| Show r"-7t- S14V6i'V4-'nbo4-4'''P" 4-- 4171E1 - - N George Marshall: Soldier and politician Roosevelt and Marsha Partners In Polities and War by Thomas Parrish William Morrow & Co 608 pp Illustrated $25 As a young major with the 1st Infantry Division in France during World War I George C Marshall had the temerity to grab the arm of Pershing and tell the commander of all the American forces what was wrong with his headquarters Instead of giving Marshall a black mark for his impudence Pershing asked him the next year to become his aide As a brigadier general serving as the new deputy chief of staff in the War Department in Washington in 1938 Marshall listened to a discussion led by President Franklin D Roosevelt about how to build up the peacetime Army with bombers stressed more than ground forces Roosevelt turned to Marshall and asked "Don't you think so George?" And Marshall replied "Mr President I'm sorry but I don't agree with that at all" Marshall's military friends told him his outspokenness had failed to show the political awareness that was expected in the capital but the next year — as Thomas Parrish points out in Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War a lively and original contribution to World War II military history — the president appointed him Army chief of staff In promoting Marshall Roosevelt passed over more than 30 major generals and brigadier generals who ranked ahead of him By following his own instincts and exercising his full powers as constiRoose tutional commander-in-chie- f alt take Ztibunt Gen John J velt proved to have made a brilliant choice For the next six years Roosevelt and Marshall were the two key figures who built up and commanded the armed forces that together with America's allies defeated Germany Japan and Italy Roosevelt and Marshall is a dual wartime biography that also reaches back into the early lives and public careers of both men in peace and war Parrish is a military historian whose books include The Ultra Americans: The U S Role in Breaking the Nazi Codes The material about Roosevelt is familiar because so much has already been written about him By comparison not as much personal history is known about Marshall this is the most interesting part of the book By linking these two strong personalities the author succeeds in adding to the stature of both in Roosevelt and Marshall Marshall had family roots in Virginia A collateral ancestor John Marshall was the fourth chief justice of the United States and a Marshall relative was Robert E Lees aide during the Civil War Instead of going to West Point Marshall graduated from the Virgin in ReN iew la z- the Pearl Harbor attack Marshall summoned him to Washington threw some hard questions at him about how to save the Philippines and was satisfied with the answers It was Marshall who made Eisen-bowe- r and moved him ahead to eventual supreme command in North Africa and Europe — a job Marshall desired for himself While this is to readers familiar with the history of World War II Parrish shows in greater detail that Marshall had become Roosevelt's one indispensable man to run the war on all the fronts During the meeting of the Big Three (Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin) in Tehran Stalin kept asking who would command the promised invasion of France — Roosevelt whispered to his military aide "That old Bolshevik is trying to force me to give him the name of our supreme commander I just can't tell him yet because I have not made up my mind" Parrish adds: "Given a vote the old Bolshevik' would unquestionably have cast it for MarshallDuring the meeting Stalin even when they were disagreeing would make "sort of gestures" as Marshall recalled stand ranked as the top cadet of his class Marshall As a young officer served in the usual duty stations including the Philippines in the half peacetime languid Army that James Jones would later depict so brilliantly in From Here to Eternity Marshall's great skills as a military planner actually held him back from winning his first general's star Instead of getting field commands that led to promotion be was stuck with staff assignments But Roosevelt did not want a politn from his ical general or a wheelchair command post in the White House he decided to ignore those generals who were lobbying for chief of staff and pick Marshall Later Marshall would do the same when selecting — and sometimes re moving — the generals commanding armies in the European and Pacific war theaters There are some telling anecdotes in the book During the Louisiana maneuvers a few months before Pearl Harbor a senator reproached Marshall about the mistakes that were exposed in critiques after the exercise Since the Army was making so many mistakes why was the chief of staff 'k- cross-chann- ii '' 1:v :: ? t :?k ' :4$::::''1 '01' i ::::':0-Al- 5:': :::! o3 :!4: 1 :::::0 I 4 z4) ' ': 'e: :a' S 4: ' 0:1:o 44i1::::t:' '::-:- 4'' :? 4 :::":' - : 0 0 wcii-know- n yes-ma- -- w 4 - Out of those maneuvers Col Dwight D Eisenhower chief of staff to the commander of the 3rd Army came to the forefront A week after Military Institute where he - :: Europe" E3 1990 21 Sunday January we tet177771 holding the maneuvers? "My God senator" said Marshall "that's the reason I do it I want the mistakes down in Louisiana not over OP Book Zbe The Salt Lake Tribune —- Franklin Delano Roosevelt Relied on Marshall I -v 440:er'44 171:11M-'-' Marshall George Earned Nobel Peace Prize C ing with a hand on his shoulder who behaved in ways that Marshall who was not politically ambitious avoided Of Haig Parrish asks "Was he a political general or a military Later as secretary of state from 1947 to 1949 Marshall organized and directed the European Recovery Program (the Marshall Plan) for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 The author raises doubts — but without coming forward boldly and offering his views — about the role of a general serving in the Oval Office or as a top national security adviser or as secretary of state He mentions Gen Alexander Haig as a notable example of someone politician?" In his appealing -- es: study Parrish-conclud- future soldierpohli How many clans are likely to have Marshall's ickals9 What future Roosevelt will be strong enough to want a new Marshall or fortunate enough to find one?" — By Herbert Mitgang The New York Thnes 18th-centur- y Different aspects explored of growth of religion in America Awash in A Sea of Faith: The Christianization of the American People 1550-186- 5 by Jon Butler Harvard Press 347 pp $1990 The Democratization of American Christianity by Nathan O Hatch Yale University Press 312 pp $25 St Paul an astute observer of things religious pointed out to the skeptical Athenians that they were a very religious "in every way people" Professors Jon Butler and Nathan 0 Hatch impressively astute in their studies of religion in America offer fresh insights and substantial documentation regarding the pervasive religiosity of the American people While they con centrate on earlier periods in American history and deal primarily with Protestant Christianity they do shed new light on the overall picture and on the American religious scene today As with the religious beliefs and practices of the Athenians those of the American people are as these studies substantiate bewilderingly complex As something of a foil in his story of the complex process of the Christianization of Americans Butler includes informative treatments of magic the occult and similar "heterodox" phenomena Hatch focuses much of his attention on different in dividuals such as Francis Asbury The Citekoo's Egg is must reading for those who like computers The Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll Doubleday 326 pp $1995 astronCliff Stoll is a frizzy-haire- d omer with a yen for s and a disdain for ties And if it weren't for a acounting error in the computer billing at Lawrence Livermore Lab in Berkeley Calif last year he'd still be laboring away in academic obscurity developing computer programs to help explore brave new worlds The accounting error was so small others at the lab considered it a hiccup Stoll determined that there was an unauthorized user in the system Rather than lock him out Stoll let yo-yo- 75-ce- this methodical "hacker" prowl through the system carefully recording every move he made The odyssey was staggering leading into 400 or more classified computers on research and military computer networks around the globe after Through sheer persistence many an investigative agency shrugged it off as a waste of time — Stoll set up a sting operation that uncovered a spy ring in Hannover West Germany that was selling computer secrets to the KGB for cocaine and cash The case was broken last March and Stoll is out with his fascinating inside story It is sometimes funny sometimes frightening in its implications and fascinating from start to finish The Cuckoo's Egg is must reading for anyone with even a peripheral interest in the computers around us — Ken Franckling United Press the pioneering Methodist bishop Joseph Smith the Mormon prophet Richard Allen the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and Alexander Campbell leading figure in the shaping of the Christian or Disciples of Christ movement Fresh insights? Hatch devotes attention to such significant phenomena as the development of American gospel music an important story that is generally slighted among scholars And Butler attends to "the religious landscape" — the changing architectural manifestations of religion in America — another area largely overlooked in studies of religion in America What is most refreshing about these works then is that they eschew the more typical way of dealing with religion in America in terms of elites and organizations and concentrate instead on the religious beliefs and practices of the people Theirs is a story of the laicization of religion religion in and as populist movements religion sprung from the American soil and soul Hence Butler eg takes on the generally accepted view of the primacy of the Puritans and the domid nating influence of the Great Awakening" of the 1740s in the larger story of religion in America Similarly Hatch sees the Second Great Awakening the usual designation for an outburst of Evangelical revivals in the early years of the new republic as being more divisive than unifying more identified with what Alex de Tocqueville French observer of American democracy in the early 1830s called the "seething mobility" of people and ideas than with any singleness of purpose or character These American migrants — "adventurers" Tocqueville called them — were "impatient of any yoke greedy for wealth and often outcasts There is nothing of tradition family feeling or example to restrain them" The most common religious feature among these emerging Americans was their desir- - to begin anew to build their own religion or to find that religion which stripped of nonessentials consisted of nothing more or less than the straight line to the supernatural and to salvation That route typically involved not only thinking for oneself but experiencing of oneself And above all it required relying on and interpreting for oneself that source the Bible "I have endeavored to read the Scriptures as though no one had read them before me" asserted Alexander Campbell (A common claim of those active in the Christian movement of the early 19th century was: "Where the New Testament speaks we speak where the New Testament is silent we are silent") Paradoxically this reliance on self produced not only the rich variety of expressions that one might expect but also some highly disciplined and even centralized and authoritarian movements Butler stresses ''the role of authority and coercion in advancing Christianity in America" Hatch points out that while his book is "about popular religion it focuses ironically upon elites" — ie "upon those persons who rose to leadership positions in a wide range of popular American churches and religious movements" These leaders were not of the elite in a class or social sense they were of the people Individuals of consider rock-botto- "so-calle- able native abilities who were remarkably attuned to popular sentiment they had the capacity to mobilize that sentiment into powerful popular movements that became lasting organizations: Baptist Methodist Christian African Methodist Mormon and others Tocqueville noted in amazement of such American religious leaders that "where I expect to find a priest I find a politician" These were not "organization men- in a narrow sense They understood their parish as John Wesley understood his to include the whole world Religion was for them a public as well as a private matter The popular Baptist leader John Leland after a prominent public career in support of reliiJus liberty and in opposition to slavery in Virginia returned in 1791 to New England where he served two terms in the Massachusetts Legislature A generation later Peter Cartwright famed Methodist circuit-ride- er who became "a relentless preach er on the move" Hatch notes that women preachers appeared among Christians Freewill Baptists Universalists and Methodists But women were not allowed leadership roles in the denominations that emerged from these movements Yet women later capitalized on the impulses and techniques that emerged in the popular religious movement of the early republic as they built their own organizations That is a story that is largely beyond Hatch's time period and is only briefly alluded to by Butler Something would appear to be missing in volumes that carry titles such as these do but largely ignore the Roman Catholic community There were democratizing trends within that community in the early 19th century And by 1865 the terminal date of Butler's volume the Roman Catholic Church had become the largest single Christian denomination in America This oversight may be explained by the authors' focus on laicization and popularization Despite the fact that lay people did play an increas ing role in local church affairs no shortcut to the ordained priesthood opened within Roman Catholicism That office remained under the control of the bishop and continued to require systematic training over a relatively long period of time As a result there was a scarcity of priests and many were recruited from Europe — By Robert S Michaelson for The Los Angeles Times Michaelson professor of relicpow studtes emeritus University of California Santa Barbara is the au thor of The American Search for Soul and of Liberal Protestantism: Realities and Possibilities r served two terms in the Illinois Legislature and in 1846 ran for US Congress (He was defeated by none other than Abraham Lincoln) In 1844 Joseph Smith sought to become president of the United States (He was martyred before the elec- tion) Political ambition and activity is not a new phenomenon among American religious leaders Indeed there are echoes of these early Evangelical types among the popular preachers the televangelists and the clerical candidates for public offie in our time These volumes might be faulted for the fact that there is little about women in them and even less about Roman Catholicism Relying on the 1833 memoirs of Nancy Towle a young New Hampshire schoolteach 0 1111111101MNIIIMEEIMI CMDMIESE D 0 az '40 MEW YEA R :ailialloct116"rn"1 "GET ORGANIZED" l'''1111 04' - 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