Show X MA i 4 P ale k 1 lk 4 01 ka I 1 e W 00 A AI veit S 5 bawl NO 4 ov TOM k A T 4 i i az T alt 0 jg e 4 Igl lb i 0 0 by ROBERT H MOUL MOULTON rom till burberry bush clitis t go S 16 j tile coal common non ordinary burberry barberry b bush misguided american people havn planted I 1 tl id in ill laving lans and cemeteries ill over the country t 1 why W because afy tt fifi xi the Q go between IL in the eni inions ut of dollars of du damage alagi done every year benr to illo wheat and grain crop by file black or stem stein rust the japanese b burberry lit liaa ts been found ln lit docent it allay faily tile Congress congressional lonal contains several pages of debate to S the passing of a senate abill amendment to i tile lie annual appropriation bill for the agricultural department raising the item tor for lighting tile the burberry barberry from froin to it app appears ears frodi the debate that among other that the burberry barberry has becu cully in rula im lug counties countie e yet tu to be handled in thirteen states that with a further expenditure of SOU by the federal and contributions front the states tho the work can io bo completed in ono one and nd six tenths years denra that file ground must be bb gone over a second time dule tent tins tho rut rust spores have bee been found up in ili the air several thousand faul atilt tonii they tire lire curried carried hundreds of miles that in 1010 byway by way of example an estimated wheat crop of over bushels in ili north 1 Is reduced to bushels th the arnst 1 I ft striking the crop in four days lit in jul july tile common burberry barberry la Is a sort of fence in n tho blunt world horld as aa it liar bors bora and assists thu the bluck black or steni rust of oats hurley barley nud and rye the barberry wits formerly used for purposes dyo dyes were mude from its bright red iber berries rles today it lag has no use fuse except uri as nn an ornamental shrub in tile yard and nd it Is everywhere unknowingly every mn man alio put a u burberry barberry shruti shrub in ili tile tho krould round planted an all enemy to help destroy tin the wheat crop of tho the country a menace to every geld of grain for 20 25 nilles miles around black rust Is a fungus t disease that attacks the stems of the grain and saps the vitality that should go to making the kernels there ts Is danger that tile tho wheat crop tor for 1923 1023 may be seriously y dalin dalinger ged and cause the loss loas of millions of dol lars to the farmers of this country such an event would have a disastrous effect upon the bread supply of tho united states and other countries dependent upon us tor thor th or wheat and lour flour it if at any time before harvest it a warm wet spell should come this kimt might cipu 0 out u t millions mil lions of bushela of grain there Is just one W way a y to il prevent tills this outbreak tills this Is 18 to dig from the ground und hurri burn every barberry bush of every variety except the alie Ja Japa pariese noso which alone lias has been bean declared innocent for the rust to live it ta Is necessary that it spend one stage of ls Is eai tenc a upon the leaves eaves or of the barberry 4 with out these loaves leaves the life cycle would he bo broken in ill tin the summer the rust Is a reddish or brown growth en the stem of grains later i a blacky dor dormant narit form 8 which lies dorin dormant ant in straw stubble md and grasses over winter when spring cornea comes the spores ger litt minute linte and noar float through tile the air until one of nf them ou on the leaf of n barberry bush hero the spore talief hold bold develops spreads and germinates ili hi the course of n few days beual V ellow tont spots tire are formed which when put ut under it f r ra e 3 I 1 A N iw f k N L j NW mi s V wa ZW Z W V 16 0 1 7 rl v ki Q appear us its small cups tile cups cup open and from each ono one several thousand tf of it 11 different kind of spores la 14 1 4 expelled this second spore Is curried carried by the wind until it reaches a wheat out oat rye or barley held field there them it settles th s on 1 the be stein of the grain and in eight or ten tell days it produces other spores spore so which again spread most of the barberry bushes tire re in tile cities and towns many miles from wheat holds fields that does docs not matter the spores from the barbeira barb eiry attack ninny many kinds of common grasses in ili eluding squirrel grass and broom grass these tire ire found growing in lawns along the streets find and in parks and many other places about town one barberry bush in the heart of a city its as big as chicago could give oly off tile spores that could travel in ft short tiple oliue to the countryside country side and infect hundreds of acres to reach the bai barberry berry bushes the spores from the winter stage of the disease will bo be carried long distances by the wind there Is one instance on record where it Is believed that thai it was carried CO 60 miles the spores from froin tho barberry probably go but it comparatively short distance but they find lodging on grasses and the grasses do the rest of the carrying the barberry bush was known among the himalayas of central asia where I 1 4 still grows wild it was parly early known among the hindus for the medicinal medici nill properties its berr berries I 1 e q possessed doubtless its bright red berries and bright leaves attracted at ten and it was carried away to be transplanted as aa an ornament it camo came to america some time tn in tle le bevente seventeenth nth century men have long ion known that the barberry has omo ise connection with the black steni stem rust of wheat but it has been bech only in ili recent years yeara that tins this connection lias hasi been fully worked out and bitely proved in it north dakota a law was wag passed in 1010 1916 prohibiting tile the planting of the burberry bar herry find and requiring nil nii barberry arberry li bushes to be dug up following this minnesota colorado and nebraska passed similar laws requiring that all barberry bushes bushea be dug UP ap and dp de stewed now tile the federal government and the wheat stales state sare arc operating cooperating co in ili the fight in states where energetic efforts have been made to eradicate the barberry barber the number num ber of bushes bushea found was larger probably than was anally expected this was partly due to the filet fact that ninny many of them from thirty to tn fifty years old were vere so large that nobody thought of them na its barberry bushes many of them were ten to twelve feet high and of sufficient circumference almost to ro us sumo sume the dignity of trees As tin an indication di of tile numbers in which bin berry bushes have been found there there Is cited tile tho estimate of dua up in Oil iulia after years war on the burberry barberry western europe has almost completely annihilated this post pest with cie t io result that the black stein rust of wheat and other grains Is no longer it at serious problem there in filet fact the common barberry h N now very rare in the agricultural districts of Eng england kind france austria hungary czechoslovakia germany 11 holland olland and denmark and black stem stein rust mat Is corres rare there Is safi to bo be no question whatever that tant the black stem rust has decreased in importance in proportion to the thoroughness ough ness with which barberries bayberries bar berries have been removed the evidence in england and denmark la Is particularly conclusive chist clu sive ve the same thing seems to be true throughout most of france it was impossible to find black stem rust up to the middle of june except in the alps and jurn mountains where there more still are a great many barberry bushes the relationship between the barberry and tile the development of rust was so evident that even tho Iea peasants knew it thoroughly the only reason the bayberries barberries bar berries tire are permitted to remain ts Is because it would be practically impossible sible 0 to eradicate them and because only a little grain Is grown in italy black stem stein rust Is destructive only in the mountains and in the northern part of the country where there are barberries bayberries bar berries in tho pd od aus tro hungarland empire there ivas aa a u law requiring the desti destruction ruction of barberry b ey bushes and there usually Is I 1 only a little black stem stein rust except in the hilly billy and mountainous distal districts ets where the he barberry bushes remain the same Is true of ge germany barberry bushes have been almost completely removed from denmark and there has not been a single bingle serious outbreak of rust since 1003 it should be understood that the japanese barberry Is not atta attacked C ked by black stem rust an and need not bo be destroyed st it Is more beautiful both in summer and winter th nan anthe the corn com mon barberry and can be distin gulshen from it quite easily thoa edges of if the leaves of the ille common commom barberry nrc are toothed while hose choso of at tife the japanese tire are not the of variety are usually single both have red berries ben leg but those of the common form forin are borne I 1 la in gracem racemes like eur currants rants while th those ogea of the japanese form are borne y like |