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Show TUZ VZZZLY RE7LEX, KAYSVILLE, UTAH m. i If you are interested fS3 in purity The farmer should study conditions causing poor drainage on his land and find remedy for it then he should plan drainage system to overcome the trouble , RULES FOR DRAGGING ROADS Should Never Be Dry .Highway Worked Constant Attention NecesTowards Center. sary-Drag BJOHN T. STEWART, C. E. Agricultural Engineer, University of Minnesota. T IS not an uncommon (By E. B. HOUSE, Colorado Agricultural thing for a' landowner to , Collect Port Collins.) fight a, drainage assessUse a light drag. ment on land which has Haul It over, the road at an angle a market valne of from Mao that a email amount of earth li $20 to $30 per acre, and (pushed to the center of the road. at almost the "same time Drive the team at a walk., another tract . of buy Ride on the drag; do not walk. j similar land, at the marBegin at one side of the road, reket price. Ills desire Is to acquire more acres, under the false turning up the opposite side. Drag the'rond as soon after every Idea that his prosperity will be derain as possible, but not when the noted by the amount of land In his mud Is In such a condition aa to stick possession. He does not realize that to the drag. one acre of thoroughly-draine- d land Do tot drag a dry road. may bring him a greater Income, with Drau whenever possible at all sea- half the labor and expense of cultivasons of the year. tion, than two acres of the nndralned The width of traveled way to be land; or that It could be acquired at d maintained by the drag should be from f to the cost of the .38 to 20 feet ; first drag a little more newly-bougacre. Tills extra land is purchased with the Idea that land values will rise. As the real value of land ts regulated by Us Improvements nd productiveness, the landowner whose only object Is to acquire more acres, rather than to Improve the land already In his possession, is an undesirable citizen, ns he expects to be the gainer through his neighbors Improvements. y The Idea ts popular, especially : . owners of wet lands, that the among A the removal of surplus water by drainr age would be of great benefit to the t state' or community at large. While this Is true to a certain extent, and while wet lands belonging to the pub- ! one-thir- one-hal- ht r ' ' s , coet of only $61.50 against $129.72 per aere, paid for tillable land and in the original purchase. But this added value of $682.20 does not represent all the benefits which have come to the farm from the Introduction of underdrainage. The disappearance of the sloughs, and of the superfluous water In other places, permits the division of the land into regular, and therefore more easily cultivated fields. Such fields, having now a uniform soil, can be cultivated In less time, sr crop rotations can be arranged to better advantage, than where 4he land la broken up by areas. A dry, loose soil can be worked more easily than a wet, sticky soil. Furthermore, s field which In some seasons la productive, snd In others by reason of excessive moisture, may be more detrimental to the farmers success than swamp land; for such lands are often plowed, planted, cultivated, and then the crop la destroyed by an Influx of water; whereby not only are they made nonproductive, but labor snd seed are lost Drainage not only removes the risk of such losses but Improves the landscape by substituting broad, fully cultivated area for such as are dotted with sloughs, breeding frogs and and giving forth 111 odors from dead fish and decaying vegetation. It la a first step In good and, as a permanent Improvement It Increases the value of all neighboring lands, and benefits the entire community. All of these benefits are Illustrated le mos-qulto- road-bnildln- g, x OBTAINING TRUE GRADE LINE GRADE LATH METHOD. BY The line of sight la five feet above the grade line and parallel to 1L By tho lath etakea at the aides and lining up the cross laths the grade may ba fixed before tho trench Is dug. set-tin- g - may be Justly held chargeable with their share In the cost of Improvements, the facta do not Justify the Inference that the state should pay it all. The correct idea. In raising funds for drainage works,. is that the acre more directly benefited i the acre to pay the expense. ' Many landowners will oppose a drainage Improvement for the reason that the ditch will. In part, be located on their land. They will do this, even in the face of the fact that from s to of their land, because It la too wet, produces only about half of what It should. In the ordinary year. They actually prefer to stand the yearly loss of half a crop or more, rather than allow to part of this wet land to be occupied by a ditch which would bo thoroughly drain the whole tract that it could ba cultivated up to the 11c Road In Rocky Mountain, than the width of a single-whetrack, then gradually' Increase "until desired width Is obtained. , Always drag a little earth towards the center of thr road until It is raised from 10 to 12 Inches above, the edges of the traveled way. If the drag cuts too much, shorten el the hitch. The amount of earth that the drag 'till carry along can be very considerably controlled by the driver, according as he stands near the cutting cud or away from lb J When the roads are first dragged after a very muddy spell the wagons should drive, If possible, to one side until the roadway has chance to freeze partially or dry out The best results from dragging are " obtained-on- ly repeated applicaby tion. Remember that constant attention Is necessary to maintain an earth road In its best condition. Highway Magazine. NUMBERS OF COUNTRY ROADS Iowa State Highway Commission gest That City Plan Bo Used Capital -- one-fourt- h three-fourth- one-fiftiet-h one-eightie- banksjf the ditch. Thebenefita accruing from drainage are well illustrated In the Improvement of a small farm, of 72.89 acres, recently purchased by the state of Minnesota. Six hundred and fifteen dollars were spent in draining this farm. The land had been bought by the state Sug- Central-Poin- t Numbering of country roads and residences so that every road and country home may be Instantly located, Is advocated by the service bulletin of the Iowa state highway commission, which Is Just off the press. The system advocated was originally suggested last June. In the system suggested, the section upon which the state capltol Is located ts considered the central point and an roads are numbered north, east south and west from this. Using the base map appearing in the bulletin, one can easllylocate the number of his road and house. The system Is ao arranged that practically every road bears the same designation across the state. t The numbering system does not in any with theusf of, the, way interfere ' ' naifies 'organlaed'- tourist -- routes such as Lincoln highway and others. - Road Act Under the federal-ai- d road act within the next five years $160,000,000 will Federal-Ai- d be spent by federat and state govern- -' nents in improving rural roads.' Cost of Country Roads.The (amount of money spent on country roads In the United States, Increased from $28 per mile In 1004 to - 1109 In 3915. idea of Good Roads. Another idea of good roads is to have them without ragweed borders In The case of the state farm referred to f and the management feels , that they fully Justify the cost of the improvement, without considering' the value of the land reclaimed. The planning of a drainage system should be done with the same carefulness that is bestowed on other Improvements. When a large building Is to be constructed, an architect is consulted, plans are carefully drawn, all the details are looked Into, and material Is selected which will be suitable for the location, the climate and the purpose for which the building should be usod. During Us construction, Inspectors see that the dtffails are carried out and the requirements of the specifications enforced, regardless of the fact that the contractor may be losing money and cheaper, materials might be used. .But la drainage enterprises, the evidences of such care are Too often painfully lacking, even though the costbe as great or greater than that of a large- - building. In many cases an engineer is employed to stake out a drain on a route which has been selected only because It is supposed to be" the best one. No examination Is made for another route or outlet; the area of the watershed is not measured. As a result, the size of the ditch Is determined by a mere guess. Time may develop the fzcrthst thebesrroutowz not selected, and that the ditch was too large or too small, and consequently does not perform the work satisfactorily. A ditch, being Improperly located, either does not drain all. the land It should or It Is expensive to construct and maintain. One that Is too large will not' clean Itself properly; while one that Is too small will not cany required volume of water. A drainage system, open or underground, works by gravity, and that It may remove the water there must be a sufficient fall; that la, a sufficient and continuous descent, from level somewhat lower than the lowest point on the land to be drained, to the point where the water Is discharged from the outlet It is a common practice to start a drainage" ditch from a dough at practically" the same depth m the a Map ef Tile Drainage System Ueed in Wisconsin. for the specific purpose of cultivation. The 72.89 acres cost $7,633.13. Out of this area there was used for highway-- purposes,' fmir acres;- nonproductive land lit sloughs, five" acres; ten acres producing half a crop, equal In land, to five acres : or acres. This a total of 14 left a tillable area of 69 acrescost-In- g the state $129.72 per acre. A of underdraining waft Introduced, by which the five acres of land In sloughs, and the ten acres which produced half a crop, re made equal In productive qualities to the same area of the other tillable land. The total cultivable area Is thus Increased from 69 to (59 acres. The return to the farm, then. Is $1,297,20. at a cost of $615 ; or a net gain of $CS2J0. In .other words ten addtilonalacres $ave been added to the farm at a - uon-tillah-le sy-te- m Su.chJMnUtL-ngewi- ll not give satisfaction, as the will not be lowered, and the bed of the slough will continue to be swampy. For satisfactory drainmust be deep age. the enough la the lowest land, and of sufficient breadth and depth, to cany the water without an overflow. like carpentry or masonry, la a business In Itself; and groUnd-wat- er water-chann- Ditch-constructio- for el n, results, satisfactory contracts should be let la similar manner. The bidders competence, as shown la his record la connection with similar undertakings, should be taken into as well as the size of his on Md, p . Ditches are usually dug In soil the wettest and roost difficult to handle, and It Is necessary that construction be carried on during the wettest seasons. Consequently, the contractor should base his calculations aft to time and methods on the worst conditions. To let a contract to the lowest bidder," regardless of bis experience or equipment. Is often to Invite serious disappointment and loss. Delays, especially, are expensive to landowners, for not only la money Invested In Incomplete work, but oftentimes a failure to have the ditch complete at the time fixed means the loss of a crop. In the drainage of awarap land, which cannot be plowed until after the work is completed. It means a delay of one or more year before the cultivation will be a paying Investment. With scarcely an exception, where losses have accrued to agricultural Interests through the delay of a year In the construction of proposed drainage works, these losses have been greater than the cost jof the Improvements. The attempt to save one or two cents on the cubic yard for ditching, or on the rod for tile trenches, by giving the Job to a man, often becomes aa expensive proceeding. Better pay ' more to a competent man, and be sure of a good Job, completed on time." t The kind, size and completeness of the drainage works needed In a given locality, the methods of doing the work and adjusting the costs, must he determined by the local conditions. Wluit Is good practice in one place may not be practical In another. The character of the ground, surface slopes, crops raised, and value of land, all have a bearing on the subject in any locality the first consideration rs an outlet or channel by which the water may be carried away. In some localities nature has provided such an outlet,-- " In others. It may be necessary for Several landowners to band together and construct s channel, of sufficient size and depth to serve as the main outlet of a network of ditches which will give relief during wet years. In many parts of the state, where such outlets naturally exist or are already completed, crops have suffered from an excess of water In the Immediate vicinity, for the reason that fes, 1XCS3KS fc furrow or stakes, It will save much time when It Is desired to begin laying tiles. Any drainage system should be planned with reference both to the work It Is to perfonn and to Its future maintenance. Expense should not be what you There arc tosssv should always use. other reasons Why but try can and sec fog spared In securing accurate data on which to base the plan. It Is well to maintain the shallow open-ditcsystem. In use before the astile are laid. These surface-drain- s land of sist in quickly clearing the water from heavy rains. In, amounts for Which it would not be economical to provide tile of sufficient size to do the work so quickly. In Minnesota, spring floods are 'often carried off by the surface drains before the frost Is out sufficiently to permit to work. Time spent In opening sur- - yoursel h tire-drain- s poorly-equipie- d the water from the cultivated fields could not readily escape. Consequently, for eomplete drainage. It Is necessary to have, on the individual farm, a thorough system for collecting the water as It falls liad carrying It to the main outlet Unless the ground Is very flat the location of proposed dralnacan be best determined when the ground Is free from vegetable growths. A heavy growth of crops or weeds may cause low places to look high and high places low. A field freshly plowed or sown Is In the best condition for locating lines of drainage. If such a field Is examined Immediately after a heavy rain, there will' be little danger of making a mistake hi locating the lines. If these are at once marked out by a A FARM y PROFITABLY TILED. three systems ef were necessary. This tiltjglrainage shows the advantage with which two In putting neighbors can In a line ef tile. An obstacle so trivial aa a line fence should not bo permitted to prevent economical drainage. The owner of thia land says that tile pays for itself every year and that $200 expended on til has raised tho value of the 80 acres On this 80-ac- re field te - $1,000. faee-dral- ns when It Is ls not, therefore, lost, even lntendedto later Introduce an underdrainage system. The individual farmer with small tne&na should first select the area the tiling of which will drain the most land at the least expense. In a rolling country, where sufficient fall can be had for outlets near the surface, or without expensive open ditches, small tiles can be used around the sides of drainage areas outletting on a hillside or at the edge 6f a slough.' This method often improves large tracts at small cost, and as the Improved lands Increase In productiveness, funds will be supplied by which the tile lines can be extended, connected, and the expensive mains finally put In. This method has been used In many of the best tiled countries. In some Instances It has been twenty years from the laying of the first laterals to the comple-tloi- i of the last main. -- Immediately after construction, provision should ' be made for annual A drainage Improvemaintenance. ment, properly carried out and maintained; will add Its initial cost to the valne of the land and pay a dividend on the original lnvestmenL They Must Ask for It Well, Ed, why dont you Co met La ...... I was In doubt Why not give me the Ed Co It? ACTRESS TELLS benefit SECRET. A well known actress gives the folio. In rocipe for gray hair: To half plat et water add 1 oz. Bay Rum, a small boi X Barbo Compound, and Vk os. of glycwiat. Any druggist can put this up or you tu mix It at homo at very little cost Fd directions for making and uso corns a each box of Barbo Compound. It 3 gradually darken streaked, faded par hair, and make It soft and glossy. It win not color the scalp, is not sticky m greasy, and doss not rub off. Adr. IMPORTANT MATTER OF UGHT Excellent Reasons Why It Should Always Fall From the Left Side of Writer or Worker. The well-know- fact that, n she using the eyes for any near work, the Illumination should come from the kfl side rather than the right, U often dir regarded. Let anyone who considers the matta of little Important? bnce demonstniti to himself the difference and htrUl never forget It Take a pencil and paper and try to write phile In suck t position that the light will fall Iron the right side. The shadow of the hand or pcorfl or both is thrown on tho paper in suck away as partly to cover the characters one Is making. This necessitates I closer viewpoint and a conscious strata on the eyes. Now let the position of tk writer be reversed so that the falls from the left side. ' He will notice that the shadow fu and away from the work he Is doing, making leave the field unobscureLIn the change he cannot help but node immediftteb h the feeling of ease that experienced by the eyes. This applies to any other Mad ai-a near work In which the fingers act der the guidance of the eyes. Thi ft should be. remembered In planar offices schoolrooms, workrooms, work close any places where steady, to be performed. DIAGRAM OF A LINE OF LEVELS. BEAVER AN EXPERT WORKER Little Animal Excels Lumber Jacks at and Is a Prize Tree-Felle- re Dam Bidlder. If time la money that of w poles, four or five feet long by an Inch or two thick. These they lay crosswise, filling all crevices with mud The beaver digs up mud with hli fore feet, then "holds It dose to Mi breast with his fore legs, swims tc where he has started his dam, and having deposited It In Us proper place beats the mud down with his pawe not with his tall aa has been believed. St Nicholas. The most expert lumber Jack Is Inr. ferior to the beaver as a He cuts down trees la the most scientific way. He can fell a tree so It will fall toward the pond where he wishes to construct his home, thus saving himself unnecessary work. , Comparison, After the trees are felled the con,Dr. Isaiah B. Scott. Methodist blsb struction work begins. He works chief- op of Africa." said a Methodist divine collected in Monrovia a great deal ol ly by night, for he Is a nocturnal prowler. The moon Is his' lantern, the valuable ethnological matter. quiet of the night his Inspiration, his Talking about cannibalism one day sharp teeth are his hatchet and chisel, Bishop Scott.declared snd- his tittle paws-arMs means of .... 73oacnnlbUft wicked. IB Conveyance;' MS kpadeTMs hammer anl eats other people as you and I go tc his troweL Ilia hard, fiat, hairless church in order to Improve himself and scaly tall is a propeller when for he has been taught that he will ae swimming and a balance when he U quire the virtues the bravery, cutting timber, for he stands on his wisdom and what not of allbeauty those hind legs while gnawing down trees. whom he e,ts,7 . .. .... . ' The beaver is a strict vegetarian . Bishop Scott chuckled. and his diet consists chiefly of barks, A savage cannibal," he ended, Is t tender shoots and water plants. The saintly chap alongside of a civilize trees which furnish the bark he most backbiter. likes are the cottonwood, joplar, elm, willow, birch, aspen and boxelder. The Too Severe. bark of the oak. ash and hickory he Doctor Tour husband needs same does not eat good exercise to restore him. To flood low ground, the beavers Mrs. X Like playing golf? sometimes have to build a dam exDoctor More violent than that ceeding 60 feet In length. They usual-tMrs. X I have It! HI send him tt out with the curve facing down to make a lay few purchases at th The foundation Is built of bargain counter during ih- i ()- ltree-felle- - - must be lead nickels. are unable to think to or talk when sober. drunk Some men Instead wk of Worrying about tbe bigb Kving. just buy age of f Pac e - y up-strea- m-.l- i still sold at tbe same fair price. Enjoy a morning5!1 bf this delicious and smile over tbefr that youve had a g003 breakfast and W Saved Honey Isnt that a for any day? |