Show 1 Five rive Freedoms Freedoms' t Designed 7 y f To Spur World Air Travel E t Differences Between A American merican Traditions c i Of Free Flight and European Concepts Of Regulation Composed at Parley a i 1 By BAUKHAGE News Analyst and Commentator Service Union Trust Building I I Washington D. D C. C This Thu is u the die second of a series of 0 articles on the Freedom of the Air first firs of which appeared in this column column col col- last week I In a previous column I set forth the achievements of the conference on International aviation implementation implementation of which It Is hoped will willbe willbe willbe be reached by a second gathering In May probably before the United Nations deliberations at San Francisco Francisco Francisco Fran Fran- cisco have been concluded I set forth certain views on the accomplishments accomplishments accomplishments of the first aviation gathering as expressed by Lt Col William Mitchell of the army air force which although they were his own and not the official opinions of the government were known to represent the attitude of a number of hI high h air force officials I think that the satisfaction expressed expressed expressed ex ex- pressed by Colonel Mitchell In what has already been accomplished to toWard toward toward to- to ward establishing the freedom of the air reflects the general feelIngs feelIngs feelings feel- feel Ings of the Industry Although the point was not expressly brought out in the comment In military circles circles cir cir- cles Iles I believe the one thing which pleased the industry was the fact that a conference supervised as It was by a government official then Assistant Secretary of State Adolph Berle had built a framework within within within with with- in which private enterprise and business business business busi busi- ness and technical Ingenuity could be rewarded and not fenced in by restrictive bureaucratic regulation regula regula- tion Freedoms Essential To U. U S. S Flight You will vill recall that the delegates recognized the fact that freedom of the air was not as simple a thing because as freedom dom of the seas vessels stop at frontiers since ship lanes lead only from harbor to harbor harbor har har- bor while aircraft crosses borders and passes over the sovereign terri tern territory tory of foreign nations Thus It was necessary to divide the perquisites of the airways Into five freedoms The TIle first two are the right of innocent passage right passage right to fly over a country and the right toland to toland toland land for traffic non-traffic purposes that purposes that is isto isto isto to stop at a foreign airport for refuelling refuelling refuelling re re- fuelling or other facilities These two are essential to America since our aerial ambitions encircle the globe and that cant can't be done either from a practical or a profitable standpoint in one Jump Because of complications which I will mention later Involved in theother the theother theother other freedoms the first two were grouped In one form of multilateral agreement drawn up at Chicago The other three freedoms embraced embraced embraced em em- braced In the second agreement were described as follows the right to disembark passengers mail and freight from the country of origin of the aircraft the right to embark passengers mail and freight destined destined destined des des- tined for the country of origin of the aircraft and in addition at the suggestion suggestion suggestion sug sug- of Canada a filth fifth freedom was added In the form of certain provisions of right of entry and technical technical technical tech tech- regulations Of course Russia's minute last refusal refusal refusal re re- to attend the Chicago conference conference conference confer confer- ence was a great disappointment to all concerned but the reconciliation of what appeared at first to be a sharp harp difference between the United Kingdom and the United States finally reconciled through the honest honest honest hon est broker efforts of Canada was considered a great achievement Hope exists that a successful outcome outcome outcome out out- come of the United Nations negotiations negotiations negotiations will bring the Soviets into the fold The clash between n the British and the American viewpoints is described described described de de- scribed this way by one of the American observers at the conference conference conference confer confer- ence who has been working steadily for the consummation of the Chicago Chicago Chicago Chi Chi- cago plans In the United States he said we have always looked upon air transport primarily as as an instrument instrument instrument ment of trade We are still a young country with an expanding and highly highly highly high high- ly competitive economy and with no bitter memories of recent bombings bombings bombings bomb bomb- ings of our homeland The British viewpoint which was shared to some degree by many European countries reflected a mature and I stabilized economy to be parcelled out among those participating in it plus a fear of explosive International al rivalries Canadas Canada's position possibly possibly possibly pos pos- sibly reflected British d desires sires plus a I fear of being crowded out by Its more powerful neighbor under a system of unrestricted tion The United States was seeking an opportunity for free commercial I intercourse between nations with resulting benefits to nIl all of them the other two countries Britain and Canada were seeking protection against throat cut competition and international mistrust Reducing these different points of view to specific operational plans boiled down largely to whether or not a global authority would be set setup setup setup up which would govern the location of International routes regulate the frequencies number of lights flights or stops which Is where the competition tion comes In and rates In fact this central authority as the British BritIsh British Brit Brit- ish viewed it would have even more authority over Internal air activity than our own Civil Aeronautics board which cannot limit frequencies frequencies cies ties a at t home In our domestic servIces services services ices a line may make as many flights as it can get a payload pay for tor The United States on the other hand wanted everything except transit and non traffic non stops worked out separately between the countries concerned In other words the United States felt that if an airplane company could offer more to a patron regardless regardless regardless re re- re- re of where he wanted to get aboard or get off that company ought to have the right to try to show to the country where the getting getting getting get get- ting on and off would take place that it was mutually advantageous to let that particular line have the business Agreements Reached On Technical Norms There were other questions concerning concerning concerning con con- technical standards and the future admission of devastated countries unable to furnish facilities facilities facilities ties for airports that were settled and the mooted points mentioned all of which were met with what might be called substantial agreement agree agree- ment Both forms of agreement one with the first two freedoms the theother other other all all five provided that the country whose territory Is involved may de designate the routes and airports airports airports air air- ports used but charges for use of airports may not be greater than those imposed on its own airports engaged in similar international services In addition to these agreements the diagram for the international organization organization organization or or- was laid down in the form of a treaty which must be approved approved approved ap ap- ap- ap proved by the various countries This organization is composed of an assembly on which each nation would have one vote and a council council council coun coun- cil of 15 members 2 from the British British British Brit Brit- ish Commonwealth 2 from the Soviet Union 2 from the United States 1 each from Brazil Chile Chile and France and the remaining 6 to be elected on a regional basis The council would act as a clearIng clearIng clearing clear- clear Ing house for Information and would provide minimum uniform technical standards but would have no power over commercial matters An interim interim in in- council was also proposed to function until the permanent organization organization organization or or- is created but not more than three years America has a great stake in the Outcome of the San Francisco conference con con- ference It has a great stake in international international in in- aviation too We have learned and md must not forget said General Arnold in hi speaking ol of the air transport service from now on air transport Is an essential of air power in fact of all national power Thirteen out of every 20 American high school students expect to leave their home towns and live elsewhere elsewhere else else- where after they have completed their education This is revealed in ina a wide nation-wide survey just completed by the Institute of Student Opinion under the sponsorship of Scholastic Scholas Scholas- tic magazine Better job opportunities elsewhere elsewhere else else- where either In general or in their chosen fields of work is the main reason for leaving according to the student voters |