Show for or the deseret new switzerland ll 11 T TD D A IT I 1 2 1 I 1 B 0 N X r X L I 1 L I 1 believing that no full description of the fair land of the mountains that forms the chief attraction of Eu Ex ropes continent to the ton tou tourist rist has ever been fiven given through the columns of the dese r ws I 1 submit a short delineation of it to the friends of general knowledge switzerland lies in the centre of western europe within latitude 45 deg 50 min north and longitude loggi tude 5 deg 55 min and 10 deg 30 min east is bordered on the west by france the south by italy the east by austria and north by other portions of germany it is the highest bi hest land of the continent altitude of the tale table tabie land from 1500 to 2000 feet many of the mountains attain the height haight of from to feet mont blanc white mountain on Switzer switzerland lands immediate bor ders dera close to lake leman is feet high boint gotthardt Gott hardt bardt forms the nucleus of the swiss mountains from which various chains and ranges of mountains branch out throughout through the country the length of the country from east to west is miles its breadth from north to south the superficial lal lai ial area I 1 is estimated at square miles but it is im impossible po a i ble bie to give this accurately because of the be many ma ny mountains which necessarily produce a far greater surface than would be found in any comparatively level country of the same dimensions the highest mountains are chiefly in the southern part of the country the north contains the lower ones and the undulating table lands A great variety of prospects pro ts and the most magn dicent scenery are to be met with in in switzerland which make it th favorite resort of travelers from all parts of the world the rising and setting of the sun viewed from the 1 mountain summits is well worth the trouble of the difficult ascent the a mountain of no great height for switzerland is ia nevertheless a great nati 1 ural observatory being a eort sort of solitary out 1 I 1 post detached from any great range I 1 the he ascent is comparatively easy and on the sum j mit is ii a hotel capable of accommodating persons and generally filled during the bum sum 1 mer months with tourists of many countries realizing m n a small scale the confusion of tongues early in the morning the sleepers are awakened by byr the sounding of a horn born and they soon are ready to view the opening scene I 1 of splendor anxiously awaiting the first pale amber gleanings of the dawn they 1 watch the ghostlike ghost like features of the gigantic I 1 mountain mass opposite when suddenly it appears in roseate hu hus hub s and soon after the highest bg a peak becomes lit like a flaming naming torch lev le leaving v g all others in the shade others according to their height and position to the sun soon become illuminated and it seems as it an angel had bad flown all around the horizon of in ran ranges and lighted up each pyramidal mass in succession like a row of gorgeous lamps lamp burning with rosy fires then the valleys with their groves of trees their cities their fields and gardens rise beom the chaotic mass beneath and thirteen lakes like diamonds set in emeralds appear to view the prospect widens and increases in loveliness until it embraces a circumference of miles in the full blaze of day there are the mout moui mountain tain rose the beautiful shrubberies eries erles tiie tue clear crystal streams the br bracing a C I 1 air a ir of these elevated regions that excel the t h e fairest i rest picture that romance can portray in several valleys there are mineral springs famous for salubrious qualities which are used for artificial and well attended baths the rivers of switzerland send their waters water in every direction the rhone with many irn ini butane forms the lake of geneva or leman leaves it at geneva precipitates a few miles below aitto the depths and runs feet proceeds through france and empties into the mediterranean 7 mihe he rhine which has its source within six miles of that of the rhone drains the north and northeast north east of the country forms the lake of constance then takes a westerly direction and forms at schaffhausen the greatest waterfall in europe by precipitating the enormous mas of ith apters over rocks seventy fee feet thigh high it leaves switzerland at basel base and empties into the german ocean the inn which rises in grison is 13 a tributary of the danube which enters the mack back sea the ticino empties into the po and adriatic Adria tle tie the principal lakes are lake constance seventy miles long twenty five broad lake leman eman nearly the same size lake of zurich I 1 wallen walien allen alien New chastel morat thun brienz lake of the four cantons maggiore I 1 and lugano the depth varies from 1600 to 2000 feet 0 on lake constance which contains ninety two kinds of fish float twenty four steamboats communicating with or between the ports of switzerland austria i la baden and bavaria lake leman carries about the same number and the others a I 1 similar to ilar liar proportion the rivers are not extensively navigable on lacco account i rit of the great rapidity of their current and ilbe ilie the many cataracts the most striking feature of the country is the imposing eight sight of the towering ranges of snow capped mountains that is everywhere to be had within the count rys bordens bor deis for as the line of perpetual snow is feet and thousands of peaks exceed this the eye meets the snow and dacier ice of a thousand winters nearly on every side while in the vales and on the lower hills the vines grov luxuriantly and the fig the orar orange ge and lemon iemon are to be found tt there thero ero cro within a few miles are the fruits of the sunny lands of warm and genial climes clime sand and the ice and snow enow in which the sun of ages has has bas reflected its rays there within this short distance you may feel the mild air of the summer lands of the world and the chill of the arctic winters may find yourself incarcerated in deep and narrow vales where you feel as if you could reach the mountain walls anever on every y si side and tread the granite peaks that afford a view into the territory ot several nations over scores of cities in a few hours you can view the nesa neta newest est improvements prove ments of art the finest productions of 1 the civilization of ages and enjoy the wild unbounded freedom of nature in her gan grandest dest garb in her pristine gorgeous magnificence uninterrupted by the hand of man in the I 1 haunts of the bear wolf eagle vulture the fleet chamois the chary antelope and the rare capricorn above the c clouds I 1 of the tempest that send their lightning and thunderbolts U up P iward jward into the he sunny sky as well as upon the tempora temporarily lly liy ily be clouded landscape beneath within a short distance of each other are the domes of splendid ancient and mod rn edifices edifice the steamers the telegraph the palaces of the merchants in all the splendor of modern pride and the narrow rough but of the herdsman on the elevated pasturage rage who lives in primitive primi tiye unpretending simp simplicity licit Y I 1 in company I 1 of cows and goats only feeding upon milk and cheese almost exclusively stock raising raisin is in some regions the only employment of the inhabitants on the whole the country is not well weli adapted I 1 for fer farnung carmn though some portions rort Fort loni lont yield a good amount of grain spelt chiefly some wheat oats rye barley corn and potatoes grow well also flax and hemp and in fact every vegetable growing in other countries of I 1 the ithe same latitude is cultivated to some extent I 1 but the productions of the soil for which the I 1 country is particularly f famous amous are wine wille ap 1 ples pies ples and pears millions of gallor gallons of wine i e are annually produced yet the exportation of wine is not so considerable as might be inferred because the people are accustomed to use a quantity incredible to those who have not witnessed it the same is ia the case with the ithe apple wine and perry some parts of tile the country are covered with fruit trees and resemble an immense forest apple and pear trees frequently attain a height of 80 or 90 feet and anc the crown a diameter of 50 or go CO feet one ft u jl sometimes yield 50 or 60 bushels apples and pears as well as stone fruits are dried in great quantities and wui will keer keep good for ten or more years the m wealth of the country is not very great grea t as far as hitherto discovered so some gol goi gold d is contained in the he rivers aare and emme which leads to the conjecture that quantities may be deposited in the inaccessible reg ons of their sources there are also salt peat br armstone iron coal and a few gems to be found the articles of manufacture are cloth cotton wool silk and linen tracery leather i paper in the west watches of which new chastel and geneva manufacture annually over men women and child children ten are engaged in this branch of business the swiss republic consists of twenty two united states or cantons zurich berne lucerne uri tz unterwalden Unter walden aar gan churgan Th st gallen galien appenzell appenzelle Ap solo them basei babel glarus zug fiig tessin I 1 wallis Gran bunten grison schaffhausen freiburg and genf geneva each of these cantons has a separate govern ment and manages its own affairs similar to the states of north america and there is also a national government consisting of a na dional council a house of representatives and a senate the representatives are cho sen according to the number of inhabitants I 1 I 1 the revenue is about of francs 5 francs and the state slate has no debt berne is now the federal capital there is no standing army but every citizen is a sol soi dier and there is a complete military organization frequent exercises in drilling the citi zen soldiers and the practice of rifle rilie shooting at att targets arg etsa by the many sharpshooters sharp shooters enable th the e country to put an efficient well disc disciplined and formidable army into the field i if necessity demands it I 1 the population in the year 1844 was of which were reformers and roman catholics the interior cantons are entirely catholic some are entirely protestant and some somo mixed there is no j national rational language the german is spoken in j about 16 various dialects by on the west of lakes morat and bienne blenne the tae french is spoken by in the south about 00 speak italian the roman ches derived from the latin is ia spoken in the binl E persons a di er a and nn d the valleys of the rhine by P weights and measures are based partly on the rinch french and partly the german style sty le coins cans used to he be very dif dlf different ferent in the various cantons canton but now the french coin is uniformly adopted ethnography assigns to the swiss generally a celtic origin there is however buch bach a variety of races commingled that it is difficult to determine which predominates tradition relates that iong long ion lon before christ at the time of a great famine among a northern nations every tenth man had to leave the land and in their wan wanderings derins they came south and settled helvetia now switzerland these may have been celt but if they were the subsequent immigration grat oa of the gotha has told moire upon the appearance character and language of the people than the original element for to this day many especially especial y the lower classes have nearly as much gothic in them as aa the pure descendants of the goehs goths the tb swedes the ne dialects exhibit a great affinity to the scandinavian languages the time when the ancient swiss first became known to history is years before christ when the and 1 dugener two or swiss tribes joined the teutonic and bordes hordes in their victorious incursions into gallien france in D B C the romans under L cassius and L piso who had advanced to lake leman were again defeated by the same people under divico in B I 1 C the helvetia ns shared another victory over the romans when marnus mannus defeated the same tribes B co the Helvetia ns retreated under arico sued into their mountains during these wars t they lie lle thy had conceived the desire to exchange change e their air rued rugged 9 and rocky home for gal liens fairer arl ari and d milder land and x succeeded in persuading them to destroy heir their own cities and villages and devastate their land in order to extinguish every inducement to return and in 50 D B C they ventured the dangerous dan gerou bel wel of invasion but were thoroughly defeated by J ihus ihus cassar at and strong driven back to their country roman laws manners and arts were then introduced the land began to prosper and cities and roman roads were built the erection of augusta Avent icum evor eror Yv erdin date from that time in the latter portion of the second century at af er christ the romans in helvetia were wera considerably disturbed by the allemans lemans Al and during urn these hese the country became considerably sider bider ably de populated the immigration of german tribes in the east and of burgun dlana diang in the west replenished the land the migrating bunns under attilla destroyed many of the cities but tho the damage done was foon soon repaired subsequently the goths goehs obtained dominion over gel gei helvetia helvetia vetia and held it until their empire fell when the franken french obtained way sivay a christianity found its way into helvetia in il tu tn the ath century through the mission of co lum banns gallus and others from the islands of great brita n the cities of st balleu zurich and lucerne were founded soon afterwards ter wards from to 1032 when the country was united with germany many incidents and changes occurred in internal affairs which are however too lengthy aw ald too inconsiderable to dilate upon now the reign of the house of Zah ringen watt wail propitious to helvetia and the country rose rosa to opulence cities were built and industry and trade exten extender det der 1 the three interior cartons cantons uri sand population of unknown origin bad however always been free probably in consequence of their inaccessible situation and the few inducements they presented for conquest but nut they chose from time to time protectors from among r the neighboring princes pric ces counts knights gh h ts etc in 1209 they aliey chose c count 0 ru dolph dip of hansbury Habs bury protector he being very successful in the many man of those thosa troublous times gained pained io fluence influence and popularity and was subsequently chosen king of germany in which capacity lie he did much for ll helvetia elvetia after his death deatle 1290 he was succeeded by albrecht Albrec bt his bis son but the swiss eschewing his covetousness refused to submit to him and he made war upon them in which much was lost on both sides the termination of the war however was favorable for helvetia the three cantons then accepted sherife sheriffs sheriff governors chosen by al abrecht brembt from among the penn penu penniless iless liess nobility herman desoe v brenneck Brun neck and beringer Ce ringer v r landenberg who were in tz and va url walden ter practiced great extol extortion tion and oppressed the people beyond endurance purposely to bring them to submission or resistance that would afford the opportunity of destroying the last vestige of their rights and libert es ea all petitions for redress were scorned scorn td and as cruelty and oppression oppre salon only increased and gesler reared a pole at with a bat oil on it demanding that every passerby passer by should bow before be foreit it three men facher walter furst and arnold collected each ten reli rell reliable abe men and met in ia nov 1307 on rutis eutis ruklya a meadow on the lake like of the four lour cantons and made a solemn covenant |