| Show 13 L A ro ag s THE CAUSE OF circulation WITHIN A TREE it has been ascertained by introducing coloring matter into at morik rorik of a tree that the rno increment of the fhe sap la is upward through the wood alone 1 when the coloring matter has baa reached the nerves of the leaves its course is changed and it is found to be gradually moving in down through the bark until it reaches reaches the bon boi bottom atom the cause of the action was at first supposed to be the force of capillary attraction but this does not account f cr the fact that the sap will flow out of a vine when the ahe top has been cut off the supplied the detect defect in this explanation by sup bup supposing 9 t thit hat after the action was commenced by capillary attraction i it t was continued by the alternate contraction and expansion of the tree which if true does not account for the continuous flow the bap cap was supposed to return by its own weight but in drooping branches the return is in an upward direction A cord cocq cording ing to thouars Thou arb ars the rise of sap is due to the expanding buda buds and the development ot of leaves which appropriate the justices in the vicinity ta tue the vacuum taus eam mac mai lethe helbe gai bap gap is forced up by atmospheric preb pressure sure but this th s view is erroneous because the sap flows before the buds buda are formed Du who first opened the path which graham has successfully eess cess tully fully pursued ascribes the flow of bap eap to that force of which causes tw liquids separated by a porus sheet of animal membrane to intermingle ile he gave abe the name of to the inward impulsion and to the outward impulsion by oa os matic force water will pass through a septum s of animal membrane covering the lower end of a glass tube in which there is a solution of sugar and the action will continue until the tha fluid has reached the top of the tube when rit fit will continue to flow out states that the velocity of abe the current increases with the initial concentrations of the solution but tin ula a lower ratio the numerous experiments of graham recently made with mineral and animal septa lead to the abe inference that is caused by the chemical action of the liquid on the septum in attributing the cir clr cl cu lation of sap in trees and plants to che chemi mi cal action rather than to ta capillarity we may mak hare advanced in the right direction but it I 1 be confessed that the subject to still in alved in mystery according to liebig in annuals no new wood is formed after the month of august all the carbon which the plant appropriates after that thit time from the carbonic carbon le acid absorbed by the leaves is employed in the formation of nutritive compo compounds for the following year instead of woody fabre fibre starch is formed and diffused through every jevery part of tile the plant by the sap the chemical combination of carbon with the elements of water by a process which cannot as yet be imitated by man mang forms woody fiore gum starch and sugar ba M heyer states that starch deposited in the body of a tree can be recognized by its known form with the aid of a microscope when by early cold weather this provision is not made for the tree its growth during the will be checked why does the saccharine liquid flow from the tha maple more freely after aften a frost this peculiarity e culi arity is not observed in the birch and atger other trees which secrete the sweet I 1 principle rin ciple it would be accounted for on the byco hypothesis by supposing that the flow was checked by the frost and during that time the ap tap already in the tree became denser this difre difference rence in density would cause the bubbel quent nent flow to be be increased it might also be suggested ug that this increased flow after a f frost ro t might be the result of deromo electric action enough has been veen baid eald to direct the atte attea attention tion ot of young american botanists to this abject and induce them to institute many series of experiments in a field of research a as yet but partially explored ALOES TO DESTROY INSECTS ON PLANTS in your journal for may 1860 you request your readers to try aloes as a protection of plants from insects and report As I 1 have been induced to try it by an article in the ibe sog Sou torn larn ern erv cultivator for february 1859 page 27 47 giving a translation from F V raspail recommending it I 1 will give you the results of m my y experiment on cabbage pani panl ts 1 11 I was much annoyed by cut worms very otten often not getting more than three fourths of a even after re planting several times when ready to set the plant plants 9 last spring put from iron three quarters to one pound of aloes in a tin pan and poured hot water over it and stirred it until the water could dissolve BO no more I 1 then poured off the water into an empty whisky barrel and repeated the operation until all the aloes were di solved 1 I 1 then filled the barrel with cold water and as I 1 planted the cabbage I 1 poured the solution on and around it and did not use it any more for the same crop and out of from to plants I 1 irad had but about 15 cut those I 1 bad ra replanted and watered again with the solution and they did not trouble me any more thib this time I 1 tried it again last fall oa on another piece of ground in tue the same garden with about the iiama sama result I 1 think it if the solution made much weaker was used once a week until the cabbage was too hard for them to cut cubit it would keep them then off entirely I 1 have not tried it on anything but cabbage southern cultivator estimating THE WEIGHT OF BT BY measurement many experiments have been made by braziers graz gra lers and salesmen to ascertain the net weight of cattle by measurement and a of rules and tables have been formed from the results obtained none however can be regarded as absolutely correct with the most accurate measuring is required a practical acquaintance with the points and forms of animals and allowance must be made according to age bize eize breed mode and length of time in fattening etc conditions which require a practical eye an and lengthened experience to correct lya iya re clate we have bare found the following method meth Ps to lead generally to trustworthy reolas results measure carefully with a tape line from the top of the where the tail is attached to the back this will falve the length for the girth measure immediately behind the shoulder and fore legs multiply half the girth by itself in feet and the product will give the net weight in stones of 8 ibs lbs each for example with an ex or cow 5 feet in length and 7 reet feet in girth the calculation will be as jol tol follows lows i multiply half the girth by itself itself in feet 35 35 1 l za as 1225 multiply by me the length I 1 1 in lit feet 5 weight instenes In stones canada farmer HILLING INDIAN CORN cont A correspondent of the germantown telegraph speaking of the he practice of billing corn says construct log large conical hills bills on land which is light and dry must inevitably tend to increase the e effects acts of drought inasmuch as it exposes more surface to the atmosphere and consequently increases at times when all the moisture contained in the soil is required for the support and sustenance of the plants when rainfalls rain falls the conical hill conducts the water from the me roots to the centre of space between the rows an ani I 1 hills hlib very little oe of the fluid being retained about the plants plante ants without which they would immediately ry languish and decay on light soils soila hilling billing is always disadvantageous to the crop every fresh stratum stratus of earth placed over the roots causes a protrusion of a new bet set or 0 literals laterals late rals to the tue detriment ot or those previously formed ormed this exhausts exha usta the energy of the plant without increasing in any great degree its ita powers of appropriating food from the surrounding soil as the first formed roots cease to grow as soon as those caused by the disposition of new soil are developed and in fin a short time will be found to have lost their vitality and become mere worthless appendages music AT HOME no family can afford to do without music it is a luxury and an economy an alleviator of sorrow and a spring of or e enjoyment ili cyment a protection against P vice ana and an incitement to virtue when rightly used its effiec effects ts physical intellectual and moral are good very good and only good make home attractive music affords a means of doln doin doing this cultivate kindly feeling love music will help in this ibis work keep ont oat angry feeling alusic music hat hath h charms to soothe the savage breast 21 be economical pleasure recreation all must have and no pleasure costs less in proportion to its worth than home music make your sona eona and daughters accomplished what accomplishment is more valuable than music fit your jour J d daughters au bt t to support themselves in the fhe future it if need be there ther has been no time in inn many V years e when whan hin any young lady having sunni Buffi clent ai it know knowledge e I 1 g eto to teach music could not pleasantly earn a support in that way but 2 some may say 1 I have no ear for m musie music usie nor have any of my f family amily 22 probably not one ot of you has ever tried it faithfully pr perhaps haps your bona sona had bad no natural earb ehrs ears for read reading brigl or dr your daughters natural hands bands for writing and certai certainly certainly nl y unless they had bad learned these things they would never have been accomplished in them music does indeed come more natural naturally lv to most people than many other accomplishments that are next to universal yet it does not come to all without much time spent in careful cultivation the one best means of intro introducing ducin music to the family and inducing its curtly cultivation a tion is to or procure r acure a good musical instrument if none of your daughters or sons can pay at all yet it if they have a good instrument at hand some of them theia will learn in almost every family this will be the case buy an instrument and try the experiment if it it succeeds only to a j very sm email extent the cost will be repaid many fold american agriculturist every townsman every villager villagers thinks his hia own on place the most scandalising scandalizing lising 0 drle drie one in the universe words are of oftener teller the substitute of thought then its vehicle the accuser of men to god goa is no lees less the accuser of god to men despair not the course of gods goda providence may be as his rivers of all animals man is the only one thit that is upright in ia his bis posture let hlin blin be so in his conduct |
