Show THE PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION IRRIGATIONS In th time the July iesue i ue of at tim Irrigation Ion Age af n pears tho time first of ot a n series of oC article by Prof John Johl A director of the Die Ul Ex Experiment x Station an on Oi th Irrigation In lit Investigations of ot station This article Is 11 of special It to nil ni western as its 11 allowing the numerous summit I I tl intricate At t problems that con mu confront front the hl Irrigation farmer Carler lh article IK is 11 a II hItting I Introduction to Utah Ex Station bulletins Non NOB 80 and S 86 81 on Time The Th Right Ight Way WiT to Irrl me ate le which I farmer should hould rend relli mint ami Mud elud study Dr Sl THE rin OP or IRRIGATION To 0 many ho have given this sub subject lb Jert little thought It t PIS that tat needs to Ia lie ho discovered about Irrigation They limer t V It I we bans hac hl soil sol anti and Ind the time In tim th the right mid and the right kind of 0 wed peril all 11 hint needs to be b done ioime Is in to 0 let time the water how o over the tho ground and nature does time thA rout rest In view Iel of or the time neglect thus thi art of irrigation ha 11 Buffered nt at the he hands of Investigators much miona mucha 1111 a I reply Is only to lw ho expected yet et It ItIs Is iii II an aim ni tort that tl the time problems that Irrigation otTers offers for tor or solution nr nl very er ant and most Intricate In iii their nature Irrigation I problems may 11 be bl grouped Into these theme the at great groat grat pe First 1 Tho thio Rival greet problems I pertain luig InAto to the time storing of ot the mountain slat viat at era lrA In large reservoirs to tt be hue 10 led to tho the theanus farms anus during Imig the t he scowl season when time the plants most require moisture problems are wholly of ot an nn en nature SOI so inn of oC thorn them concern themselves directly with ques questions qUI helms time the th maintenance of or tho the theof of ot time the Co tOr forest rout t clout 1111 range growth upon time the mountains mm tal n s Following limo th of or reservoirs In la tim tho the construction con of ot time the through which water Wlter may mao mn be carried to time the th farms farl Here Again num numerous erous erus problems are arc Iro Involved but these theM arc arn also ale almost exclusively I of on an en tim engineering nature Tho farmer who receives water from rom the hum canal to l 11 In i applied up upon upon on hi farm arm also floods finds himself confront confronted ed ell by b numerous problems of ot time the most vital no so o fur far ni its 1 tho profitable profitableness ness moss of liln lui operations Is Ie concerned These problems are rc In complexity anti of or solution no whit behind those of the first t two I IhlO problem of at the time first two dl di divisions visions aro are much luch better understood than balm tholo nf of the third This Timie Til Is 18 due largely to the tho fact that dams reser reservoirs and canals have been built buit In all countries and amid In all ages for purposes other than those thole Involved In the time art of at of ot Irrigation HOME BOMB SOIL S OF lER IRRIGATION IR GATION It T Is Iii l to time the tl problems problem that confront the time farmer In time the actual application of writer tor on the farm tarm that t the Ions undertaken by toy the h EJ perl Station in II 1900 1000 have havo concerned themselves In the be experiments It I has baum hiI bo b been en n kept In imm mind that In an 11 arid region rei Ion the time land Itself has little value v lue unless by b a n water right and moreover that the of o available water even een when nil 1 possible reservoirs shall fraction of o the time arable reservoirs shall have hale maue been built bUi will wi ha bo nt to cover coer COWl only n a small emaIl amal traction fraction of ot tint tho thu arable arabIc land Vater ions has been boen studIed theM tore In its Iti relation to both bath naIls and und crops crop crO l The he water applied to different soils sols sandy und loamy 1011 clayey and a nil calcareous has been followed in Us Its It I downward downword movement anti It I has hu been b en shown that by proper precautions drainage may b be avoided and the th dan danger er of forming alkali In tho time lower losner diminished or altogether Ilo ether eliminated The Tho lateral li movement of water wilter has hll likewise Ikel e been Investigated to determine to what nhat ox ex tent tOnt nt the water applied to a 1 Held feld die dis disappears appears by b the tho lateral How flow low of ot soil oil mole mois moisture ture tare Tho upward movement of ot soil sol water after Itter an nn irrigation has hns been bean belll traced with whim wih reference to time the nature of ot otHol soils Hol found In the arid regions time the total moisture In ill the soil Roll and amid time the kind of or crop growing on time the soil scull Eol It I has been boen found that the th rate rata of at loss of water Ivator train from bare baro soils 1011 depends depend upon the tIme na nature ni ture of ot the time soil the depth of o the time soil the thc or gravel grav 1 bottom time thC per pw percent cent of at moisture In the thc soil ol the moteo factors factor factor Including tempera ra ture tore sunshine lun and showers the tho time after Irrigation the th condition of o time the top soil sol and time the method m thod of ot Irrigation The Th rate of loss from loll coil on which crops are nr growing has been blen found to depend upon the thC same Inre factors and In addition upon tIme tho kind of ot crop grown and the ago age of or tho the crop In studying nil Al these thele conditions It has ha been bEen found that there thore Is la n a method of ot treatment which Is better boter than thal alt all 11 others In II the conservation of ot soil noil moisture Tho The relations of ot soil noil 11 fertility to ito irrigation Ir gation gatlon has also been studied with ref met reference to the composition of or the Ito Irrl Irrigation gallon gation Iton water the nature of ot the soil oll the tIme addition of or various natural anti commercial fertilizers rs and artificial drainage Time The results r of ot Mils this branch of the work have h ve also 1110 been ben very sery Interesting In showing that there then then Is h ri it mutual dependence b h ht he tween t n soil sol fertility anti and use UM of o water by hy plants in 11 connection with time the question of or soil Mi fertility t the tho reclamation r of ot nl ai kumli lands landa by h means m of o t has h 1 been h en investigated briefly with the there re that It I seems probable that al alkali alkali kali kall lands rusty I 1 reclaimed reclaimed by b under drainage and yet et by 11 proper methods of ot irrigation they need ned not Again be bo subjected d to alkali conditions Th Tile h con conservation of ot the hoe nl al In toil soil oi has hI been heln studied with lh reference to the time stirring of the tho top tal toll toil tol th the addition or removal of soluble Mitts alt the quantity of ot water to be b lidded at It irrigation standing stouter wlter near the surf surface cn and anti the tha crops crop The he consideration ton of or these e problems him has hn led to 10 which If It applied by bythe bythe bythe the farmer m IY may y lead head to the sating of ot to of the wlter now nol ordinarily used mused for time the production of ot the common field crops crP The Th various methods of ot Irrigation flooding furrowing and havn be been n tested tented with results result butt In Indicate plainly time the relative merits of ot these thee methods of ot water to toi soils i Tm CROP S OP OF IRRIGATION IRRIGATION TION TION Tho The of to crops baa also alec All been hen t l systematically and The Tha total yield of ut crops hoMe lias hI been bell teems found to depend not only 11 upon the tho total amount of ot water seater tint but hit also itlo 11 upon ul on the time of ot application the time frequency of ot application ana tho the manner meaner of ot application The Than results of ot this Investigation I have Ilen of ot ofa a to 1 more mor surprising nature nure anti and dhow tOm th lf to an aIm ni economical use uro of o water In ih li the arid aid regions However there la Is II much munich to be b considered by b time Uio farmer besIdes tho the actual yield Ih of o crops OrOIs ob cub I d For Instance with snub certain l rOP It I may ta he h very vary ry desirable to be b able to I tIme tho maturity And the tIme question I of ot lx being able to tl to or hasten beaten the ripening of ot crops atolls lins hns b been en studied with most Important results result resul In another Investigation the thi proportion of at the different plant pl nt parts parte leaves stalks anti and roots AS affected by Irrigation has Mi been determined and Nid It I has hn been found possible to produce pruce plants at rut will wi with a 1 larger r or smaller proportion of ot any one 01 of t these thew the parts pArl found than Is ordinarily Of or prime Important also have havo ben been benth el th time the results obtained in Iii th the study ot of the of ot varIous crops crot as I Influenced br iii irrigation I rl It I hn has b been n discovered that Ih time h of plant parts suck uok ns ems slut Ihl gluten n In wheat starch march marchIn In him and amid in he bests t may be b increased or dIminished nt out wilt will wi by salt sui able method m of ot Incidentally the milling at it f Ir 1 with different amounts of ot 1 th the cooking quality of ot potatoes on o eab bac hage and vegetable ag Oi 54 I dep dt depending upon Irrigation have havo been hw of n If even Ien greater Interest Itt rt t than the tho questions ly mentioned ate ame tho the at attempts attempt tempts tempt to breed certain Into In plants by b controlling irrigation For the th meet best b sl flour for tor or I in man food foo IH II that which com n Ins n to 1 high hl h per pep per emit cent of ot gluten anti and nn by toy Irrigation It lit II Lu possible to in m e nr sir r diminish this tOols per cent cent Time Th attempt hunts Ims been mails mada t to tn ft produce so ti rich in lot that 4 when grown In ii B of cut abundant rainfall where Irrigation Is I not pree practiced tided It yield seed saed that Is I also 1110 rich richIn rIchin In gluten Can this be dona domm In time on cau ono of o wheat awl anti other crops crop and nHI aim Is seems eema cl very tU that is l can MI he It wilt will 1 U undoubtedly ly mean U IU time the III arid Irrigated t ed Id dl 81 ot of the time world will still wi become bO th the great Krent seed 1 1 producing centers for those tho parts pArt of ot time the til world inhere hor Irrigation Is la lanot 4 not practised pr t These are lre of time the th problems that hAV been b studied nt at lt this Institution during the thA last four totor years yearn and alit slims hm th the tenor of ot the tho tiu Tho Thai emits Investigated Inv so 50 o far hav h t not ant b en very e but bolt Include nh nt moats nall barley corn cor lucern brome grass timothy ln grains orchard 4 grass potatoes sugar b bt pens peas on Ions lotte lOl carrots hemp leRl toma torna tomatoes tOO toes and apples As Ae opportunity allows Ilo other cither crops will I be studied In ft a I miA exhaustive manner INCREASING a TIlE THE TUr ARPIA As AM A already remarked r hack back of ot alt It more or o 0 less lell scientific problem lies les tho tim grouter r problem o or of using time tha water at nt our disposal I I I lit III n the most moet simon non economical manner nood the tim results relta obtained 0 show beyond doubt that tho time application of principles to tho time mutt art of Ir Jr Irrigation will do for tor irrigatIon what such appliances have havo done dono for far tM great of at agriculture HII time the results ruIH of ot our omIt Investigations Ira us ua to insert Hint even under antler present condi condition tion without building balloting one now nets nIl reser reservoir t pr ft voir or adding to tn the tue present Irrigation renal tho time Irrigated area nrc may rny ho Ito In Increased creased or or ono one bait With such tho the elaborate Investigations curried cl on oil here her for tor lVer nl oil pant are aro amply Imply Justified WOmen When In It In Is recalled that there la Is laa I Isa a 1 strong probability of ot raising the qUIl it of ot b Ir Irrigation Ity It crops by rational method ot of far tu above time the quality of at crops crop crp In humid districts It follows that alt all 11 sueh Investigations as ns those thola outlined can cnn not rot bo ho b supported too heartily EQUIPMENT It Is I that such work as II baa hu ha been outlined requires a II large lage and spec peo ial lal equipment In II tact fact the amount anti and quality QuallY of or the thO work worl that t 1 can be te b done domme depends depend almost altogether upon the tha means macan Ican may b b be placed pla d at nt the te die dis disposal Ils pOInt of ot time the Three tattoos havo been o een en and ad are arc 11 being bIng used In this work the college col eKe farm containing one hundred plats plate of nn an acre each the time Greenville farm one hundred plats plate of or oran an on acre Ier the latin farm containing 80 00 plate a oS oe odan nn an acre e Pich each ch These ThEao farms have In been laid oft off or Into plats Plate plat HO so tar far Ir removed from each elch other that the water applied to toone toone toone one Plat piat does not effect tho thu soil aol water of ot the adjoining plats plate Large main and lateral flumes have hlo been built so O that tho water wlter may In be b conveyed at nt wilt will 1 to any un nfl portion porton of ot time the farm and nl to any anyone ont one of the plats Plate A A large weir of ot the very sery beet bost construction Is built buit for tor each carlo farm tan to enable eMble the incas men of ot the th water seater r to be e mails made mn la In lathe time the most mont accurate manner The clock clockwork clockwork clockwork work recording for tor water rater meal meas measurement have been found to bo be b un unsatIsfactory et and Ard have bare been discarded Mt MenI n nare are now employed to attend to timet thel w tra und amId Ind to measure the tho water seater nt at lt frequent Intervals with wih ter gauges gauge All Al the plate pints are arc nr so go ridged that all ni the time water wlter applied to one putt plat Is la com corn compelled belied lell l to soak Into the soil eol nf or that putt plat pint As Au fur fil aa as al the means at tot the th dl of the Investigators l tor will wi allow the conditions under which the time water seater l II is applied to these there are ac possessed I Ulle of ot ota almost a mOlt mathematical certainty In addition to the three farms n a largo large lago vegetation house hou e han hns ho been built bui containing pots POtH each one OM Inches In diameter ter anti and two and tumi III feet high These noose pots note are aro filled with van vari various ous OUI mu kinds of ot soils lol In which different plants mire lre grown with wih varying amounts ot of wAter Time The vegetation house experiments serve sere to check the tho work done dono In time tha field lell and to furnish data ata concerning problems problem that can on not well be bc solved directly on the terra farm fan These Thee pots are aro placed on small specially constructed ears care and are ara In kept In the tho open air day and night except on comm rainy days doYa when thoy they era are sheltered under a n glass glasa roof rot Weighing Weigh In contrivances contrivance have been ben constructed whereby time th pots may amity be he weighed at nt stated Intervals and the loss Iou of ot water different conditions may onay b be de do determined Then several laboratories In operation for or time the chemical physical anti and other of the soils and anil crops crop used In the Investigation ques Quel question tion timm toll the tho experimental plant for |