Show making 11 money on the farm XVI orchard management by C G V GREGORY author of homo course in modem agriculture Copy 1909 by amedean fr pw A olt a few eara eur 4 after the young IF folt orchard I 1 bet met out it will do better if it Is 13 cultivated dur ing these first few years before the trees come into bearing it la Is neither necessary nor desirable to let the land ho ile idle some cultivated crop can be grown between the rows of trees thus utilizing the land and giving the orchard the needed cultivation corn com la Is not a very good crop for this purpose since it grows too rank a shading 11 a d the young tree and depriving them 0 of f their share of the moisture supply I 1 potatoes are one of the best crops that can be thrown la in a young orchard squashes and cab cabbaged cabba bagel gei also fit ot in well it Is often convenient to have the eatable garden in the orchard d during tiring the first few years small fruit can also be profitably grown as a filler crop chere U here bush fruits are used however they must be cut out na as soon as the orchard comes into b baring tring whatever crop 14 1 grown it should not I 1 FIO FIG PLUMS HANGING coi cone je within three or four feet of the young tree 4 as they need plenty of sunlight and moisture rhe filler crop should receive fre luent anti thorough cultivation a 9 soon HS as tha land can be worked in the spring it ah did tild be plowed anle 1 as thid this has been dune done the fall beforce after plowing the disk or spring tooth har row very effectively breaks up th the 0 clods und and tines the surface A fin flail harrowing will compete te the process of bettles the soil in shape cultivation rheau are two to principal objects in cultivating the orchard in the first place cultivation as explained in article no i 1 liberates plant food and so enables the plant to make a faster vor th it Is a d waste wasteful rul practice to apply era ers to the orchard until you have made the fertility that Is at ready there available by cultivation the ile second ad reason for tillage aa 13 to cont OB cerve erve moisture and promote deep rooting the upper layer of a cultivate ed soil 11 1 Is dry aud and in consequence conee quence the roots will turn downward to seek a s n layer in to which there la Is more moisture mote ture at the same time the upward rise of water by capillarity ie Is checked just at the dry layer so that little Is lost by ei evaporation it la Is very Impact important to nuke make the soil a vast storehouse ito 0 of f moisture mois turo for tre since they must have large r entitles if they are to produce profitably A full grown apple tree gives off as much as ZW gal ions of water a day through its leaves during the summer montha months cover crop crops As the trees conic come into bearing the growth groth of a crop between en the row should tn be discontinued some cultivation POW iW LVer will still be noc esary if best results are to be se cured ot one 1 e of the tast st means to give t this his 1 la by f r bowl lowing n g and preparing the coll in the pring 9 and then sowing clover or some legume as a atch crop this will supply the soil sell with nitrogen and 1111 mu and anti keep it in good phys leal ical condition cales call beep sheep or ho hos s may be turned into the orchard in the fall to cat the clover or it may be plowed under cue next spring the tru will be so taree larre by this time th tint it it will be impossible Impo isible to cul cut I 1 irate close to them nor Is this feces siry since the aci ding roots tire fir ther out in the spaces be between teen the rown the apace close around the t areia treia re es un ill bv be seeded to blue grat or dome other perennial As the orchard gets older it may be left in clover for two or three years at t alime n time n occasional plowing and will be necessary to renew the clover and to prevent the orchard from becoming nod 1 bound if it used t a R hog pasture the bogs hogs will keel the soil loosened loos eneil up sufficiently at eme same time adding considerable fertility in such R case all the treatment that Is feces necessary aary la Is an til re u seeding if well fed the hoge hogs wll do no damn e to the appe apple trem on cn the jtb other er hand they will do a great deal of good by win wormy roll fruit and thus the worm worms abere W here it N 1 not convenient to alow allow hoga hogs or sheep ic the orchard an occa 1 elonar I I 1 load of well il abl 11 durf will III be beneti beneficial cial do not pile this lib around the trees but scatter it evenly over the ground wood ashes for manure but are a good substitute can seldom be obtained in amounts to be used to f the orchard la Is property attended attea ded mill III be to fatu the start little pruning it la Is much b hotter ater to pinch off a awl occasionally than to cut off a branch oa as bit big as your our arm a few yeara years later it takes but a little time to go over the orchard in the spring and clip uit such twigs as do not seem to be needed the object should be to produce nu an even spreading some what open head if it ever does become nece necessary to remove large branches they should be cut close to the trunk and the wo wounds ands painted with alte white lead it la Is better to do to this severe pruning lo 10 the winter be fore the sap begins to run spraying for insect insects one of the most effective means ot of securing large crops of fruit la Is spraying fruit trees of nil all kinds are subject to many injurious insects and dis eases which if left to themselves will materially lessen the yields there are two kinds of It insects sects biting and suck ing the former can bo be combated by means of poisons sprayed upon the leaves the sucking insects of which plant lice are the most common exam pies cannot be killed in this way since they drill into the plant and euck suck the juices the most effective remedy j for them Is some insecticide which will kill by contact like kerosene emulsion this Is made by dissolving halt half a pound of soap in a gallon of boiling water adding two gallons of kerosene and churning tb mixture violently un til tit the oil Is thoroughly mixed with the soapsuds this la is diluted with nine timea times as much water before using it may be applied with a spray pump whenever the lice are troublesome and Is a ery effective remedy ahe biting insects are lire by far the most troublesome in the orchard ot of theae these the codling coaling moth proba probably abby lad does 0 9 the most damage it Is the larvae hatched from the eggs of the codling coaling moth that cause wormy apples fhe rhe tent caterpillar and canker worm orm at tack the leaves leave sometimes stripping the tree hire there Is no better rem rein edy for these insects than parts green dissolved in water at the rate of one pound to gallons three pounds ot of freshly slaked staked alitae should be added dds to prevent injury to the foliage parts paris green can also be used for the plum curculla cur curc cullo and for the other insects aich attack the plum and cherry the foil nee age of these trees Is 1 more tender than that of the th apple however and for that tha t reason some les less severe enec tilcide icid e such as arse tinte of lead dis solved solved at the rate of three pounds 4 to fifty gallons of water Is better spraying for fungous diseases the most mot troublesome fungous dis east i an art apt ie scab plum pear and cherry leaf fear spot and peach leaf curl raif niest fungicide la Is bor dt tit tux iu mixture ahls Is 1 nude made by dia dis hol roll ing four pounds of u r sulphate and four pounds of lime ilme lu in fifty til ions of A w iti itar r the object of a funi fungi 1 akl la Is not it to ure cure diseases but to I 1 tilt thein these fungous diseases s b bi bic hultins ins of sports which aich are carr itil front leaf to leaf by the wind iud il hen bell they alight on a leaf especially it if the nur fac Is 11 a little moist they brow row and produce another center of disease if the leaf Is ii covered with mth a thin coiling of the copper aulph sulphite tte mixture the spores anre killed before clity start to grow since fungicides are preventives thes rather than cures it is 1 important that they be applied early in order to save time parti green may be added to the bordeaux mixture at the rate of four ounces to fifty gallons or arsenate are enate of lead at the rate of 0 two pounds to fifty callous gallons and on praying made effective for both int and ad diee digo icee icea I 1 if you have ganv fruit trees U will pay to send to the experiment station for a spraying calendar which will t 1 via FIG 1111 40 apt LK CI oil rive rise full directions dir eulona oncoming ning taul and of 1 g bior apples the first spraying should be riven given about the time the first leaves burst the buds bud the second just before the blossoms blosi blosio oms tn open and the third J be arp they fall if nc cessar elisar a fourth aspria pral ing ng may be given froia frota ten to twenty days niter the third la in late july or early august another 1 ag should be elvea given for the second brood of the codling mota moth the two most important spray lags are just before i he blossoms open and just after they fall rotes r otes are better than barrels for marketing high class fruit as the fruit can be presented more attractively in I 1 thie this way there Is 1 an advantage in a email small package too aa as people will oft often buy a box of apples when they would nestr think of buying iq barrel |