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Show , \ a j p pa Radar Magical Beam ThatBounces That Thai Thaia Thaiy Thai@ti f 9 9Bounces a y @ti @tiu @tiBounces @ u Bounces Back on Contact ContactLightning ContactLightning i 4 A : , Lightning Calculator Estimates DIStances Distancess DistancesUpon DistancesUpon StudyII . s , II Upon Deflection of Electrons ; : Study Studyr StudyOf StudyOf ' < . r Of Apparatus Still Stili in Infancy . I By BAUKHAGENews BAUKHAGENftDI BAUKHAGE BAUKHAGEVews NftDI News Vews Analyst Analyd and Commentator W\ W ' \ WM7 WU fhu U Service Union Trust Trost BUJldlng Building BuildingWshinfton , . Washington D C CIn CIn In ( ( In a previous prevlow wticit flrtlde article Sir Mr hlr Bau1.hago Bau1hago Bauliege Bau1.hagotold Baul Baukhasetold . iege iegetold told toldlame toldsome some lame o/ o oj of othe / the tiule Lwe lade Icrown krown facts JacII mthe In sn Inthe snthe the history h.tory htory . and development detelopmenl detelopment of oj ojrodar ofradar rodar radar rodarand radarand radarand and andrecorded recorded recordedmany many of oj ojIII ofiii its III possible pOillble $ peace- peace peacetime peacetime peace-time peace time - - time uses we $ . . . In this thu article ortlde he explalnl explains explalnlwhat explainswhat explainswhat what makes ma.eJ maeJ males ! . radar tKkand tickand tick tKk : and how it 11 per perJormed performed performed Jormed formed JormedJome formedsome some Jome of oj ofits id 1/.1 1.1 1 .1 its / . manelons 11UIrH/ow 11UIrH ow marvelous / leal feats $ m in mthll inthis mthis thll this uar ) ) Impact a publication of the of offlce oflice offlee flce lice of the assistant chief cwef of air staff staffintelligence staffIntelligence staffintelligence intelligence branch for the first firsttime firsttime firsttime time lifting lIftmg the veil " , which mch has cov coy covered coyered covered ered descriptions descrlphons of radar says suc sue succmctiy suecmctly suecmctly cmctiy cmctly A radar set Is noth ng ngmore ngmore ngmore more than a machine machme tor for sendmg sending sendmgelectrons sendingelectrons sendingelectrons electrons out into space in a steady steadystream steadystream steadyttream stream in a desired direction These Theseelectrons Theseelectrons Theseelectrons electrons travel with the speed oflight oflight of ! light In a straight line lme unt wit unti I 1 theIr theIrenergy theirenergy theirenergy energy is dissipated or unless theybump they theybump theybump bump into somethmgThat somethingThat something somethmg somethingThat That bump is important If a astream astream attream stream of electrons is shot into mto the theaIr theair theair aIr . like l.ike a searchlight searchl1ght and a plane planefiles planeflies planeBIes files flies across the stl stieam earn the elec electrons elecIrons elecIrons trons Irons which wmch hit the plane bounce bounceback bounceback bounceback back They bounce right back to a ascrecn ascreen atcrecn screcn screen in th the radar scope and are arere arerevealed arerevealed re revealed ea1ed in the form of a bllp blip bllpof blipof blipof of light hght aust Just lust as an echo boundmg bounding boundmgback boundingback boundingback back on your } ) OUT our eardrum is refiected reflected reflectedIn refiectedIn In the form of a soundThe soundThe sound soundThe The principle of the real echo IS ISused isused isused used in some sonic location 10catJon of obsta obstaclesswps obstadesships obstacles cles-swps cles swps des-ships des ships - - ships use it to locate shoals shoalsfor shoalsfor shoalstor for Instance And recently It has hasbeen hasbeen hasbeen been demonstrated that , bats use usethe usethe usethe the same principle in fa avoiding avoldmg ob obstacles obstacles obttacles stacles which CWIDcb ( they can t see sincethey smce since smcethey sincethey they are blind ) by uttering uttermg a hny'beep tiny'beep tmy hny tiny tmybeep beep 'beep ' ' the pitch of which is 15 probably probably prob probbly ably bly too high for the human ear to tocatch tocatch tocatch catch Their beep bounces back in inhIDe intime intime hIDe time to warn them to duckBut duckBut duck duckBut But radar s electronic electromc blip bhp is isbetter isbetter isbetter better than a sonic ODlC beep One Onereason Onereason Onereason reason is that an electron moes moves moveswith mo\ mo movestuth \ es .1th 1th with \ > . the speed of light I1ght which is fast faster faster taster er than sound . . . 'Echo Echo ' ' Caught CaughtOn CaughtOn On Radar ReceiverPerhaps Receiver ReceiverPerhaps Perhaps at th s point pomt we ought to torecall torecall torecall recall to your minds mmds \ what hat an anelectron anelectron antiectron electron is Ashort A short hort definition deftmtJon of an anelectron anelectron antiectron electron is 15 the most elementary elementaryharge elementarybarge elementaryharge harge barge of negat ve ye electricity electricityElectrons electricityElectrons electricityElectrons Electrons plus protons ( the positivecharge posItive posItivecharge positivecharge charge ) are . what v.hat vhat atoms are madeDf made madet Df t f and atoms arehat are \ what \\hat hat molecules moleculesare are made of and you and I and the theIlIUverse theuniverse theuniverse IlIUverse universe and all it contains contams are as aswe aswe asKe we learned in high wgh school nothmg nothing nothmgbut nothingbut nothingbut but various groups of moleculesOrdmarlly moleculesOrdinarily molecules moleculesOrdinarily Ordinarily Ordmarlly electrons pursue the theeven theeven theiven even if rapid tenor of their ways wayswell wayswell waysurell well well'lthm \ within \\'lthm 'lthm lthm \ ' the bounds of their own ownltoms ownstoma ownitoms ltoms stoma But radar has changed all allthat allthat allthat that It has made it poss pons ble to to"roJect toproject toproject "roJect roJect project " those electrons out into intoIpace intospace Intoipace Ipace space and then if they hit some someIbmg something something Ibmg thing and bounce back to catch the theecho theecho theecho echo on the scope of the radar radarlet radarset radarlet let set in m the form of a a "blip blip 'blip ' " or blob blobDf blobof blobCf Df of light llgbt . . lightWe We can t go into mto detail detall as to how howIh1s howthis howthis Ih1s this operation operahon takes place but weran we wetan weran tan ran tell you in lD a general way The Thescope Thescope Theicope scope of the radar set is round It ItIs Itis ItIs Is hk like ; a map North at the top topsouth topsouth toptouth south at the bottom east to the rightand rightsnd right rightnd and snd nd v . vest west est to the left So that you youwill youMil will rill know wh where re you are a httle little httlebght littleLight littlehght bght Light appears on the screen just justwhere justwhere justKrhere where your set is located on the themap themap themap map you are looking lookmg at By mov movIng movbig movhg Ing big the Instrument you can keep keeptoursell keepourself keepyourself toursell ourself m in the middle It If H you see seeanother seemother seemother another mother spot of light on the screen screenap screenip screenIP ap ip where 12 o 0 clock would be on ontour onfour onfoui tour four watch dial you know there is ist ist 1 t plane ( or other object ) north of ofou ofyou otyou you , ou If it should be a plane and It Itwere itwere itwere were corn com ng toward you ( which the theInstrument thebistrurnent theInstrument Instrument bistrurnent would reveal ) ) and It Ith1ally itInally itInally h1ally Inally appeared right on top of the thelight thelight thelight light that showed your location location location.you locationyou , . , tou you d know that there was go ng to toDe toae toce De ae a coll coli coil slonRadar sionRadar sion slon sionRadar Radar can see a ship swp 30 mlles miles mllesawayand milesawayand milesaway away-and away and - and see it in the dark dark.hroUgh darkhrough darkArough .hroUgh hroUgh . a wall of cloud or mistwhich mistwhich mist mistrhich rhich which no human sight could pene penelate penefate late fate " k kDifferent D Different ferent substances give strongerr strongertr strongerer stronger tr er r weaker echoes on your screen screenwater screenwater screentrater water little llttle or none Land more moreStilt moreuiltup Stilt ( UlIt up areas more than fields Rocks fieldsRocks more than softer surfaces surfacesIn objectta objectIn objectbt In addition to locating locatmg an object In bt relation to the tbe observer ( the loca locaaon localion lion of the radar set set ) ) the distance rom trorn ! distanceIrom distancerom distancetrorn the object can becalculated be calculated calculated6y calculatedDy Dy torthe forthe y tht thl the . length ol ot of t me it takes for the electrons to reach the object and bounce andbounce back The elevation ( angle I > of angleof angleI f height from observer ) and the Iefiecbon Iefiection ! theleflection theIefiecbon theIefiection ( ho hov v tar far to the right or or.eft or'eft oriett .eft eft 'eft eft . ' ) ) are calculated just as a sur veyor veyo-r veyo r - makes these calculations b by byobservation byobservation , observation from two ( known mown pointsAnd pomts points pomtsAnd pointsAnd And you } ) ou dont don t have to b be an in n en engineer engineer engineer gineer to do it 1t either-It either It either - it is done doneautomatJcally doneautomatically doneautomatically automatJcally automatically by a lightning I1ghlnmg calcu calculator calculator calcula lator latorI tor torI I have stood in awe before bcfore these thesecalculatJng thesecalculating thesecalculating calculatJng calculating machines machmes which wru.ch wruch . cai caithink ca cs " ' ! think thmh more accurately and a athousand athousand athousand thousand times hmes taster faster than t'tan ttan ' I could couldi couldfigure couldfigure i figure and watched how they d rect rectI rectthe rectthe I the aim of the turret waist and taIJ tad taIJguns tadguns tailguns guns on a B 29As 29As 29 29As As I said m in last week s article articlethe articlethe articlethe the enemy has radar too The Gel Ger Germans Germans ' mans were working wor1.mg wor1mg . on it with m in mveshgat investigat mvestigat veshgat vestigat on and exper ment v.hlch vhlch which v.hlchparalleled whichparalleled . whichparalleled paralleled ours and those of the thc Brit BritIsh Brithsh British Ish hsh In the early days of the v . war warthe warthe ar artile tile the Germans had receiving recenmg receiting sets on onwgh onhigh onhigh wgh high hills along the coast of o1 France FranceThe FranceThe FranceThe The electron beam like hke that FranceI of tele teleISIOn television television I \ISIOn ISIOn vision \ moves in m a straight line hne and andsmce andsince andsince smce since the surfice surhce soncce of the earth IS IScurved iscurved iscurved curved this curve gets in the way wayif wayif wayif if the image and recel\ recel receiving recelmg \ mg set are aretoo aretoo aretoo too far apart Therefore land sets setsare setsare setsare are placed as high in the air as aspossIble aspossible aspossible aspossibleWe possIble possIbleWe We knew that the Germans had hadsome hadsome hadsome some kind of an electronic electromc devIce devIceand deviceand deviceand and they knew we had one One of ofthe ofthe ofthe the early commando raids which whichthe whichthe whichthe the papers said was successful In Indestroymg indestroying indestroying destroymg destroying a German radio sta stahon stahon stabon hon really destro destroyed ) ed the radar in installabon installation installation installationPoke stallationPoke stallabon stallation Poke Out OutJaps OutJaps'Eyes OutJapsEyes lap Japs & ' ' ' 'Eye Eye ' Eyes & ' ' ' One of the reasons reason why Iwo Jima Jimaand Jimaand Jimaand and Okinawa Okmawa were so important be besides besides besides sides the tact fact that they make e't et e'c ec e'tcellent e'ccellent exceUent ' ' cellent naval and air bases is be because because because cause the Japs had their radar de detecbon detection detection tecbon tection stat ons on these islands and andwere andwere andwere were able to detect the presence of ofour ofour ofour our bombers and intercept mtercept their theirfilght theirflight theirflight filght flight You \ will III also recaU recall that a anumber anumber anumber number of little httle adjacent Islands Islandsthat islandsthat islandsthat that hardly seemed of any Impor Importance importance importance tance " , were ere seized by o-ir o ir O.lr Olr our . - troops troopsIn troopsIn troopsIn In all probab hty llty lity it was because becausethey becausethey becausethey they had radar installations mstanatlons instaflations which whichcould whichcould whichcould could detect and give warning warnmg of ofplanes ofplanes ofplanes planes leaving leavmg the larger island for forJapan forJapan forJapan Japan As we put out her ees eyes eesone eyesone evesone ) one after another Japan becomes becomesmore becomesmore becomesmore more impotent There have ha\e ha e \ beenmany been beenmany beenmany many cases vou you ) ou may have not ced cedwhere cedwhere cedwhere where the Japs on land or on small smallsmps smallships smallships smps ships have been taken by surprIse surpriseI I have no information mformatlon on this sub subJect sublect subject Ject lect but m in some cases it may have havebeen havebeen havebeen been due to the fact that they theylacked theylacked theylacked lacked radar equ pment It is be beI be1 I 1 eved eyed that . what v.hat vhat radar knoledge knowledge knoledgeJapan knowledgeJapan knowledgeJapan " , Japan has came from the GermansOf GermansOf Germans GermansOf Of course there is one phase of ofradar ofradar ofradar radar detection wh ch in m the past pasthas pasthas pasthas has sometimes prevented use of ofdata ofdata ofdata data concerning concernmg the detect on of a aplane aplane aplane plane or ship That is the fact that thatunW thatuntil thatuntil unW until the object is very close it can cannot cannot cannot not be ident fled fied It is merely abl abl a abl bl p of light Therefore it is 1111 urn 1111possible urnpossible mlpossible possible to tell telI friend fnend and enemy enemyapart enemyapart enemyapart apart Some sort of ident fication ftcatlOn ftcatlOnhas ficationhas ] has been developed details of which whichare whichare whichare are still sbll I bel eve top secretAn secretAn secret secretAn An example of how this . worked v.orked vorked to tothe tothe tothe the disadvantage of the British Bnush v as asin asin asta in the engagement in m whch wh ch HMS HMSHood HMSHood HMSHood Hood was lost On May 21 1941 1941the 1941the 1941the the Hood was lying Iymg in the strait be between between between tween Iceland and Greenland when whensuddenly whensuddenly whensuddenly suddenly out of nowhere she was waswt washit washit wt hit by a salvo from the 15 mch inch mchguns inchguns inchguns guns of the po verful Bismarck The TheBIsmarck TheBismarck TheBismarck BIsmarck hadaccurately had accurately located locatedthe locatedthe locatedthe the Hood wIthradar with radar equipment equipmentthe equipmentthe the first reported successful use of ofredar ofredar ofredar redar in m sucha such a naval operat on lD in lDtile inthe inthe tile the war It is said that the Hood Hoodhad Hoodhad Hoodhad had likewise detected the presence presenceof presenceof of a ship smp at the spot where the B s smarck smarck smarck marck was but knowing knowmg that anumber a anumber anumber number of friendly fnendly warships were werem werein werein m in the vicinity vlclmty did not dare to take takethe takethe takethe the chance cbance of attacking attackmg firstMany firstMany first firstMany Many improvements have been beenmade beenmade beenmade made m in radar which are not as yet yetready yetready yetready ready tor for the publ c eye and all allsay allsay allsay say the study is only in m its Dfancy infancy DfancySCIentific infancyScientific ! infancyScientific SCIentific achievement seems hmlt limit |