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Show r k 1910 r osgc x- - IS Wrt f A-Wntti- M nint r 1 H 4. " -- i - , i V t Red-fiel- sihi t i , of the Weather Bureau Beginning' ; - i- f Mr-gin- la Knowing, then, the fundamental principle of the mechanics of a storm, an urgmlzatlnn for the express purpose lf pmlhtlng the weatln r' wncljl rtnf Hemv of the flmithsoiusn infollow, Imf. stitution made weather reoorts as drily as for the ihainber Abbe made weather forecasts In l of tommercs at Cincinnati. . Congress appropriated I7VO In lc7o to inauga-r- a to the first Weather service. This has lawn gradually Increased until si the present Um- over II M to ritltred lo meet Ihe rXwiiS or. ih- - rihr bureau. Flnce Ihe Inecmbcmy ( ih, pnunl .il f, h.is not Pyof. Willis L. Moore. Ihe weath-- r liui-ahut ill Miil s ty Increased In general of nn have been made In the y and literal duo to his Tb present weather tiureu cons I .s ,if n icntral and abo i riw et ill in. I, flics at Washington, scattered throughout the entire I nitctl Piste and ths possession. The duties of the writtxr Inirr.u as k pi defined by Congress are that recur la shall l stations are and forecasts made To this end ihi it malntaln-- d with s f.rc of about a i ..le Each station Is equipped wl'h --e re oding InI the dlmlton struments W ,ll( li BUlomStll tli t and velocity of ths wind, the lorkrii ire. th, the sunshine, and the tisromeiii, pressure At I o'clock a m. and pm an bn tvi i s an obim nu rm.rds Ihi ui servation of Oil there weather and encipher them In a telegram shkli (a sent to all othdr stations in Ihe I nltcd flutes whr s westhsr map Is mads. These nbservsllans are then rwrefolly charted on Urge blank main, lines are drawn through points having equal barometric pressure, wud also through point having equal v.ture. This map twice dally rvvea'e to th? forecaster aa instantaneous picture of the weather conditions ,var ths entire country. Regions of low preseur n. dtcata storm areas, and regions of high preseur Indicate the areaa of fair or dear weather. Tfca forecasts by his. knowledge of tbs law sf hal-ural- .r hi I - r -- v c f t i s , .h-m- c 1 t, 3x 4 30 yEME!ra-TOliESSE?-j, , Scks JDswicter, Lccd Cfwca Wtg&a? Eertsa, ik-- I u i , f i t . II l. storms and fsmillsrlty with weather maps draws his conclusions regarding the nrosoeeUve weather for a district and this forecast la telegraphed to very nearly every town and hamlet In the country - - which can bereached by telegraph The forecasts consist of prediction of hurricanes, rold and hot waves, rains and snow and frost It will be readily Seen the Importance of a well organised bureau for carrying on this work. There are maay millions of dollisre' worth of ehlppmg in our ports on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and on Lakes Captains of these vessels attend to the weather bureau storm warnings, and It Is estimated that the foes of life and properly has been reduced 7( per cent by the weather bureau system of apprising the vessel masters of the approach of bad stnrma These warnings do not In many cases reach Ihe newspapers as It is desirable to hold them until the storm to about 12 or 1 hours swsy. so that vessels may not be detained In port unnecessarily. The forecasting of cold waves is also very ImWhen Ihe cold winds of a broad high portant area pressure sweep over the country spreading to the east and south and carrying with them Immense destruction lo perishable articles, forecasts ere sent broadcast Sometimes 100 one telegrams are sent as warnings of s single cold wave. It has been estimated that in a single cold wave tXSMOnn of property was saved to the shipper and the farmer Host warnings sre also very valuable to the hortic ultnrist and florist By using protective these men are able to save thousands, yes, millions of dollars every year In these warnings the went bet disseminating bureau Is aided by many persons and ois.in tuitions The dally forecast Is sent to mmy addresses dalle, the telephone nmpanles disseminating It to their various whkh In turn give It to their still-- c rlbers, all this free of charge The newspapers do a tremendous good by freely printing the foreiaats and special warnings Inaddltlnnto Jorecastliijg purely weather condi. thins, the weather bureau, also maintains a very Important branch of the service In Ihe river and food service. This hraneh keeps records of the river stages In all the principal streams in the country and forecasts important rises In the rivers and floods so successfully' that no Important flood haa incurred onx-lolie- ly s. Climatological Service While Ihe Ido regular weather bureau stations lo above give Ihe necessary knowledge upon whlih to base weather fore, sats. they are limuf-t- h lent for the minute study of i llmate In speinl localities For the latter purpose ihe weather hurevu maintains about JOA stations at which, observations are taken of temperature and prei by volunteers or observers as thev are valid In this bureau The dala fuml-h- l by these observers rorstltufe a most valuable part of the hlstorv of the weather In this country. River and Flood Service Another very Important branch of the weather bureau la Ihe river and flood service It is the provide of this service to take gaging of rivers, and forecast river and flood Stages of all the prim pa rivers In this fountrv The value of this servhe was even more strongly mphnslxd during another great flood from Man h June. Inclusiv- e- In Ahe Mississippi watershed The flood ,n the upper Mississippi watershed was one of the greatest In Its history while In manj port Unis of the lower watershed, the stages were the highest ever known Tet notwithstanding (h enormous volumes of water the forecasts and warning wrre sc- - finitely verified hoth as to location stage, and date Warnings w,;, Issued from four davs to three weeks In advanie. and In no single Instame did the stiige that wss foreeast differ Trom that actually s nxorded by more than nf a font The nverngc illff, renre was about of a foot The value of the property saved hv the weather bureau warnings could not be hreiirafely tomputed, Init probably exceeded that mentioned In the paragraph four-tenth- two-tent- pre-icdi- Special Qenefiis Derived from Reports Vblle the value of the bureaus report and wam- - houses APPLICATION OF FORECASTS ANDWARNINCS- closed and boilers fired. Preparations Large stockyards drain their mains. Gasoline engines art drained. Work In concrete Is stopped. Brewing companies take care of exposed ammonia condensers and water connections. Street railway companies arrange for more boat In their can. Meror direct attention chants curtail advertisements largely to cold weather article. Coal dealers aupply partial orders to all customers needing fuel. Instead of full orders to a few, and thus pleaae all of their The patrons. Ice factories reduce their output dredging of sand and gravel cesses and iron ore piled up for ahlpment l placid In the holds of v, ise la, to prevent the wet masses from freeslng solid Cliarity organisations prepare to meet Increased demands among the poor Warnings of frosts and freezing weather are valuable to the fruit, sugar, tobacco, cranberry, and market gardening lnt erects. Warnings of 6torm$ and hurricanes are of immense value to marine interests. Warnings of cold waves are of value to all interests. River commerce is aided by publication of river and flood stages. VALUE OF FORECAST &r are at ones made by beating and lighting plants, whether gas. electric, steam, or hot water, to meet ths increased demands that will follow. Firs plugs, ax posed 'main, and general plumbing are protected. v- WARNINC3. Pointers for Agriculturists In the agricultural distrli t the frost and cold wave warnings are Invaluable to the trucker and fruit grower, especially In Vie spring, when I ha tender Vegetables are protected bv covering with taper, cloth, or soil, and fruit Is safeguarded bv Smudging. Irrigation, or othhr methods designed lo maintain the temperature above the danger point $3,500,000 were saved by warnings issued for a single cold wave of excqHional severity. $15,000100 worth of live stock and other projierty were, on one occasion, removed from regions in the lower Missis ippi River valley that were, afterwards by being pkked in advance of the fre, xe. Totato digging Is suspended and the dug potatoes removed from the field and sugar cane Is cut and winnowed inundated $100,000 worth of vegetables, oranges, and strawberries were saved on a single night in a limited district of Florida by a upon receipt of su, h advices. Immense savings having resulted In Ihe sugar districts of Louisiana as a result of su, h a, tkm The expected duration and severitv of frvexe govern operations In the Ice harsingle warning. vest, If the cold Is to be prolonged the Ice men await the desired thickness, but otherwise the cutting wilt be hastened In order to secure the best possible returns under the, circumstances. The tem- Ing to many Interests to V obvious as scarcely to farm ...need . mofet ha nth perature forecasts are also largey...litillaed-b- y brief'nientloiLgreadySriJen- era In the killing of hoge, by sheepmen at lambing there are numerous special appUcatkina of the inand shearing time, and by atoekmen in general at forms I Ion in Individual pursuits and Industries that critical seasons of the year might not have been suspected. On account of , Rain forecasts are also utilised In the large fruit wane of these may lead to an Increased uae nf the districts to enable plrklng data In Quarters where the possibility of their ap- -. gdvanca af reins o that tbs fruits can be shipped tn batter condition than plication has not. yet been recognised, and additional those upon which rain has fallen after they hgve details nf the manner In which the Information tx been taken from ths ground. Broom corn Is Ha bid utilised In a number of enterprise will doubtless be to damage from rain If left In the field Much savfound of Interest. ing haa resulted from consulting ths forecasts In The railway and transportation companies mak; alfalfa cutting, since the alfalfa hay can.be baled In all of their shipcontinued use of the forecasts In the field If dry, but If baled wet it will spoil. The ments Perishable products are protected against same benefits derivable from rain forecasts, apply temperature extremes by Icing or heating, as con- -' to alfalfa cut for seed, since a heavy fall of rain , dttlnns may require. Oftentimes shipments of perupon the crop, after cutting, ruins Its commercial found posis halite good are accelerated when value Lime, cement; brick, drain tlte. and newer sible to carry them to their destination in advance ' pipe material alLraqulr protection from rain during of the expected unfavorable temperature conditions th process of manufacture, and cement work must An advance notice of a cold wave will often hold up be protected from rain for 4 hours to 4 hours after a contemplated shipment until after the freese has the cement Is told. The rain forecasts are used by V assed. and. If the cold la protracted, the comcontractors In their roofing work. Ihotographlr will refuse receive lo consignments of goods panies firms wmrklng on a large scale find them helpful In These likely lo be injured by low temperature planning for panoramic views City departments deapply In some Instances to prospective temtermine th number of teams needed tn street narrow perature changes within comparatively railroad companies guard against washsprinkling, limits On the other hand, most meats are beat outs and Irrigation companies control the output shipped In cold weather, although ths use of re, of water by expected conditions of rainfall as given frigerator cars prevents loss, and the movement of 111vs Idana um them tn In th forecast advice to e. live hugs and cattle by freight Is avoided. If r patients suffering with tonsllltla or Inflammation of when a hot ware la expected High temperathe throet. nnee, or fr- wherejt. to expedient- that ture ar also hurtful to certain other shipments, Thar sufferer Kbvu!d keep Indoors They are also- so flsh and the that oysters, eapedafir question .of by dentists, many of whom make appointments the proper amount of Ice to he ured l. lnttmauly reserve fhelr plate wort, fo, Wgh, ,sy. connected with the forecast Issued by the bureau - -with Inclement weather. A knowledge of days The dally forecast s and th report, of general temperature and moisture conditions In advance Is weather conditions likewise assist In .determining of assistance ln blest furnace operations tn deterthe points lo which many shipments of perishable mining Ihe quality of th outrtit. Warning of heavy' article are directed. In order to meet the Irregusnows are very valuable to railroads by enabling lar drmsnda that are frequently , dependent upon them to organise their snow fighting equipment and the kind of weather that prevails to 4 given secto reduce the tonnage of their freight and pa-- " tion The movement of eggs kept !n storage, for In - ganger train. If considered necessary They are also stance, la largely regulated by temperature change, necessary on Ih great western ranches and plains, th announcement of a cold wave being usually fol-lwhere the atork to hurried from the ranges to shelby brisker shipment from western supply ter upon notice of bllsaards. northers, or heavy districts to the eastern markets. In anticipation of snows. Forecasts of bad weather, whether reeult-In- g a rise In price from low temperatures, heavy rains, heavy' The usee made of temperature forecasts In th snowy, or a combination of these, are used In raea. fill" are more varied than to generally supposed. toting advertising. In arranging for automobile or IVIlh notice of an approaching cold wav green- other outdoor trips, to provide for Indoor work' on jq s poe-sIM- - -- i od From a Small Beginning tLe United State Weather Service Ha Growa. In addition to the 200 regular weather bureau stations there are maintained about 2,000 stations at which observations are taken by volunteers of temperature and precipitation. The river and flood service te another important branch which is responsible for the saving of millions of dollars annually to the country. SIt Uh WdshiMGjffM TTMessen dedion&'nedofs, -- min-fal- Jii . iipti...: bp WM&ntfal (ojfiGeMSMatteriirm, oriel his condition, and the various lt menls of the weather as they affected his his attention front remote antiquity. comfort His earliest studies of the weather were transmitted to us in the form of pm verbs . These proverbs were simply the result of the experience of one or many , jenAa Meteorology in the old sense embraced ttiestudy of not only the air but of the moon and the stars, and ill fact everything aerial. The first work on the subject wss written probably by Anstotle In the absence of general physical knowledge and instrumental equipment, the ancient were not able to make scientific inquiry into the Ians governing the weather, and meteorology not only did not advance, but In the Middle Ages the weather lore waa simply portion of astrology, and what weather predictitma were made were given out by the disciples of this ancient science. The first attempt te explain the rainbow by reflection In the drop df ruin was by a Oerman monk. Tkeodorlc, in Mil. This wss one of the first efforts to explain in a scientific manner a phenomenon of the atmosphere. But the general science of meteorology could not advance materially except as the knowledge of general physics advanced sad precise scientific instruments were Invented. - The first Important instrument to be Invented was the thermometer. This instrument dates from the time of Galileo who devised the Instrument probably in KPT. The form of this eor.y thermometer resembles somewhat ths modern barometer with an Imperfect vacuum, ahd was first used grnerall) by lures loll-5a famous physician, fianctortous. In his Of course varying atmospheric pres. u re would affect the secure ry of the Instrument greatly. In 1454 the alcohol thermometer was invented, followed by the mercurial In a short time. Fahrenheit made his first thermometer wit.i the definite points at- freeslng end boiling water in 1714. at thclmi The barometer uixo had Us of Galileo, although ths Invention of this instrument Is generally attributed to his pupil TorrUvIlo, in IM, After this Instruments multiplied rspldly, ami the study could progress, but the field ot 4,1- :- m stem was so large that a considerable period elapsed bclorv tVe lee ,rf qhmwk mi enunciated There were, how meg, many observations on hurries yes, Gphoons. and clones, and many writer a pubiwfied descriptions of than but it wras not until as late as toll that a nevrai architect, slated that the winds in a Storm had a. rotary movement, while the storm its, if had a progfeastve motion. This is now commonly called the law, of storms. e There- - wrfe many guesses regarding the rotary movement of the winds, but1 It was not until itediield that.lt was definitely stated in conneitbm with the progressive motion of the whole storm Itself However the first generalisation of the progr. salve movement of storms wss made as early as 1741 by l,rw la Evans who said "All storms begin to Uewsrd" sooner in Thus a N. E-- storm shall be than In BoMpi And again Ibnjsmln franklin who In 17(5 Identified the lightning with electricity Stated that storms moved from the west to the east. (ttf Christmas agmg th farms, and In guarding school (hlldrea exposure to th elements Measures to Protect Property Some special uses of tho storm warnings ,4 found In the measures adapted to pr,t r. t prop, and crops subject to Inundation front high tub backwaters blown up b th winds. In advaaqt ft S predicted storm, rice planters flood thtr rjJ to prevent the straw fmm being broken by tp winds Agents of marine Insurance companies ip train from Insuring cargoes after n storm lis km predated. Fishermen take steps to findo-- t ttef boats and tuts Lumbermen make their steadM booms secure and regulate their hi towing At Up ports vessels load hurriedly If they can get at tag lo five hours tn advance of offshore winds. If sms Is also expected, a si art of seven to it hoars g lie, eesary. Considering Ihe cost of operating s ws set whether (landing or moving, a day saved fnq idleness In the harbor naans an apprec ahw - tn expense. Flood warn tug are Indispensable to all river g, dqstrtee, as well as to the of,, rat ions earned fbg III lowlands subject to liun,Litl..n. Tn- -r tei h follow id by the removal of tattle from bottom Itsft and by the saving of su, h crop as can be cut totog the high water natbea the threatened d.MtrtiC ( Fishermen in the Columbia river claim that Us w aler stage seem to have sum effect on the (k Irani, nf salmon from the ocean, and that If watching the river forecasts, a spurt tn ths rut f fish can be predicted a ith g fair degree of secuiwg Forecast of low river stages are not without ce sidereble value to some Interests hn the gif falls below a given height many water-powplarf have their supply cut off; wih ample notice, thg can have their auxiliary steam plants ready tg use. and thus continue their business without Ik tnrruptlon Miscellaneous Uses W Among the- - m iacettarteoax UlCi or The classes of forecasts are their application te tb manufacture of certain articles where slight change In temperature, moisture, and other westhsr dements have been found to nffect th quality jf produrt,Thl Is. true of certain stages Ik fit manufacture of bluing, varnish, oils, cemsot, S4 bricks, paper, phof wraphic supplies, ikitfkfl candles, and tome welds. They also serve ssaffift the plans .of public amusement companies; Bflf slon enterprise, awning companies, and tbess gaged In outdoor painting. . Th Gm'ly maps and bulletins and th Wins and reports containing Statistical dais utilised In many ways' by the public. IaU If A pressure era used In tests of bollera, n and automobiles, and In studies cf the sms of fuel required to 'drive engines under toffbf Btatlstlrs of wind ftm 1st .etmoephcrfh 'pressures direction assist tn the Installation of waicr swdf systems to be operated by wind mlfla. In deteitodst - the origin of "'fires resulting from flying sfsuka. pressure lo which large buildings will lie 4 'Wtd x under stress of heavy storms, and the mentnf lake waters In connection with the ffs evae ThsT hurnidTlTT. SirfiTW poaal of I, used by silk and candy manufacturers, to !( euloals Invcillgiwlons. and to studies nf lbs to fl electric current, in high voltage transmlMlnfl. regarding rainfall and snowfall are extremely fuLJn planning Irrigation entarprtses and reservoir site, and era atudlad In connection with construction of waterworks, bridges, culverts, sewers River data are utilised by flltrathw In guiding their methods cf chemically purlfyto water used for drinking purposes, aa th coaditk of thd raw water supply as regards hseterto tent and turbidity are greatly affected by the of Ihe river and the amount of rainfall- - MM need by business men generally, by aero cluto studies of nights, and .school teachers in eto ' . ((ruction The miscellaneous climatological data are retotks medical and scientific studies of Weather to diseases sad other conditions of Ilf, or human pursuits; by railroad ecsnpeahs adjustment .f claims and demurrage chaff , ,h y bomeseekers: by Invalids In search cf h r'ort"' by Irrigation Investigators; by cooltet nd bull,1T settling labor account, hr chants In studies of the relation of tb west their dally sales, by gas and electric pomp"- 1showing l heir customers th relation of theirty Mils to the varying hours of daylight at 4l"J seasons of th year; os adequate testimony I tovsettealk! ? proceedings; In dry farming studies of toll culture, practical agriculture, F Ilf and migration of Insert peels; to pln development of th arid regions; tn th prer"" of historical records; by bond and Invest mol panlea to determining th loan values of f,r jV, In newly opened countries; la short. In nearff . calling In which tb weather plays any P , Many more uses nf th warnings and tPot j hlch b cited, but those of already given sit taken from personal Inter received at fhe office of th weather bureau or at It field Pt!,j rill suffice te show th extent to which lhf utilised by the publto In the ffhlre 4 ux Jh m-f- 1 m' , " r |