public lands in nddlllon The capacity of the reservoir Is .M0 0O0 acre-feel. Tho flood wnter stored will be turned back Into the river, nnd will flow through rocky tan-)ons tan-)ons In the point of diversion, whero a cnnal can be constructed, largely by Indians In-dians nnd white settlers, to tako water to tho reservation and to (lovernment lands The estimated cost of diversion works and canal Is StMlooo. cost oi nnsi-rtvom. Masonrv I cioooo l.xcavatlon, pumping, etc l,nniy Outlet tunnel, towers, gates, fto 2, 00 Removal of railway and agency , lioono New Itrlgatlon system above reservoir 20nno Miscellaneous Items slooo Total cost of reservoir Jiwnooo Diversion works nnd canal jfio.ftio 1,200 000 Engineering and contingencies (15 per cent) isnono Total fiasnono The results nf this work will be a supply sup-ply of water for all the future needs of three tribes of Indians on the Gila River reservation, and a surplus sufficient to reclaim 100000 acres of public land, which will be worth nt least JMl per ncre, or 15 010 000 nnd will furnish homes for a population of nbout to del souls. CALirOHNIA-NI'VADA RESKItVOlnS Reservoir ejstrms on Truckeo nnd Carson Car-son rivers. In Cnllfornla, to irrigate landn In Nevada, have been exnmlned Tho survevs on the Truckee river have been completed and passd upon b) a hoard of engineers, those on Carson river have not yet been finished, unci the engineers' total to-tal of masonry, earth and rock hHs not been submitted Rut it has been ascertained ascer-tained that on each river there are sites for six or eight reservoirs, any one or all of which may bo ultimately constructed at a cot for each reservoir ranging from li() io 1T80O0 each, storing from 10(io to 20 ono acre-feel or at a lost In each case of from 13 to 110 per acre-foot W hllo these reservoir svstems, for ultimata completeness, should be considered as u whole, )et each reservoir must bo built upon lis own merits The estimated cost of constructing all the reservoirs In the Truckeo basin Is 140 nm Two s) stems of canals would bo necessary for Ihe distribution of tho stored w iters and would cost II 0rt),("l There would ho reclaimed HOiyx) acres of arid land, much of which Is In publlo ownership II would bo worth nbout il per acre, or IlWioriio, and would furnish homes for 30,000 rersona ST. MARY DIVERSION CANAL. The, proposed St, Mary diversion canal Is for taking water frpm St. Mhit river. In northern Montana, and carr)lng It across gravel ridges to the headwaters of Milk river The engineers' estimates of tho quantltv of earth unel rock to be moved nnd ihe cost of the diversion dam nnd other structures hnvo not )et lieen completed, but the Incomplete compilations compila-tions Indlcnle that the probable cost of taking 1210 cublo feet per second over the divide lo the North Pork of Milk river will bo Je.Sb.ao, to the South Pork, 11,13,-(HM 11,13,-(HM It Is proposed In continue the cannl to Ihe South Pork, as It Is not considered practicable for tho Canadians to divert water at any point In Canada from tho South Pork, or from Milk river. Piom tho South Pork water ran bo taken over to Cuthank and east to Milk river. If necessary In iho future There would ho reclaimed bv this cannl ltO(no acres all publlo land which would havo a piobable value or lii per ncre. or S3,oixioiO, and would sustain a imputation of 10,000. Sl'MMAllY ST, MAHY CANAL, MONTANA. Tho water of the St Mary rivet can be diverted and turned Into the North Pork of Milk river for Icvctnoii, wllh a. canal 271 miles In length The extension of tho South Pork will Increase this amount 1S,MA. muklng Ihe total cost to the latter lat-ter lolnt from the head Il,l30u0, und wllh a length of runal of 4th miles. The cost of the extension of the eanal llienco to Cutbink creek will approximate) approxi-mate) II.) om. and the total distance lo this latter point from tho head will bo ninety mllr The Marias redtverslon canal will be seventy miles long and cost npproxl-mutel) npproxl-mutel) isio.0'1. Tho total cost from the head of tho canal on St. Mary river lo His Sandy creek, by the Marias dlveislon, will coins lo tttWOo. The eost of tho secondary s)stem of reservoir silos wllh their supply canals, to the lower Milk River basin, Is placed at Ifloouo Tho grand total for the litigation system sys-tem Is JIMiooio from which &22oi acres inn be served, or a cost Of 16 70 per aire. WHY nOKS NOT PRIVATE ENTER. PRISE llltlLD LARGE U1"CLAMA. TION WORhb? If nil of the land ami all nf the Interests which would recilve benefit from the construction con-struction of wmlis of reclamation could he granted lo one Individual or corpota. lion, so that the Investors could receive all nt the benefits from the outlny, the inojectn would ho highly remuiieiallve, hut under present conditions, which render ren-der It necessury for tho benefits to go to a large number of Individuals and iom. munltles, sltuuted sometimes In different States, It haa been shown by trial and failure that private enterprise ran not make money out of works for regulating the flow of tho rlvera and for sivlng Iho Hoods. Not one of these has been financially finan-cially Eucresiful, except whero conditions aro such that a corporation controls Iho land and has such wldn riimlf)tng Interests Inter-ests ua to gather returns from many sources, WHERE kV.IOl.LI GOVERNMENT WORKS I II III I LI" Government wniks should b built for tho ucUiiutloii uf arid lands so tlmated that prlvnte enterprise ha been found to be Impractlcablo , There are two contrnsllng conditions lo be rciognlzed 111 Iho nrid region and atl proposed projects can be classed under ono or the other The first Is when" the greater nirt or the land to lie benefited belongs lo the Government, and the second sec-ond Is where all , r nrnrl) all i.r th, lands needing water have passed Into the eontrol eon-trol of Individuals In the first case the Government re-clilms re-clilms Its own lands and mn dispose of these to nrttint seltlcrn In small traits giving till- llnnll) wh lever ihe rest if the water has been refunded to the Gov ernnient In the second case where nil of the lands hnve passed Into prlvnte ownershlii nnd nre situated along a river of such length thlt Ihe benefits can not be .11-lectlv .11-lectlv iseerlatned the Govt rnmenl vvirks If built must be without refereni e to on-t on-t lining direct returns The) uie mm-parable mm-parable in river nn.l barlwir Improvements In that Ihe) serve the general welfare Such works must be built and orented without rercrence to an) Immediate or direct returns to the Gov eminent WORK OP Gl OIOGICAI SCRVC, IN RELATION' TO W IER ( O.V 8LR A HON Mans of Important rivers have been prepared pre-pared showing their .al.hinent areas In the mountains and the relative position of reservoir ellfe emals Irrlgat d and Irrigable lands Tnese mips have been Is. siicl as siihsl.1l irj to n topographic atlas of the t'nlted States Rivers have been svstemnllrnllv measured at various pilnta throughout the arid region and Ihe re. suits nf computations of How have been published In the aggregate several million mil-lion dollars have been expended upon private proleita whnse feasibility has been made known thrum!) these measurements meas-urements such, for example as the sugar beet factories lo.ate.l on Arkansas river 111 Colorado and etsevvhele The underground wniir conditions have been studied, and maps prepared for tortious tor-tious of the W.st resulting In largi developments de-velopments of deep waters It Is safe- lo sn) that, as In Ihe case of rlvir measurements, measure-ments, the wealth of the coilnlr) has been Increased by levernl hundred Ihotteanl dolUrn ns nn Immediate eonsequenco of theto nrteslan Investigations The deep wells of Ihe Sanla Pe sistrm at La Jun-tn Jun-tn Colo , furnish nn example, Man) reservoir wiles have been examined exam-ined snntn of these Inve been siirveved with great enre, and detailed estimates! of Iho cost and vntue prepared Some of tho sin itler have atreadv been utilized by private capital, for example, those on Hie headwaters of Hie Arkansas river in Col- ' nrailn and In the Sierra Nevada In California, Cal-ifornia, but the larger remain for rulure utilization, as thev can not b made a source of speculative profit ntthough Invaluable In-valuable In the development of the eoun-lrI eoun-lrI There Is now nt hand data bearing upon Ihe wnter suppl) and the cost i.r storage In various localities and sufficient fails to Justify tho construction of some of the most Important vvoiks. such ns the San Carlos reservoir In Arizona a portion of the. svstem of the Callfornla-Nevada siiite line, nnd tho diversion of the St. Mnry lo Milk liver. In Montuna Ono of the results of investigation extending ex-tending over a dozen )ears Is that the surve) has In Its engineering branch a well organized corps nf active, experienced experi-enced engineers These men havo served from time to time as experts for various municipalities and corporations The survey sur-vey has the Information for and the ex-perlenced ex-perlenced men capable of tnklng charge of, tho construction of lirgo works, If Congress approves nnd provides for tho same: but the survey Is primarily a bu. reau of Information for obtaining facts authorized by Congress It Is equipped to carry out In any direction the work which may nrlse from thesfl inquiries, according to the wishes of Congress WHAT IS THE EXTKS'T OP PRESENT IRRIGATION? Tho irrigation area Is approximately fifrtioo.1 acres the greater parllon or this being In the States of California, and Col. nriido During Ihe last len ),arn tho irrigated area haa been extended, the In. crease helper duo mainly to a more com plete uso of waler from ditches already built and not tn new construction In recent years comparatively few largo works havo been built, hut those eon. structet from about 11' to lvr, have been gradual!) enlarged and more land brought Imo Irrigation Most, If not all, nf Iho largo siiecutatlve enterprises for reclamation reclama-tion aro In the hands of receivers, the stockholders have lost everything, and the bondholders nre being cnlled upon tn maintain the works There exists tho mi. omalous condition that, although the en. lerprlses nre bankrupt, large slues have been created Por example, in tho case of the Hear Volley compan), the Investment of about llixiioon Is estimated to have created values of very nearly jsonoomi The enormous nppirent profits hnvo not gono to the Investors, hut to the public In general, WHAT INVESTMENTS HAVE 11EEN MADE? Irrigntlon works already constructed have tost about Is per ncre cultivated, this Including cases where fnrnera have built their own ditches, ns well ns where works hnve been built bv large corpora-linns corpora-linns The toinl amount expended for the 6.500 000 acrea Irrigated would thus be 12 000(100 A larger amount has been Invested If there nre Included such Items ns cost of land, amount of labor expended In cultivation culti-vation nnd In making Improvements, also the cost nf various unproductive worka whero lrtlgitlon has not been whnll) successful suc-cessful There nr , no rellabln stntetnents or netunt cost o these latter, but most or the estlmntes obtnlnnhle or the amount expended for 'rrlgatlnn wprku are undoubtedly un-doubtedly high. MEASPREMENT OP WATER IN SEC- ONL-1'EET, MINERS INCHES AM) ACRIM EET. There nro In common uso tn units of measurement of wnter when used tn Irrigation, Irri-gation, that giving the rate of flow, as of it stream, nnd that stntlng tho cubical quantity, as of water contained In a reservoir The cublo foot per second (second-foot) Is the unit for the rate of flow. This Is a quanllt) of water delivered hy a rectangular rec-tangular flume one foot wide and one foot deep nnd flowing at the average rate of ono foot a second. In round numbers, this Is equal to seven and one-half gallons gal-lons each second or 4V) gnlluns per minute min-ute The rnto of flow Is sometimes expressed In miners' Inches, but this Is nn Indefinite quintlt). In Arlzoni fort) miners' Incl ninke a cublo foot per second, and In i Ifornla lift) miners Inches make a en, J foot per second In various localities there are Intermediate values Tho unit or capaclt) used In Irrigation is the acre. foot, nr 1 acre covered one foot In depth, equivalent tn 41f.u0 cublo feet One cubic root per second flowing ror Iwent) r .nr hours will cover an n re lis (eel in de th In round number- a cubic toot per se. ond tor a day Is equlv-nleeit equlv-nleeit lo two acre reel HOW Ml Cll W riJU IS -ltEQCIRP.D TO IRRIGATP AN ACUL" A ctibli foot per second (lowing through nil Irrigation season nf I'M dnvs will de liver about son acre-feet or will river 1 acres two reit III depth In most lneall ties this Is sufficient vvnt.r for the pro-dutlton pro-dutlton or un average crop tn Callfor-nl Callfor-nl i where vvllir Is ecu e less Is used I and Tor on hards twice as lirge an area tan be Irrigated When Irrigation Is first prsetlie.1 more water Is neided lo Ihoroiiglil) wet the subsoil but nrter a row )ears a less ciuantlty Is required and In some loiall lies us nt Presno. Cil m. water In ai piled on the surface the neepage frnni the canals kcrrttm Ihe fields sufficiently moist Two aire fert for nn ncre is nn iverige allnwanie for the ill 1.1 rigliu as n whole ITve ncres per miners Inch or "60 acres per seeon.lfn.it mi) b. taken as Ihe most einnmilcal Use sa) nt Riverside and Redlan.ls where ditches ill.- lined water is car, rull) measured and citrus frillls ale Irrigated This must he mr-nlshed mr-nlshed about 2110 bi)s mi an avernfti It is eiiulvulint tn one and three-eighths acre feet of w iter . r ncre litigated I his dlltv can be Improved b) the use or pipes |