Show Two Million More Women Needed for War Plants Twice That Number Ready Says Census Survey Must Replace Men MenAt MenAt At Lathes and Forges To Supply Armies By ELLIOTT PINE Released by Western Union Nearly two mIllIOn more women must be recruited for forwar forwar war Jobs fobs before the end of the year says the war man man- manpower manpower power commISSIon ThIS IS as many as entered industry ill in all of the twelve months be- be between between tween March 1942 and March 1943 In that perIod 1 women took over factory work of all sorts as aswell aswell well as transportatIon and communIcatIons tasks that used to be consIdered e clu mens men's fields These two mull on women will have to be found along WIth older men handIcapped workers and others not now employed if vItal product on is not to lag In the victory phase of the gl eat conflict offiCIals warn The nation has every confidence that women will come forward to roan man the machines According to census bureau sur surveys surveys veys there are a bout about four mull on women a ale and willing to work although these potential potentia work vork workers ers have only been regIstered In a afew afew few large citIes There are no doubt many thousands ready to help if they knew they were ere needed Women seem to be able to do al almost almost most any work that men can Skeptics tics have had to admit time after aftertime aftertime time that they were wrong For many years women have been ero em employed In light factory work 1 ke Ice sorting parts packing dipping choc chocolates oates canning vegetables and so soon soon on but whoever expected to see them In roundhouses wiping loco locomotives locomotives motives shoveling sand or operating operating ing huge cranes and lathes In sh p yards or doing welding Well women are doing all these th and doing them thero welL They have had to learn to use unfamiliar tools and new ways of thinking and act acting acting ing and they have done It m In a hurry It Its s In the heavy Industries that the entrance of women is roost most star thug fung FIgures show that during a aone aone one year period employment of women In munitions Increased 69 per cent 36 per cent In steel mak makIng making Ing 50 per cent In electrical manu 62 per cent In chemicals per cent In Insh sh per percent percent cent in aircraft factorIes These huge increases were not In jobs generally called light While there has been plenty of need for help In all the clerical and lIght fac factory factory tory lines mes the real openings have been In the heavy mechanical trades It stands to reason that h with Ith heavy roeta metal construction mud mul many times by war demands and millions of men roen going to war warU U tt ere must be a great lack of tech technically technically trained employees Women have been the answer m Europe and they have been the answer here They have cheerfully gone to train training training ing schools obeyed rigid shop d pline worked long hours at hard and ami unaccustomed tasks and earned hIgh praIse from hard bItten tives Desp to te worry about ab absenteeism m in some quarters worn en have not been away from their jObs unnecessarily In roost most cases More lore Than 15 Million At the end of March there h were ere 15 women ga mully em employed employed accord ng to Chairman Mc McNutt McNutt Nutt of the War Manpower corn com mission Of these 14 were In Innon innon non agricultural work so about a amill mill on were on farms Of course a CL When Mrs Irs Winifred ill s hus hIlS husband band was drafted she took hIs place at this machine in a war plant in Ohio She is shown pressing a but but- button button ton which started construction of the thc first airplane parts made In the plant all U ese 14 million women were not strictly war workers but roost most of them were do ng th that were necessary such as clerking In bak bakeries bakeries eries or running elevators or op operating crating laundry machinery It must be remembered that the civilian economy must be kept running and that making cartridges and plane I parts are not the only VI vital tal services In wartIme But it Is the women In heavy In InI Industry industry I who have come forward to fill the breech somewhat to the joy joyous joyous ous surprise of everyone A sample 1 st at of the work women are doing is gIven by Laura Nelson Neson Baker in Wanted Women in Industry She says sa-s women are Sewing un uniforms and barrage balloons assembling radIo tubes drafting wiring assem assemblies blies for bombers inspecting mak makIng makIng Ing gas masks rIvet ng welding operal rig ng gear cutters lathes grind grinders ers drIll presses and sa saws v s These are but a few of 01 the well paid Jobs that women are taking over from men Often Orten they show men up by bythe bythe the r eff clency Many tunes times women have found better ways to do the operations men have been doing for years There have been many improvements In work ng conditions put In for the benefit of women that will no doubt remain when men return to the Inc fac factor tor es Some of the changes intro intro- introduced are according to Mrs Baker Safety devIces es to change posture and positIon roa ma roach mach ch nes at the rIght working height and other proves ons against fatigue are now m in general ce Steel JIgs wo too heavy for women omen to Wt lift were replaced with j gs weigh weighing mg ing less than one tenth as much En Eng Eng g put a new lever on a spin spinning ning lathe so it could be operated WIth o 0 per cent less exert on than before So women are able to do things tha that t used to re strength and en endurance endurance durance by having a few changes s Eti Y I t Women with technical educations are needed in research Catherine Ferguson a graduate of ern university where here she majored In metallurgy Is assIsting In the hunt for new allo alloys s to replace stra- stra strategic strategic metals such as nIckel and aluminum She Is shown beside a furnace In the laboratories of the General Genera Electric company at Schenectady N Y reading an diet elec pyrometer or high temperature thermometer made In fact strength IS becom mg less and less Important as roa ma machines chines take over the duties of mus muscles cles des Overhead cranes carry cast castings fags ings and other parts around from lathe to lathe and shop trucks haul materials and tools about the huge plants In really b g factories par part t In the a remit Industry the workers ride nde about m in busses E Een E en with all these a ds war work Is no featherbed In the sh p building yards for instance women do strenuous dirty work wearing costumes for long hours e hour v weeks are corn com common cornmon mon and overtime Is the rule some places that have been launching ships at rates Get Same Pay As Men Women shipyard workers are paid the same scale as men for the same I kind of work The scale Is qUIte attractive too but the work as assaId assaid saId before is hard and somewhat dangerous Every sh main mam tams a plant hospItal with doctors and nurses In constant attendance Workers are urged to report every accident no matter how trivial In the aircraft industry too many thousands of women are helping to turn out the 7 planes a month that are needed to smash the A Js Axis Airplane manufacturing res people able to work to fine toler tolerances antes ances to be amazingly accurate and yet speedy In the modern plane there are hundreds of ons necessary and women are work ng ngat lit at most of them Except for a few highly technical jobs where here worn wom women en have not yet been able to get in inthe inthe the years of experience necessary they are do ng everything from draft ng to test piloting At the pres present present ent pace women will be able to tomake make complete a without any help from roen meni This is n a h paId field with much overtime work Most women er In it have taken consIder able training traming before entering and many have had some technical edu education education cation in hIgh school or college There are comparatively few aIr aIrplane airplane plane factories and most of these are located near bIg citIes as Los Angeles Detroit and Chicago Be Because Because cause It Is such an attractive field w omen have gone It eagerly and andI there IS not so 50 much demand for I new workers here perhaps as m in I In the huge ammunition plants that I ave made the United States the arsenal of democracy women omen ca can be found in many capacIties This TIus lady war worker Is tapering shell cues cases for anti anh tank guns at the Frankford arsenal In Philadelphia some of the less glamorous tries One of the latter is the chemIcal industry Here the work ork IS not so arduous as m in the manufacture of sh ps or planes or tanks but It IS just as vItal to the success of the war The wage rate is not so h gh as m in the metal working crafts and ands s rollar milar lines mes but It is st ll II very in interesting Chem Chero cal workers generally need some tram train ng be ore starting m in the plant but h gh school chem chern stry IS often sufficIent background for one of the advanced posItions There IS opportunity for after war careers in inthis this field probably more than m in inmost most other 1 nes Safety Pins Too WhIle manufacturing of planes guns tanks and other weapons and eqUIpment used d m in combat is holding the there are thousands of other art des cles roost most im important to the army and navy that are made by companies turning out their regular peacetime products Army Arroy quartermaster corps officers say that they buy at least 18 articles m the open market that thatIS thatis IS the same goods that are made for cIvilian use Women are need needed needed ed to make all these thIngs both for servIcemen and for civilians who must lIve during wartime too Those women who are employed on farms are doing a most necessary necessary sary job of course They should not be tempted to leave their food production to go to a factory Food Is a and IS so recognized In military cIrcles WIth all this change m in the trade bonal role of women however so social cial m thinkers are pointing out alarming possIble after effects when the war ends They ask whether women who have been earning high wages and have achieved a large measure of are going to be content to return to theIr homes and live on the comparatively lower standard that theIr husbands income will provIde Or whether there will Ill rot be more on than ever be between between tween married people as WIves who ho formerly worked at high rates rales be become become come d WIth the frequent frequently ly y drab task of maintaining a home and caring for children g clergymen jurists and others interested m in socIal welfare are per perturbed perturbed about what hat may happen There IS also grave concern vOIced about the effects of the t mes on children of war workers Mothers who lire are away from the r chIldren for long hours are not able to gIve them that care and affectIon that no agency can supply Many chi dren do not get even the made quite quate supervisIOn of playground dl di directors rectors kindergartens or nurseries The results of haphazard parental direction In formative years may maybe maybe be a serious matter a few years hence But thIs is war and war IS al profoundly disturbing to the social fabric More optimistic comments commentators tors bel eve that America can re- re recover recover cover from these shocks and come out of the war WIth conspicuous gains gams Having millions of women who can do skilled work is hardly a thing for any natIOn to deplore New products wIll mean a hIgher standard of living and thereby bet better better ter health and educational nitres for all |