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Show TILE DRAINAGE A 0111 SANITARY MEASURE ; ill BY ANTON VOOT. " H Hlj Next to life, Ihe most precious pos session Is heiilth and the .millions of health linio lie, it laid down tia pure nlr, pure water and pure foot Umna-pherlc Umna-pherlc temperature and molstum, which nre the controllliu fences lu dim He. Iiiinp also Intimate rclitlons to lie tilth Tho , hum ut hod), utnld lonllktlng chnnres of temperatuie must still maintain n leinpeiiilure of as degrees 1, for to fall mm It below or rise much nbovo causes diseases, nnd If continued for mail) hours death Since- the soil on which nun lives nffecta the composition compo-sition of the nlr ovitljlng It, Ins n profound Influence upon Ihe vvnlcr contained con-tained wllhtii It, and n marked innttol over the local It tupeiatiirc. It bnoinis evident that the soil Itself and the phjslcnl condition of the soil must hne a tnarkevl Inline nco on the hcilth of Itn Inhabitants. er) obviously the soli Im the plDslcal basis of . The drainage nf swamps nnd innrli"s -.l ll.n r. mnvnl nf 111! Rtngn Hit BltrflllO wnter bine been so 1..M11 filial t the health of tho community thai no one In this nil- 'l'""l',"1U,,,;,"u1' ,.',",. state wheie srie-nlnlli nf Jl '"V;1 f Is Indljited upon the- origin il suivej as swamp, the benefit to tiro e,eiienl lu-airii must be obvious The nnlitrlnl dlseises of the Htnte of Tt nncssee have 1 been reduced one half, and the most . potent fiutor nf this r.duttlon Is II." dialnage of swamps N' l' "ir placed tiiin the statute books lias bee productive of iiioto nuclei and less fill than the I tu pioilllng for compulsory drainage, whero eoih land owner wns compelled tu bear his Jusl part of tie bunlen and no churl could block tlio drainage of n whole nclrhbnrhood be eause lm ilianccd tn eontrnl nn .011111 1 This law has bald the State ten-foil the cost of reclaiming a large area or ..nee worthless land, nnd It Ins paid a hundnd fold In promoting the public health. I'NDttR nitAINAlin. Plnco sutfuce ilrnlmiK needs no nil-vocnte nil-vocnte today, I turn my fittentlnn to n fotm of ilralniiBC equally iiocessiirj, but Ihe licet foi vvlileh la not su oh-lous. oh-lous. 1 refer lo tlio vinejul Jialilii tolls whoa' surfneo nppcara reuiionably dry, but vvhose deeper reiejssca are; full nt stavtnnnt water fcueh tttitei Is never tn bo mistaken for soil moisture, or water held in Hie soil by capillary at-traetlon at-traetlon but Is frro voter of the soil which will How under Iho nctlou of gravity, and has been named crounil-water crounil-water by the (lermuns This ground-w nter diminishes lit n marked degree the arrleulltiriil capabilities capa-bilities .4 Ihe soil Inwerlm: tho temperature, temper-ature, lenenUiiR" "ll oxld itlon, arresting arrest-ing the elaboration of plant fond nnd preventing the tree spreading of the roots in tho soil beause tho roots of must 1 undated plntitn will die In stagnant stag-nant wnter. ,1 do not propose, however tn discuss tho ngrltultuinl aluo of drainage. (.ItOUNP-WATIUi AND III'.AliTH. The Influence of ground-water on health is equal In Important e to Its n-fluence n-fluence on chips No matter how fertile fer-tile tho soil. If the fanner, by reason of sickness, Is tillable, to sow, harvest nnd garner tho golden PraJ"-,' c"11 jour attention In particular to this Influence In-fluence of ground-w nter present In tho soil In conseriuence of Imperfect drain-nge, drain-nge, because people nro only beg nnliig lo realize bow- profound Is the Influenco or grounu-waie. , .- .. " Inlluince Is exerted directly In threw vvajs lly making the soil nnd the nlr nbe've It cold, by making; both damp, and by generntlils malaria. Indirectly. Iho ground-w oter Is the predisposing cause of 11 large number of diseases. The average nnnuil rainfall, as determined deter-mined by observation, Is 3218 Inches. This Is tho average rainfall, some jears more Ihuji this nml somo jenrs less. This rain water will be disposed of In three days. 1 Used up by the crowing plants and cvnpornted by the leaves and Btems 2 Flow Inn away either over the surfneo or by subterranean subter-ranean ehnnnels. 3. r.vaporntloii When we speak of so many Inches of rainfall wo seem to be dealing with small eiunntllles of wnter. but the gross amount la lenlly large Thus, ono Inch nf rainfall means 112 tons of water to the acre, nnd tho annul rainfall on each aire Is 3000 tons. 1.0S8 OP linAT. The mean rainfall for six months, from April to the end of beptember, Is 19 1-1, Inches Suppose nn ntro planted In corn, producing twenty tons, und, assuming that It will evaporate from its leaves nnd stems during the perm I of growth thirty-six times this weight, then 720 tons of wntersay 61-3 Inches nf rainfall will be used b) the growing crop, leaving thirteen IncheH to ho disposed dis-posed of In the bIx months by flowago und evaporation, u tilth will take plnco ernoi the. HllrfUCO tlf aPV mOlSt Boll, SiX Inches of Iho semi-annual rainfall Is mads avvny with and the lemalnlng seven Inches would How nwny by subterranean sub-terranean channels If bucIi were provided. pro-vided. In their absence this mass of water cii be disposed of only by an Increase In the natural evaporation llvaporatlon Is n powerful cnollnB process pro-cess To cvnpornlu one pound of water will consume un amount of heat huIII-clent huIII-clent lo rulan the teinpetature of five nnd one-half pounds of wnter from freezing point tn boiling hent lly evaporating surh a mass of wnter the temperature ot the soil Is lowered to n surprising decree, with n conespond-Ing conespond-Ing loss of active force for the uso of vegetable life. If we attempt to make good this loss of heat by unneiessar) evaporation, and to restote the normul temperature of such n soil, It would require nil the heat caused by burning sixty-live tons of coal for enrh acre No wonder the farmer cnlls such a soil clay Any means l w.uih Ve can draw off this water without evapotat-Ing evapotat-Ing It will bo a large ueldltlon tu tho available tempcrnture or tho soil during Iho growing season livery tile that discharges five tons nf water a day for six months saves an amount of hent eeiulvalent to seventy-IHo tons nf coal. It la a physical necessity that n wn-ter-soaked soil should . a cold toll during our so cnlled hot season Tho evils springing from this cause nro more manifest Ip nprlPB and early summer, sum-mer, but it la of wnter-toaked soil Is not tn be compared to the effect of an occajloinil wtttljif, ua jvliea wo iro caught In n shower The chilly damp. ! I KH H less nf th unlrilned roll Is persistent ft , II IM iH and iininnltting, dragglnR us down k uM iH with Its tolel ling, is at nil hours nf r irM H noon or .In) nnil noon nf tlfht," nn ; ,1 U IIM H If we laboreil und le ited, u liked nn'l & WtM H slept lu n 1 outlmiil drltzlo of cold ruin. M f ,fl sH II inn seem a tolel font, at llrit but Us 9 IH H peislstent, iinllrlng mil lelentleus pull t 1 ( M Irlls upon tho strongest ut last, like tho U '.iiSiH Inilslble llugeis of travltv which llnal- q ' J ! H iy ding down to 11 cninuton level This t y I jH H iiepnesiui, llilluenie Is not developed i il ) 1 s.nl.lenU nni dlstlnttl) An hour, a g i iaW sH day .1 mouth, mi) showed nn marked fl 1 j H deterioration, els,, tn 111 would lloe finm 'A rf WM H such plates ns fiom n pi igiie spot. Hut fj IIHH sllclillj and seeretl) the snp.ilnj t.lnl i i R UM H mining r.' nn until the crish cn.ites In uV I'l L LH LH sic kners, suffering nnd the sleep that Is r tl. t H M SOU, IlllCATII I' iP; fl H There nle certain oth'r condltlqns so. M j5iu'i U H cured b driluare of ihe .oil which are J f,H J H cssentiil to the health of the Inl.-lbl- R ip'i (M B tints und one or these la nenitlnn nf W !3 J gW H the soil, ot th, par -one of air through HJUJC ill H the porea of th. so'lThe nlr Isentlr-ly IS fm if H excluded fitini a vviitei-no.il.ed roll, f.n S 3 A II H I entrant e of air ir pievmied nnd nil V liij H iH Inlerchinge letwren tho soil nnd nlr ft.'a dilii 'SI tH ill soil lire ith Is prevertsd Have you -l)iHi .IB ever thought how eveivthlng brcnthes, if) jm B animate and liinqlmnte nlllcf You ' , W 'Bl insplie and extdie ah lontlnuouslv nnd Br Jii, t-Oi thus keep )oillself In goo I t'OUelltlotl, K1 Hlfk In and so does lour tint and Jicket Tho W 2 tPi fcl nlr penetrates ever) lib -r of jour w ird- STX-Hi SfiB robe, passing In mil nut, nnd carrying I1-, iHk out some hlug It did net enrry In If ' J ', ' jour .loll. lux nut l.nieriiieihl" to nlr B;j ! iH von 1011I1I not tolerate It ro.' uu hour. K .gr 1 H 'Ihe Invlslhle wav s of nlr wash and 8 HH liirlf) jou eveiy hour tl (i f ir jou BtippnT jour ilolhen do not jg ' u , j B breathe f lace them In an air-tight box ffl, I ij ! nnd strangle them for a few montlin, I . tjtfo HM when the must) , smell will convlnco o,t JliJ k HH thnt )nur clrths must bretittv- to re- " "IS ' HH mu In sweet un" wholesome. Uven the , a sH solid bolles such as wnod nnd stems, itUlG sH are still woshed mid liifilliated with air. I i ' IP .i J Here Is a stick of led oak n foot Innr. J' mti' and you sie I inn readily blow sir I V'. P!S 1 B through It IPre Is 11 roll of tnottnr, 1 1 III)- 1 HVJ suth as masons iifc in plastering walls. r?"lijH ;. HH nnd jou see I can. vvlth tho slightest , i-.llBJff "if HH effort, blow alt thinugh four Inches of 1 , 'ilSllU BVJ dry plaster. Not only inn the air pass 'L. kwi"!' VAI through these bolles. but It does past ' IWkU 1 H under natural rnmlltlons,' ap,I plastrreel ' illfiPt,i ' VA1 uiiIIb trealhe. In plilstereil 'rooms, , 1)1! rfflWfjH sH ivheio the air his been left undlslitrbeil Kinti'" ' J HH for somo time, jou led the position ot ?ii jri," ' HH every beam and Joist, nnd eveti tho i J 5 'i ' i iifl l.illi by the light color nf the wall. The K JtL,far: f part of Ihe wall occupied bj the plaster "i- ft 1 HH only, Is inoti. pcimeable bj the air, L; 1 M which, In passliiK tluoiih, leaves the :) fi, i WL H dust hehln I. funning n brown streak. tl lj J i HH ITiuler pinper sanltaty conditions tho L U ;B1 B air paases In mid out ot the soli with. f itM every tnntlou of the wind You will bo it ' iBii HVI surprised to tie how rendlly nlr may . ,Kh be made tn pass through' dry soil A I 1 , rHQB Jar fuitrlern Inches high may he Hled t. j ', ,nl with compact dry loll, tho top closed j II ,D with a doiibly-iieifornled cork; through i H- 1 (ffl one hole pass n glass tube tn tho hot. I t JlBB torn of tho Jar, leimln Ulng above In a. U II lN hiirl7iiut.il Jet, through tho other hole Lfj ii j.HI n tube passts In the spaoo above the h. ! a- MJ soil On blowing Into this lube gently. i' liijM jou see-the ult passes throuoh fourteen fit'. ii V Inches if soil, beeause It escapes freely Ik I, f tl ff M nt the horizontal Jel or the other tube, 3 i ,ij Bf ns Is shown by tilowlm; the eandls !j ) !' . flame befoie It. Take 11 tuhe flvo feet M -iuBi HVI iong and innunted In tho same way. ?J i 1 '. M HJ and jou inn force ulr through dry sand J I ,i UI nnd sway the tuiidle flame by the cs- tjjj I. JIM caning air. 65 ,. -ft rtlHBBB WATIIll HTOl'H HOIIj imilATir. f,f MM Hut all this Is ehapged by the pros. jj 'JB J ence of water In theso materials. If y t 1-11BsVJ the sUs of 11 house, are ,1, the pas- ". ilv, jiJfH sage or air Is prevented ln the same GH liJdUll HVI way, if the soil Is drenched with water Jl;, iPHB'in the passage of nlr Is prevented. It will Pel iH iRyi HVI pass thioUElt fourteen Inches nf dry 1 1 fWlTL'II HVI soil more eitlly than tpniugh four Ufjf Wll luel.es of wet soil. IndeeX the air will "i raMllta VH1 readily pass through a tl.lfk stratum at k.H''r)! HH dry soil. You thus c that a drenched M 1.2 ' roll Is a drowned soil, that al lthe con- 1 ' A iiii servatlvo Inlliienies iccured by the In- , Si 'JH term Hon nf soli und nlr are cut short ari'vi- VH1 by the presence of giound water. "Hr T i M The sanitary report for Hnglond. somo 1 If HB years ago, gives tho following conclu. K J. U. slons In respect to the Influence of soil 1 A !e ' HVJ dampness: t, , k.( I if) HVI 1. Incest nf mnlifture, even on landn jf ' IS' ill not evidently wet, Is 11 eausoot fogs and u ft (IV M damps. S'l ,: ' W I ' HBV 2. Dampness serves ns n medium ot (! ( , m y ronvejance for nny docomporlnu mat- I'i Jlrt X ler that may be evolved, and ndds to il! c Bli J tho Injurious etTeet ot such matter In lfj : SK ,' tho air, Inother words, the excess of lm . Jj.J i molstitro may be said to Increase or l'l Vft J nggtuvute excess In Impurities In tha M 'jKii atmosphere Vile' It HVI 3. Tho evaporation of tho surplus b v i 1 molsluio lowers Iho temperature, pro- f ! ' J ' pi HH duces chills, and ereatea or aggravates ' ,1 j .' l'j HBJ the sudden and Injurious changes ot l,',,! ." HHJ temperuturo by which health Is Injured. ) t"i.t- 4 Catarrh and rheumatism are nut- . 1 if C ural products of tho chills nnd dampi . I ' BB of n iindralned Roll. Diarrhoea, dvs- , V i iTJl i tlf BBB eatery mil malarial fevers nre very vfnH'xn BBB common and very severe In type In dls- J 111 H BBB trlcts whete ground-water abounds and 1 tli lliU H the watirllno approaches the surface. t iid I Lmi. H I'lnall), extensive lesenrches n Kng- 1 'V ii M land, Cermanj and America have es ; ' " fll .1 BBB tabllshod the fact that uudralned soils I , ( Vi5 LI B gteatly promote consumption This fell I '.Llli'i'jl VbV disease, the el I reel cause ot one. seventh ) ' 1 ' Hfj Hl of tha deaths In the w 01 1,1, finds IL iXlM.J.'Ji BBB favorite hnunt In the water-logged soli. ! ,ItYAn1 ;ii BBV This Js no wild guess, thrown nut to ba j j U'iMV'jf V the sensation nf the hour, but It Is sua. jH ;J KA H tulned bj a vast array of facts, and Is iS; '(fl fl t BBB a tesult Independently reached by sop. 121 i-HI ,t!) H arate Investigators in wldely-sepratecl a IH ff jjf BBB countries However precurlour may bo It' .-nl I'fi H the field crops on a wuter-soaked soil, ;J( kt V, 2 H Iho abundant housn ciop of consump- 'ft iji! Jv bW Hon may be sanely counted upon Tho if,. Arfi jtl V H entailments of living on water-soaked fit lilt "V 'i VHl and undialticd rolls, therefore, are ca- ivrjff 1ntt &HV larrh, ague ami rheumatism In the K trurl 'oi BW spilng, dlarrhone, djsentery and fever u (igiiiiQ VHi lu the hot months, pleurisy, pneumonia f-l.SiiiwIi VbV und diphtheria. In the (Old mouths, ami Mli'cfiu Eitt BBV consumption all the jenr round. We HilJiSli IHVbV huvo hlsttirles nf races and djnastles, rSill!i HbVJ their rise, progress nnd decline, the. iy iiiljn): jEp BBV causes which brought them Into prom- IjiliTH F BBV lnei.ee, nnd the fntces which brought iy"J9ff' B VbV them to their tlownfall Why Mhoulel S,fi?f!i .M V not a soil have likewise n history of ItTuVnii bW Us own and take an a personality ns WBHaM bVV, truly as a nice'' lt us scan the feat- ItiJJiKw! VbV ures nf sue h a farm and follow the his. 'WSifJl? BBV torj springing from Its luheient qui. irdsiHal HH Itlea. Thes urfute Is nmevchat level, (rj'rtl'BI Hl ur gently undulutlng', the soil a tena- (tXlJ.lI HH Clo.113 Clay, utropc tD Xha tl.atQtt Hi itiM'X HH |