Show ' - - t - I - Zbc 5ait 4 Sunday Morning glkt ?fribunt - : -- - 1 ''' p 1 - '- - r 2 ve - 4 - r' ? t l'''44 'I' I 1) 11 t ' 1 141 '1a 4 I 1 i i IA' 16) i f ' iti 4 '1000':'1 ‘' - As--- - 474-- 2 ii lic t 77"144--- - ) - ' 14t ii 0 4TV : 010- I ‘ "e't '!t ' 4' '4 t '0 1k'' -e t- - -"I'!44ea '4'4"1 - Tat - t ''t-- °2 "-! 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'' w 1 -- - - r '' ' -- IA - v - - '''-' E-74- 4 - ' r - 'I ' i I ' - tt : By Dr Frank Thone What becomes of the old silk and nylon stockings that have been piling up in collection boxes during the past few months crumpled victims on the altar of Victory? We all know in a general way that the nylon becomes parachutes and the silk becomes powder bags for heavy ordnance but just how is it done? By what alchemy of modern science are these discarded dainties of feminine dress turned into instruments of modern war? Let's follow a batch of silk hose first These are destined to become powder bags for use in heavy guns too big to permit the use of the handy metal cartridge cases that facilitate loading in light and meAs a rule dium caliber artillery the powder charge for a heavy gun Is divided Into several sections for convenience in handling n material for Silk is the this use because it burns most corn I - i '' e t i -- c's - - e Z g i I I - -- 1 ' monly used on heels soles and toes quick-fingere- best-know- A " - - ' r 1 -4 SI 1341i1WergiteatteMANNS ar''1-- ' r- 118012M ' 0 - 773 "74 47tMTkr7 - --- A i -- N11114 ‘- - ' 4 - - : --- -- f 4-- - - T 5 "- ' i - ' - 7' - g - - - () - ' ar The story of the nylon stockings that become parachutes is quite dif - ' - - -- '" ' '- - ' ' - ' - - ' '' - -T - - ' ''' - a'''''''"RP ' - ' " ' ' ''' ' - '' ''''' '"' "'''''''ft'' ' ' --: -f'' 'z - : t i 1 I ' l I I --- -- r -------- I Al 0 I ': ft $ 1oms '1 t "!) F4f -- I '&'4r: 0'-- I I 'N "' - ' - ' - I- - 47" ' ! ':A-- '' '''' ' ' 4 - A A i ''' 4 -' ' :lft 1 4 K 1'46 '' -- " : '4 ot " 4 ' 1 --- - -- 1 -- ' ' 'Y - ' '''' ' : '''' ' 'l12' :: F ': '5 "I 1' 3 ::) ' ' ? t' ''' ' '' t‘‘ '''''' ' 27iI :s ' ' i 2 - - r : - : ' ' :'' it - - - t 1:: t t : ' -1 ' : 4 - : ' - - "k ' iL: Illow soled!' i 'N40410"- -' ' - 4 tootl 5 - i 2- - 1'171' ' ''''t r'''4---- '1 '-- f ' -- f ' AIr- 'LilaV - 3 44-1- '': L--- -: z''''': '' ' - ''''-- '!:" r'- 15 : - s -- - ! : - ''' ' ''' :' ""54 - '":4""496m'llk" au r :: ie t r : -- - 110011 Mr C A Fitzgerald (above) apparently' knows he's in for a treat as he reaches for a helping of Cheese Crumb Casserole He's come to expect that of a Martha Meade recipe because Mrs Fitzgerald is one of 117 Western these tee- homemakers vho regularly pre-te- Ines with Drifted Snow Flour In their home kitchens - all for the protection of Drifted Snow's countless users Son Donald also helps to prove it's what the family thinks that counts l live at 320 Velarde St MounThe Fitrgeralds te7i- - tl t ' ii t !:- - ' 's ' ' : TT- 4 '''' L 1 1II 1 $ 4 ‘Am-i- I mow t601 4 tir:5-- - - v C : ' 1 it i OTHER MARTHA MEADE RECIPES IN EVERT SACK : - - 1 7 t is u' ::' cwt Roie sire- 1 tyPa Pe& It doesn't riect it untested i t - Nmeede ottficitor tain View California rm s Aloft 1 f f ' - I ' 0 4 i - 1 J i I I ti f 1 I 1 - I 1 ' I f t - :: I 1 I - 1 ' t ! -- I i 1 f - 1 - I I C 1 - "- - ''- li - '3'' :': 1 1 : ? 1 tom 1111016 0 111111ak a‘40 t 0 a- 't ---4 - 4 1 t k IS - I -- own! "maw' ele logyiPtil mow add IlteePt In :(- v i- family the s) and circumstancesVary ire both your taste 'gentile and infallible! 4 cups soft bread tla cup minced crumbs 12 Cup Drifted onion 6 hard cooked eggs 1 Snow cup grated sliced or 2 cups d American cheese chopped cooked Enriched Row Y2 CUP melted meat fish or 2 cups cookedbutter 2 teaspoons salt chicken peas IA teaspoon or ott2er 2 pepper large tomatoes Mix bread vegetable 3 cups mirk sliced Ilstrich thick crumbs buttered casserole with bacihtettuer and IA cup melted butter Line a Cook onion s mixture and in remaining butter until browned and pepper Add crumbs Blend" onfour milk slowly smooth and thick about salt stirnng 5 minute& constantly and cook until Peas- Add or Arrange slices eggs meat and pour over of tomato Over cheese truirtbs tog and cover with in a moderate overt until crumbs areBake 350e for 25 remaining browned 6 minutes or serving& t This recipe Flour-- - or guaranteed Write Martha megravespriotesp reitullw tenth Drifted Snow enclosing sales slip efry PlOkr San Francisc0 and double yewr 'temp eon will bt reflUided 1101111 astar ?aim amok 44 - I i 1 P — I 4 meal thars e size - ' ! 0 tpe by asysy CtA:SaSEs11711FEits h t s 1 t t - I -- t I t flour marthiaankr:- a ::'1 I 1 ac :J- t i ig one-dis- I I ' Westerngut:27borniatrYrelear7mDe akeitrinsittrabedoett or everything to bread Why not Ask for Drifted get at your grocer's Snow f : i t I od ne : e? 1 1 - do- Of s those i i 1 -: ' 1 4 - : k' - 7-- - I ''- - 'c - --- - L47 -- 11 ) ''' ' :' '- - t:: ' ' - thrsesvmhosy:sipe:11:0:a:il 2acti 1: i - -- '1 - - --- "" - '- ' : '' as - - "tiome-Perfecte- - ''""f''1e : -- Cee 440 - i i' 1- - i :' r:-- 4: sts r-- :re ud ? thering ai :- bi - :1 wiKr!"--1'''-- - 7 - ' - ''--'-Cr'!-- :' '2'' p0 :::at:lie raeo 1 nT7 i 2 - ": ' 4A- ' -- - i - ' ' "" - - : 4-i- t ' )- "1 colecting Quite from the ' ' ' ' ' 'Co---I- " f 4d ad:it -- r' -- FAMILY :': 7 0 - ‘:--' '' frk A (1'42' s' 1 goes elbow- ' ci 44-- : t '' a" ' bi aPek praise are they? likely it's the flour ' ' 1 - ” - f 1 beackFliklurcl: compliments don't course you do Butyou hakings aren't so 1 v4 st i :a LkCir a dish you've ing its way about the '- ' 1 - ' ' - 2' - ' ) - double your money When )i '410 v!"--- 7 1 i - 22- g I From its second melting the nylon through very tiny holes (only five to nine thousandths of an inch across) in a hard accurately machined metal plate They emerge as fine filaments looking very much like the floating spiderwebs you see on the lazy hazy mornings of Indian summer days Several of these machine-mad- e opiderweb strands twisted together become one nylon thread And many nylon threads woven together become parachute cloth—and when the war is over will again become stockings e'4''"o' 'vsrwaloewt"4ra"uk4-40"-"'--E'IL"'"- r- -t L'S t: ' ' 1 1 rP t"-- we ' ' - 4 — ish 1n r' : 11 - ' ''' 2 l'' ''s 4 r ' ' ' - -- tai 'WZ--7- ' ' ' ':'" '' 0 :42 - 1 -- One DYriofiectu' msnocr' — ' : "' T ''' - — ''''1"X ' ''15 5'1 5 i ''' '' e V ' '' : ' Is forced - '' - -: 15 tiat?4 411 ' ' '": - -- 4 - ) '7:: "('i 3: - t ' tc ‘r41PK74 t -1-) ' '' - - - - ' - - 4:'-:- 41 it- A - : ! ' -' ?:- i k - '::'- c r ' ! ' : : t'2-- :' 1 :f ' ' 'N4J1Z: :s ' : '' i 4':rigv 4 74:1e 41- - ' k :01-!-- 43 - - le47-2-:- 4! - t- 61 'Irk A 4 i 1- '- ' :-- - 7 Z::tft - ::7'- - - - - f lese steel stuff through another machine that '""g"V'o''''''' CE E p - t - "'- tasNtot i) ' - T:4 - '::1k 'T-- - ' s - c I ':7 - ' a55500 tirl) 11 --0- "- - 1 1 chips into another kettle that melts the whole business down again All the time it is melted nylon has to be kept away from air the oxygen would ruin it So an atmosphere of pure nitrogen is maintained in the apparatus all through the process And the kettles are mad of Stain ng 1 -- 1' '''' - t -rto -- ' fast-revolvi- 4liexible '' ' ''''' '''' 0e '' -" '' ‘ r - - chops it into chips and they put the new-synthesiz- ed dirty-lookin- tainers '1 N(' The dirt and dark coloration are got rid of by purifying processes— mainly simple contact with filter The water in the liquid is charcoal evaporated off At the end we have powdery crystalline pure white masses of the two mother substances for making new nylon just ass good as the same chemicals from original raw materials Back into the reaction kettle go the tdipic aci0 and the diaraine Heat and pressure and a chemical boost from a catalyst and they unite into a white rather viscous fluid that is raw nylon in its melted form This is flowed out of the kettle onto the rim of a wheel where it is drawn out into a rapidly hardening strip a couple of inches wide and maybe a quarter-inc- h thick looking a good deal like Ivory But the chemists are only getting started They put this hard stiffish ferent from that of their silken sis- ters There's more chemistry in it We are not dependent on overseas sources for nylon as we were for silk Nylon is 33rnthesized out of materials which we have in immeasurable abundance— coal air and water Why then take the trouble to collect old nylonhose for reclamation 7 Bottleneck here is not shortage of raw material but limitations of present factory equitment The reclaiming process is relativeThe stockings are just ly simple dumped whole into sulfuric acid without bothering to cut off cotton feet or bleach them or anything The acid takes care of the else whole job It splits the nylon compound apart into the adiplc acid and diamine and simply wipes out anything else that may be present g mess at the It is a end of the first stage: brown-colore- d liquid with some muddy stufr at the bottom : : ' 1 - : - ' - 4 : 3: r I : - t - - rs77 7'W - : ' s - -- 1 - - ' - - 1 long-stapl- Cotton is a "sparkier" material than So the first thing that hapsilk pens to our old hose after they are unbaled and given a bath is a scissoring away of all parts except the d actual silk This is done by women workers This is the only hand operation about the whole process From here on everything goes by machine First the silken legs are tossed Into a savage machine that literally chews them to shreds—practically to threads This silken pulp is dipped into a dye bath but immediately afterward put through a bleaching process that takes out both the new and all old color leaving it pure ' I - 41 2 ' i i - t) 4 I -- t : e IlL 1 i r - white as it was when first spun from the original cocoons The white shredded fibers are then fed through a second machine that spins them into thread as if they e cotton The were wool or on bobbins wound thread goes huge to the looms to be woven into cloth The newly woven silk is laid down on factory cutting tables many layers thick and cut into the pieces that will be sewed together into blades bags with great power-drive- n - such as are used for cutting out hundreds of dresses or shirts at a time in the ready-to-wegarment industry The stitching of course Is done on regular power sewing machines and the bags taken off to the arsenals to be filled and then stowed in the magazines of warships or sent up to the front where the big howitzers are in metal or fiber con- pletely when the charge is fired leaving no dangerous sparks smoltering in the breech to threaten a premature ignition of the next powder charge introduced There must however be no fragments of the cotton reinforcing com- : 1 ' ' - - t - I I r 4 spp f P' -- t rtrorl - t I t i I - - r1 4sr10-tf- 04"' 0 -- 4 ' ' ' -''- - I i 1 ' '1 - L - A dat tottoor 7 - : - tkk k - 2- : 1' - - N Ika fi P '4 "!- - 1---r---' n n I 24 'I 'i - -- - mr1--4-1 (1 t '''''i ' r ' ''0 : osmak 'P- - s '!- r-- - : ' A - 1 H j ' 41! 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