Show trace race ore beds to vol volcanic canic aati action t on saltiness of the sea derived from same source according cor dinglo to scientist washington where have tile the worlds ore deposits come from deposits that have given man tools and instruments and materials to make mak a possible the complex civilization of today why is the sea so salty much saltier than it would be it if only hc rivers contributed bolt salt making materials materi fils these and other problems interesting alike to the man in the street and in the roan man in the laboratory and never dever satisfactorily solved have bern been brought much closer to solution by dr E Q G of washington as a result of his bis observations ln in the famous alaskan volcanic area called the valley of ten thousand Sn smokes inkes discovered by a national geographic society expedition tion in 1010 doctor ales chemist of the geography geo graph leal ical laboratory of the Car carnegie negle insel aution of washington was a member of the staff of scientists who milde made up one of the socie tys expeditions to tile the valley ralley JU als work has just been published in a technical paper of the national geographic society became seething inferno tn ferno tile the explosive explosives 1 eruption in the valley of tin ten thousand smokes took place in 1012 pad and preceded the crupt eruption lon of nearby mt ml by only a short time As a result of it this activity tile the valley became a seething anfe inferno 0 of superheated super heated steam and che chemical migal vapors burstin burat ing from countless cracks and scams in no place in the world dur ing the relatively short life of modern science soya says doctor ales hns has there been an opportunity on oil such a large scale unit and od on such an intensive basis both as to heat and chemical activity to study the effects of volcanic action on rocks and minerals and on the makeup make up of the atmosphere when doctor ilca was in iii tile the valley some of the fumar the vents f for r the steam and other vapors hild had cooled to it a little less than the boiling temperature of water while others were giving off gases at 1200 degrees fahrenheit the steam froni from some of these vents was so hot that sticks held in them the vapor tor for a moment woul would 1 I hurst burst into flame when withdrawn mixed with the steam were found three very tive chem lenig in the form forin of hot gases hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen sulphide the beat which melted rocks for far below the earths su surnce rInce at tho the ennie time turned into agnses the minute amount of various met metallic nille constituents in the rocks these gases were swept b by y the esen escaping pIng steam and neld acid vapors in addition the liot hot metal hungry odd acid gases attar attacked ked tiny bits of metal forming substances scattered in ID he rocia through which they passed pass ed nearer to the surface sur fice As a result these metals were gasi 1 idled and swept along ng with the other gases toward the earths surface these acid and metal laden vapors also materially altered the r rocks ocus through which they passed especially the porous pumice while the escaping gases ease were still very hot they gave up their metallic burdens upon striking th the elower lower temperatures pera tures and lessened pressures of the open air these transport d metals were vere dep deposited posited within asbe cracks and through av which hach the gases rushed one of bf the roost most abundant deposits from the gases consisted of 04 magnetite a black oxide of 61 irn ahli substance was de deposited in the ilie form Z ot crystals cristal growing one upon another in some borne of the abe larger vents venta the n deposits reached a tott toot in thickness L ather were do posited with hie file magnetite it could collid be shown that zinc and manganese mangan esL were actually inside the molecules while lead and copper were deposited in combination on with sulphur on the surfaces of the magnetite crystals thus th the a hot add acid steam given oft off by volcanoes and by lava flows and intrusions plays nn an important part in the collection transfer initial concentration tra tion and deposition of me metallic taIlle ores the deposition of tills this type of in mineral in compounds accumulated nt at the mouths of bf tile the so BO long as the temperature of the vapors remained above the boiling point of water hut but as soon as the escaping vapors fell berow this point so BO that tile the steam condensed into water a second step in orp ore took place the acid waters immediately attached tacked it the gas formed deposits and dissolved them prom from these solutions sulphide sulp were formed by action of hydrogen sulphide gas it Is that many of the worlds economic ore deposits are in tile the form formoe of sulphides sulp hides no ore deposit of economic importance Is likely to be formed a the surface from the slowly cooling lava that Is believed to lie he under the vat val ley of ten thousand smokes owing to tile the fact that erosion of bf the swift streams in tile the valley can carry off tile the reaction products tile the valley deposits are however significant because nature tips there actually provided her students with a laboratory fab oratory in which the various s i of ore deposit deposition foli can be studied it is doctor ales opinion that the hearth he arthor or feeder cann nels of an inactive vole volcano ano well below the earths sur surface filee where solutions will not be washed away by surface drainage ore are he locations location 9 abere economic orp ore deposits are much inore more likely to be laid down chlorine washed into S sea e a the saltiness essof of the sea Is in part directly related to volcanic action according to ditta data based by doctor zips wes on his observations in the valley ita it has been known for some time thue as a result of analyses of river waters that streams flowing into the sea pen do not cay carry enough chlorine to combine with all the lie sodium carried the combination of chlorine chlo rlue and gollum Is ordinary table salt on the other hand sea water contains more than enough chlorine to combine with the sodium present the sea Is therefore saltier than it would be if only the rivers contributed the salt making ants doctor found that the turon roles of tile the valley of ten thousand smokes were emitting into the air enst amounts of hydrochloric acid lie he estimated that in n one year a million and a quarter tons of the acid were given out in gaseous ga leous form from this single volcanic aren and became diffused in the higher atmosphere eventually the acid Is washed from f the air by raindrops and ns as approximately fipp roxi inn tely three abree fourths of the earths ralo rain falls directly into the sea large amount chlorine thus enter emer the yen independently of that contributed by river water the kniley of ten thousand smokes which Is only we ane of the many volcanic areas of tile the earth itself supplies one per cent of the chlorine chlor lne needed enell each year to combine with the sodium of the river waters doctor vies estimates lie he believes therefore that the average annual amount of chlorine given off by all volcanic areas Is easily sufficient clent to keep tile the saltiness of the sea up to its present level less striking but of great imbor tance to chemists and geologists are doctor findings regarding tig hydro acid which Is also given off in considerable quantities by the valley fuma roles this Is the he acid which etches glass according to his estimates about tons tons of the hydrofluoric neld add emitted by tile the valley turn furn anoles are washed by rain directly into the sen sea each year it Is shown hut in turn great amoun tte of fluorine are removed train from the sea through its dutli by sea nen creatures and that additional dit ional fluorine Is precipitated with sedimentary rocks thus a targe large part of the fluorine contributed to the sea by volcanoes q Is Ilo locked ched up tn rocky deposits spectroscope ferreted out secrets on one a interesting interest in aspeci inspect of doctor ales work was the analysis 0 of f samples of lava inva that mat were ejected during the explosive eruption of mt raemal and the valley of ten thou s nd smokes in june 1012 tills this reek aero rero represents tile the far below tile the sur BUP fore frow from which the fuma rolle gases come it was analyzed so as to further cherk vie source of the metallic deposited on the walls of he funta roles the metals were definitely shown jo io he pr present ent in the rocks hut but the amounts were so small that hk they were not by ordinary menus anit anil a analytical procedure had to be dae loped doctor first concentrated cent rated the metallic with chem leals anil and then successfully analyzer the concentrates hv by means of the thus was written another of the many romances ronlan cee of sel evice ence the anine instrument which chieh has successfully reached mil ll 11 ifune uns of mea mites into tle tile heavens and disclosed the makeup make up of stun stars was used to ferret out by its telltale tell tale lines and shadows the secrets locked up by nature in the bowels of 0 the earth |