Show war on liver fluke in basin roalo ad address driess by dr L C E swanson junior zoologist dunan of ct animal industry over ra dlo station the me zoological division of tile the bureau of animal industry united states department or of agrical agri cul tute tuie has assigned on sheep liver fluke the fillo dr robrt jay in charpe charge station rd pd at carvall Cor vall s ore dr Z C doyd y stationed at twin in falls falla ida and dr L E swanson Bw anson stationed at salt balt lake city utah these stations to being of vallas ore the abe salt bait lake station line haa charge of the and control work in utah wyoming montana colorado nevada and arizona in utah there are 21 khoan infested counties in garfield Garfit ld DU chesne and uintah counties the in fe station Is so BO heavy that it has hai nearly wiped out the small email farm flick tl ck sheep heep industry and 75 per cent of the cattle there have revealed liver fluke infests infesta nf ta ton on postmortem post mortem hortent examination 0 pr tin the enilio state front from govern anent packing house reports last year vear 13 2 per cent of all cattle killed re repealed eald liter fluke infestation tills meling means an arm R I 1 loose to the utah cattlemen of apt ply ely from condemned liv erg ere thene teepie figures do not take into consideration tile the annual mortality loises ossen or loss in conditioning the animals for marketing mai there are known knon to be twenty wo two states in the united states infest ed with liver flukes the alie ons onis aro are in the pacific states slates tile the rocky mountain region tile the south melt and the southern states bordering the gulf of mexico in west ern montana these alief parn parasites are so prevalent pic pie valent that it Is almost ini im ui to kill a sheep cow drei or elk and find a rood good liver arvell ty five percent of the deer prid art rt in certain regions are infested Aj A butcher at fujicka montana sta t pd ed that tor for the past 15 13 years an aej proximately 07 percent of tile the liv 1 cis have haie been unfit for human ron con became of this fluke over the entire united states B tates the indicated loss on oil condemned livers liven from this parasite pa Is viv elv each year the mature sheep cheep liver fluke la is pule brown flat leaf like worm which lives in the bile ducts of the liver the flukes usually dimain in the liver from 0 9 to 10 months but they have been as re nial aing there from 3 to 5 years fach fluke Is said sad to lay approximately eggs thue fire are pas ans ed with tile feces arid and upon reach epach ing water mater Incubi incubate te in 3 to 6 weeks in warm marm weather heat ber each egg eg ultima abely liberating a ciblatt larva known khoan as a tacks ertan gnall amphibious freshwater fresh water the lives only I 1 to 3 hours it if unable to find a suitable snail hot hoft ohp ill in point or of attack on oil the lie pt pi inslfe Is along the title line of 0 cIt distri ic ton ten of the snail which the nuke fluke tile the friall honts rie ate sp vies of small right handed snails the shell opening beinor being on oil the oh ebers right tic the peak of the shell la Is uppermost and the open aff faces the he observer they are found in ditches springs lakes and and ph sho a marked ti reference for vaud mud in 49 to ao 80 day clays after be comina infested the nail mail hott lim st I 1 berates into the pter tiu free swimming sa anim ing minute tadpole like youma flukes keown os as As these swim about they form figgie figuie eights when they comor in contact with such objects i BS as grais irais kaica watercress etc they on them or they may in ill the water aal float free an it the surface these ests seq abich le tiny penile bre are now infective for cattle and othir definite hosts animals grafing on wet act fields field end and sloughs or along tile the banks ct streams and ponds wallow sallow the cysts with ith the gross or water vp illi oil reaching the digestive tract the cyst wall is dinolt dissolved d hb liN rating the boung fluke which bur burrows roNs through tile he no lie into the body cavity finds its way may to the liver penetrates the capsule into the liver th site and finally comes conas to rest in the tile duct where here it reaches sexual maturity it takes six months from tile the time the egg hatches until the matute flukes are producing agirs the treatment for sheep Is safe rate reliable and tetrachloride Is used in 1 11 c cc C dyes repeated in 3 or 4 herkt arks at the time thre there is m in suitable treatment treat mint for cattle that li is safe reliable raid ad and therefore we me have to rely upon anai destruction to control the lluke fluke in battle cattle by breaking the life As the snails are essential in the life cycle of the fluke their tit 11 ll atlen means the destruction of the fluke they may be ed by adequate drainage of wet act arena or by other means copper sulphate ha has proved very cry effective effect ve fur for killing the snails under tinder certain conditions and its we use Is often in when snail mail destruction by drainage Is impractical ibis ral cal will kill them under tinder reasonably renso favorable conditions in it a dilution rt C I 1 part copper sulphate to parts parta of water miller in this or much stronger solutions copper sulphate is 15 riot not harmful to livestock that drlik drink it but it will kill such non flowering plants as algae and mosses dry powdered po dered copper sulphate Is mixed with aith moist I ind in the ratio of one round pound of cop per aul sulphate to 4 or 6 pounds of dirt and broadcast in the manner in which farmers broadcast seed total cot of draining and treating sloughs and wet lueas is it 23 per acre in streams it requires 13 pounds of copper sulphate per second foot flow flos of water sater per mille mile or less lem at an average emt cost of 60 renta cents a second foot ilow fow in order to inaura complete control of liver flukes dukes the rand ers era should keep their places wf ll drained arid and the streams and ponds free from vegetation abick arid and rubbish thorough draining brainin g it Is the mott sound permanent and effective method of snail control and consequently of fluke eradication at the present time plans fire arc being made for extensive fluke cam campaign in four states mates in utah these plans call for for equipment and mat erlih relief technical and ch cical labor of this amount Is to be allot td to duchesne county to uintah county til to garfield couii counts and to deaver beaver county idaho washington and oregon have similar plans w tile hie es of 50 in each state blate liver liter flukes are becoming very verv widely spread among animals and unless controlled will in eventually become inome so prevalent in areas where conditions are ideal for their apropo 1 gatian that a profitable livestock livet tock 1 Ind industry ostry will ill be impossible I 1 control measures are essentially a cooperative endeavor between tro tle tr o elate federal and county clait io and the stoc stockman stockmen kmen in older to eliminate this parasite the par ate under over cover and mot ll vesto it nun know only that they lae vire looses lomes in their shem or that their cattle do not do will tit because of it they ney are naturally unaware of the presence of laukes until actual deaths occur or the butcher or buyer brings the flukes to their attention the situation in big game ant animals li Is very bad the fluke affect der unfavorably the borms make a bad impi eslon on oil hunters li ona ana the deer spread the parasites to livestock tt it Is well ell to state stale that snails are carriers of other flukes and other worm parasites of game birda such as ducks geese brants and upland birds in this program e attempt not only to eliminate the iii alla which cairy liver ill allulis alls but alro almo other snails in the arena areas worked program therefore v will III as assist tile I 1 lie sportsmen spoils men as well as tile the Bt tok in closing I 1 visit aish to guo gite a 11 ren gen etal statement in regail to these enemies of ct mankind the prita site gives tho c war I 1 aa a tr te be on n ony liny tate of active 01 has long ellice pr diet d that the next grest great war ar ifal not be between notion but men inen and alft aa sites A parasite la Is a living ton tm ui i plant th ill it tit hi in 11 or on othel r ahlm an lm m fron from blell it obtain no mint it tl ti rd cd c d to protect our ot onn ahei and health I 1 and the lives and health of oui levest 1 11 r pa p nt ill ko VP inn 1 h P to fight pa parasites ii isett aid vt m 11 uele ari clent on oil earth carth birwe hc foie mans time began beban if man la is to survive we me must bileve blint and borms are riot not the rightful basteri ma inn of tile the earth and i that tc me must astron limmitt ra I 1 ther than let them destroy tig nidie nii I 1 tins has equipped her very tor for tile of effs iffs find and they we or and adapted for on oil the other hand science tins learned their habits and life lila li tory and has hai the meu at mand to attack enemies enc irles at thir arak cak points and destroy then them this war will mill be fought michl eiith chemicals machines and man power potter na fire are most moat mais between nn na the liver fluke can be ell raina ted by bv taking advantage of f 1 it at the vulnerable point in its iti life cycle its need for the snail if we Ili minate the snail we ie crad cote cate i tile the fluke we invite the stoc stockmen kmen spoils men ruid and officials who ho may lime haie tol to deal alit ahli parasite to correspond 1 with ith either dr robert jav iv ir Z C coyd boyd at 01 dr L F swan i son concerning their problems problem i |