Show NEWS RECORD OF THE YEAR 1928 Sur amary of the notable JEven ls of the twelve months in america and abroad HOOVERS BIG VICTORY republican sweep the country in the presidential election kellogg treaty to outlaw war signed by nearly all nations china won by the nation and the reparations by EDWARD W packard herbert boover was the log figure of the year 1928 in the united states this by reason of his victory in the presidential election at the close of the most in campaign the country had had in many years and bis good will tour of the latin american republics until the verdict of the polls was rendered mr hoovers rival for the presidency gov al smith of isea aorl was almost equally in the public eye and the pub uc mind economically and financial ly the country enjoyed a prosperity that has seldom been equalled equal led not withstanding the fact that the lem of relieving the troubles of the agriculturists remained internationally the outstanding event of the year nas the putting for ward of the so called kellogg lateral treaty to outlaw war and its signature in paris by nearly all ahe civilized nations of the world ef forts to accomplish a reduction of armaments made by the league of rations and by various statesmen had no definite results but the kel logg pact was looked on by most people as a real step toward world peace the tenth anniversary of the arms alce found the questions of german reparations etall unsettled but the governments most concerned were about to open a conference for the purpose of determining finally what and bow the germans must pay the close of the bear also saw steps being taken by president ad for alie reopening of the question of american adherence to the world court in the hope that the european nations might accept the american reservations in the far east china provided much of the interest and to the relief of the world its internecine warfare was ended with the victory of the nationalists japan furnished a spec incident in the formal coronation of emperor latin america was rather more peaceful than usual with the exception of Mcara gua and in that republic the american marines and dip komats succeeded in bringing an end to the civil warfare and in ghang the little republic a real election of a president international early in january president cool idge created a precedent by journey ing to havana cuba to attend the opening of the pan american confer ance and to deliver an address before that body lie returned at once leav ing the interests of the united states in the able hands of charles evana hughes and his fellow delegates at the instance of mexico it was decided that the anlon should not hare power to political questions though bome of the delegates tried earnestly to make it virtually an american league of nations nonorio oon head of the argentina delaga alon insisted that the union adopt a declaration against the maintenance of tariff walls between the american republics and when mr hughus would not listen to this and it was turned down by the c conference resigned both from his delegation and as ambassador to washington before this occurred he and many others found occasion to denounce intervention by one nation la the internal affairs of another the attack of course being aimed at the policy of the united states la the case of Mcara gua As it was evident that a resolution embodying these views could not be carried unanimously further discussion of the subject was referred to ane seventh confer ence definite results of the cession frere the acceptance by twenty elates of a code of private internal law adoption of resolutions that disputes of a juridical nature be to arbitration that ag gresslee gress lve war be outlawed and the republics of america committed to the use of peaceable means for the settlement of all disputes between them the beginning of the lodisca alon of international law the signing of a convention on commercial acta alon and the putting into full effect of the pan american sanitary code in december there was a serious threat of warfare between bolivia and paraguay over the disputed gran chaco region at the same time a pan american conference on concilia alon and arbitration opened to wash ington and its first efforts were dl erected toward averting this outbreak of hostilities the council of the league of rations also urged the two republics to settle their quarrel with out resort to arms on february C the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the sign nsf t the first treaty between the united states and france the two signed a new arbitration pact binding each party cot to go to war with the other the american government at the time suggested that a better way would be to unite the efforts of the two powers to obtain the adhesion of all the principal pow era of tho world to a declaration denouncing noun cing war as an instrument of their national policy this was the inception of the multilateral treaty which secretary of state kelogg later proposed to the chief powers one by one the nations accepted the plan in principle some of them with reservations and finally the pact was drawn up to suit all france thereupon invited fourteen other nations to send representatives to paris to sign the treaty all responded and on august 27 the ceremony was performed the pact was left open for the adhesion of other nations and within a few weeks most of the gov ern ments of the civilized world bad accepted it promising as this movement toward general peace seemed it was regarded by certain elements in some countries especially the united states and italy with cal derision approval by the american senate Is necessary to give it effect and some of the senators were known to be opposed to it senator borah chairman of the foreign rela alons committee however gave the treaty his warm endorsement indorsement Indor evacuation of the rhineland and the fixing of the total of the depara alons obligations was still insisted on by germany dy the terms of the dawes agreement she was liying large sums regularly on account but the time nhen the payments should end was coming no nearer the al lies at last recognized this intolerable situation and in november it BBS agreed that a congre of ex ports should be convened to revise the dawes plan and try to fix the total reparations france persisted in the idea that the question of reparations should be tied up with that of her war debt to the united states but washington made it plain that thlu could not be john cassett moore american resigned on april 28 as a member of the permanent court of international justice commonly known as the world court most of the national groups nominated charles evans loughes to succeed him and the as and council of the league of nations overwhelmingly confirmed the choice on september 8 FOREIGN great britain pursued the even tenor of its way but was not in good economic condition the great nuro ber of the unemployed especially in the mining districts led the govern ment to try the experiment of help ing miny men to migrate to canada and australia to engage in agrical tural work was successful to a limited extent but did not especially please the dominions farly in the vear parliament passed the women s franchise measure known as the flappers bill and thus about five million more women were given the vote during the session of parila ment the house rejected the prater book revision proposed by the author atlea of the church of england and churchill introduced a spectacular budgetary scheme tor reforming local government and relieving industrial depression J fl resigned as speaker and capt E A fitzroy was elected to succeed him attacks on the metropolitan police led to a parliamentary investigation and to the appointment of lord bing as commissioner king george contracted In flamma alon of the lungs late in november and his condition became so alarm in that the prince of wales and his brother the duke of gloucester bur friedly returned from a hunting trip in africa hla majesty appointed a royal commission beaded by the queen to act for him during his til ness dr randall thomas dividson Div ldson archbishop of canterbury and inmate of england created a precedent by resigning in july and dr cosmo lang archbishop of boric was ap pointed to the place the earl of birkenhead resigned as secretary of for india and was succeeded by viscount peel on february 1 james mcneill was installed as governor general of the irish free state per haps the most interesting event in the empire outside of great britain was the decisive defeat of prohibition in new south wales and canberra the federal district 0 australia in november the south african cabinet of premier resigned and be formed a new government france as always devoted an enormous amount of attention to pol bics tics premier held power throughout the year in the elections on april 22 he won a decided victory and when he resigned in november he was persuaded to retain office and form a new ministry the radical socialists were recalcitrant and coln care left them out of his government the tenth anniversary found france in a gratifying state of alon most of the farm homes and buildings had been rebuilt the flooded coal mines had beep restored to production and factories had been restored and all were busy the franc had been stabilized stabilised ed and the foreign trade showed a large increase un employment was almost nonexistent the communists created disturb ancas during the summer in limoges troyes aad ivry but were effectually suppressed several alsatian auton were convicted in may and sentenced to prison but president dommergue Doumer gue pardoned them scandals attending the granting of divorces by the paris courts to americans led to reforms in the procedure of those tribunals germany laboring under the burden of the reparations payments was said by her ambassador to washington to be distinctly on the upgrade this notwithstanding rather unfavorable business conditions and an increase in the number of unemployed with premier mussolini still its dictator italy deemed to bo making steady progress and the supremacy of the fascist party was confirmed and strengthened the duce put into full effect his plan tor reorganization of the government to put practically all power in the hands of the grand coun ell accomplished monetary reform and put through a law for his pet scheme of land reclamation and utilization rumania was torn by dissension the peasant Iea sant party demanding a share in the government the revolt grew so serious that premier bratland Brat lano was forced by the regency lo 10 resign and cullu leader of the peas ants came into power as bead of a coalition government ahmed dogu the handsome young dictator of albania decided that his country should have a ling and pro himself to that position taking the title of Scander beg soviet russia s rulers have not yet the great issue of how to reconcile the conflicting interests of the industrial and the agrarian sections of the population and during the year there were sporadic revolts of the peasants without result the government continued its earnest cf forts to enlist financial aid from abroad and one of its successes was the completion of a contract with the international general electric corn pany of hew york for the purchase of 25 worth of electric equipment in this country the alon ot the count rys rich oil resources was curled on energetically the rules governing concessions to foreign business interests were radically modified in september generally speaking russia was in a healthier condition than at any time since the revolution victory of the chinese nationalists was won after long and hard fighting and despite the opposition of japan marshal chang manchurian war lord was forced to abandon peking on june 8 and on his way to muldeo his train was bombed and he was fatally injured the nationalists established a complete government and constituted the capital of the republic cheang kal shek their generalissimo was elected president of the council the name of peking was changed to meaning northern peace the united states took the first step toward recognition of the new government by negotiating a treaty granting china tariff autonomy great britain ger many fro nee and italy all began negotiations with the gov japin alone holding aloof because of her claim that her old treaty with china was still in effect gen aivaro obregon being the only surviving candidate for the presidency of mexico after the had been suppressed was elected on july 1 to take office on december 1 but on july 17 as he was attending a banquet in his honor he was assassa bated by a young native named toral alie crime created a great sensation and the bilal of the and his alleged accomplices was watched with immense interest In November toral was convicted and condemned to death and a nun mother concepcion Concep clon who was accused of being the intel author of the crime was con to twenty years in prison it was up to alie national assembly to choose a provisional president to serve fourteen months from december 1 and president callea refusing the job it was given to emillo fortes gil while american marines were trying quite successfully to pacify alca ragna and quite unsuccessfully to catch no the rebel chieftain brig gen frank as the head of an american electoral commission was arranging for an honest and am partial presidential election this was authorized by a decree of president diaz the voters were properly reg in advance and when they went to the polls on november 4 each man was required to dip his thumb in a stain to prevent repeating the election was carried off peaceably and resulted in the choice of gen jose maria moncada the liberal candidate ills majority over adolfo benard con lve was about DOMESTIC nothing else was BO interesting to the people of the united states as the business of selecting their next dent the campaigning started early and from the beginning it was toler ably apparent that secretary of corn merce herbert hoover would win the republican nomination and that gov al smith of new york would head the democratic ticket the G 0 P na convention met on june 12 in kansas city with the hoover delegates strongly entrenched the only other prominent candidates being frank 0 lowden of illinois and senator charles curels of kansas lowden was supported by the leaders of farm or who wanted the me nary hattan agricultural relief bill and that there would be a tremendous demonstration by farmers it the convention did not at least adopt q platform plank to their alk ing this turned out to to a false alarm and hoover went over easily en the arm ballot after the resolutions fixed up a platform to conform policies senator cur als was with the nomination for vice president mr hoover select ed secretary interior robert 0 work tor chairman of the national committee the campaign work wag promptly organized the democrats met in national convention in houston texas on june 20 end from that moment there was no doubt of smiths victory the southern democrats however being nearly all dry and protestant made such fight as they could and on june 28 accepted the nomination of smith on the first ballot with wry faces the enthusiasm of the governors support ers was such that there were many assertions that the party would stand solidly behind him how wrong the prediction was la known to all it took only one ballot for the conven alon to choose senator joe robinson of arkansas as smiths running mate lie was the first resident below the mason and dixon line since the civil war to be named on a presidential ticket by cither of the major parties and his selection was regarded as a wise strategic move governor smith on receiving word of bis nomination rath er upset the convention by a telegram tele grim in which he declared he had not changed his opposition to the present prohibition laws and methods of their enforcement john J raskob |