| Show 1 i from the N T Y tribune oct iron new hodes of manu Kanu manufacture facture metallurgists have of late lato had their attention directed to several new methods ine rne thois in the manufacture ot at iron and steel recently produced in europe among these the inventions of Duch Duchat atrus ru Bessemer dessemer Besse merand and aud avill hold the first rank both baths as respects their tiler simplicity and cheapness of operating as well as from the quality of the tha article stated to be produced in these methods th til laborious and expensive process of appears pe ars to be entirely done away with and steel of th the f it first qua quality lity produced directly from cast iron mr Duch atrus who is all an officer in the service of the austrian government employs cast cist iron in ill the form of grains varying in size site from a pea to a grain of saud sand the smaller the better these Thes eare earo are fused with metallic oxides one of the characteristic fea rea features tures of this method is not only to llave have introduced the atomic system by fusion but also to have done this in the preparation of tile the materi materiel mate il before fusion the cast iron is mixed as much as pos ible ibie with the metallic oxides and the application of heat ireat only terminates what the preparation has commenced among other advantages which appear to be derived from this new method is economy iu in material for from numerous ex elpe p ir imants made by tha french government ern ment the loss is stated to bo be only 4 I 1 to 5 per cent upon the cast iron submitted ted tp to the atomic treatment and as the metallic oxides will part with what they have taken the tiie loss lois will even be less the theory of the operation is of easy explanation based as it is upon well known chemical fac rac facts ts on oil surrounding tile the cast iron with oxygenated bodies and applying heat the grain spart pith with rith their carbon and this element combines with the oxygen of the metallic oxides and is liberated under the form of carbonic acid and carbonic oxide another very important adran advantage tam attributed altri buted to tais tiia invention is that eliat mr duch atrus is enabled to regulate his fili proportion of oxygen in such a manner that by adding a certain quantity of forged iron lie he can produce ten different kinds of steel if this is so it is a most essential point for to be able to undertake the manufacture of r steel feel with a cert ceri certainty Muty as to the quality to be produced would bo be of vast importance all per sona famika with the business know that little dependence can in this respect la be placed upon the usual methods mr Duchat rags rass manner of tempering is the same as that employed in making anglish cast sf steel eel it is said that the tho expense of producing 1000 kilo klio grammes about 2187 lbs ibs will not exceed 92 90 2 whereas to make that quantity y of ordinary steel costs hi france V 00 and of the best quality these thesa prices aou would id be materi materially illy diminished by establishing the works in the vicinity of coal mines where a of fuel could be obtained cheaply if the price rice of steel could thus bayed ba reduced it would undoubtedly 0 replace iron in fix many cases a great economy would also result from its employment in making pieces of artillery where cast steel would have the immense advantage of f being lighter less costly and more solid than copper experiments peri ments axe ara now being made at the arsenal of vl vienna to determine det del ermina ermine this point A committee appointed pointedly point edby by th the french eFrench government to examine the discovery of mr Duch atrus report thit vial the cat steel produced by his method is calculated to replace aroi with great advantage in the manufacture of pis piston ton rods xie ale axle trees and connecting rods also abo that the process ia 13 simple and can ba be employed without great outlay and lastly that cast steel of various degrees of hardness can ba be obtained by modifying the proportion of the mal maa ma serials first employed these materials belag belac cast iron and other substances of no great co cost st it follows that the cast steel produced by this tilis method metho will cost less than any any other theae these are some of the advantages set forth as belonging to this invention ven tion but until it has been tested thoroughly upon a large scale it is impossible to assert anything concern concerning ingy it with certain certainty certainly ty of mr air BeSse Bess emers merls process we have already published several accounts ile he acts upon the the supposition that crude iron contains about r eive five IV e per cent of carbon carboa and that if this element at a white heat be brought in contact with oxygen a combination must take talks place and combustion be the result and the rapidity of this combustion will be in exact proportion to the extent of surface exposed ile he takes a cylindrical vessel of three feet diameter and about five feet in height lined with fire bricks five three eights of a an n inch diameter the nozzles of whichard which chare chane ane are formed of well burned fire clay are inserted at about two inches from the bottom and so adjusted as to admit of being removed and replaced in a few minutes when worn out A hole is made in the vessel by which tifa lift metal Is let in and one ona on the opposite side by which it is allowed to escape when finished the capacity of this vessel should be such as not to hold less then than one ono nor more than five auns tuns of fluid iron at each charge A blast cylinder capable oe of compressing air to about five pounds or ten pounds to the tile square inch is connected with tu yeres tile the converting vessel requires ti to t i be heated for the tiie first operation by making a fire inside after this is i done and fire carefully raked out no more fire wll will ba be ne necessary until a new brick lining ii required to prevent the filid fluid fl iid ild metal from entering ent eat eing the holes lle the lie blast should be turned on oil before it ii allowed to run in after this is done tile the following results will take place within he the converting vessel the flu lct lit metal metai will boil boll with great noise being bein dashed against its sides and flame will issue accompanied by bright shirks this thit will nit bit for about twenty minutes during which period ao an elevation of temperature has ensued from the tha combination of tile the oxygen of the air with the carbon of the iron the sulphur of the iron also combines wit with lillie he oxygen to forfi forim 1 sulphurous l acid gas and is driven off ia in this state slate the operation is known to ba terminated by the tho diminution of flame the tho crude metal having been converted into pure malleable iron free from fromkin cin der deron or other foreign matter this result ia is attained with one third the blast at present used need in filling fining furnaces thus three to five tuns auns of or crude iron pass in tile the space spice of thirty five minutes into several piles of malleable iron Amon gother advantages vantages 3 stated to result from froin elih process are that the tha manufacturer will be enabled to produce bars which by the ordinary plan he lie could not do as lie its call can employ larger masses casseb that tha tiie tile e iron will be of the quality known as charcoal iron and lastly that various qualifies qualities of metal may be b obtained by stopping the tho process at certain points of the oera operation floi lioi in comparing this method with that lint of mr air docha ch chatmus atrus lrus it would seem that the facility of making various qualities of metal is more certain in mr ilir Duchat russ mode than in that of mr bessemer for the former would appear to be enabled from tile the employment of metal metallic lc oxides to regulate his supply of oxygen with more certainly certainty than when wilen common air is used this invention ia is not however yet complete as there are many points which exper experiment imen imer can alone deter determine allue as whether air or a mixture of air ando an dother ther gases is best what length of time the tile process procesa should continue conti nue and the like among some objections made against it these appear to be the most important the ilia loss of hea heat t in tile the flass lassaga ame aga of the cast iron into the converting vessel and the rapid destruction of the lin fin lining ng of that vessel in consequence of the violent action of the metal upon its sides aa as well cs as that tile the jets of air cannot penetrate the tha mass all alt these points will no doubt be well tested in somo experiments which mr air bess bessemer emer emen is prepa preparing to make at Min chester chesler in obedience to the request of a number of persons interested in ia tile tho manufacture of iron after which we shall expect to have a report upon tile tiie merit of this process considered in a practical point of view when we shall be better able to form an applon as to its real advant advantages advantage ag ea we hear that it is also to ba be tested in tins this country under tile the auspices of mr air peter cooper and some others of the leading iron masters the third new method before the public 1 is 13 3 that thai of air sir avril a frenchman this appears to 11 have a ve the tile advantage over the others of greater sim pil pl city as well as a remarkable saving of fuel cast iron also serves as its ils point of departure the ore oro ore oro in the blast burnace furnace will come out either malleable mall mali bable sable iron or orstee stee i according to the desire of the tile opera flor the tha means employed to effect this end are a modification of the crucibles cruci bles at present in use of oxidation oxy dation oil on the parabolic bottom of the tile crucible and lastly what is entirely new in metallurgy the employment of ozon ozone e the tile blast furnace is here a definitive agent whereas with mr B ia is only preparatory therefore mr ir avril hopes eliop es to be enabled to deliver steel much below the tiie price at a which mr B can produce it in some experiments ha fig las laas succeeded and what now remains to be done dona is to test practically the value of his plan of constructing ting a alast furnace by employing ozone lie he does doaa not expose himself to ally any of bf the bad results that may noy milo glio follow from froin the tha introduction of nitrogen with oxygen as is done by mr lir bessemer who employs atmospheric air As to which of these three methods will wil be found tila the best it is impo impossible sible sibie to say bay at present neither having been thoroughly tested they are however a proof of the tha genius of the tha present epoch which has accomplished so much for industry and science and ilav iv ill lil without doubt ia fix this as in other cases attain the desired de ired irea end in spite of all obstacles |
