Show WORKERS IN FACTORIES I I GRADED SCIENTIFICALLY i German q O Operatives Drafted Into Department of Industry for Which Which Their C Capacities Ar B Best st Adapted t l r i f Faculties Necessary ry for O Operations r ion Requiring y 4 i Great Skill Being Developed to High I I Pitch 1 1 0 of f. f j 1 s f l' l tri 2 B By y N D Daan aan K b e II e r i of t J C Correspondence of th the W Worldwide News Service ervice f J BERLIN iii BERLIN June 1 One I.-One One of the few permanent results of the W Jias has been the revolutionary changes involved in with the hun n material marial by which lieh industry exists and the hc c application scientific methods to the betterment both of the th process and lh the work worker r. r The movement began in this way vay i L v t T The instantaneous co In Ind d Germany any of t alj aU industrial plants to tOj ammunition factories a arid and I the i d demand mand for highly e efficient work work- rl rs rs chiefly f led to to th the tho observation tion i that the tho output varied lied considerably considerably consider consider- ably according to f factory and time and within wide limits for individual workers The Tue incentive of pIe piece e work rates of p pay y did not equalize output or c d to efficiency la In 1 working and the q question arose whether methods could not bo devised of testing testing- th the c capacity i of th the worker for the task set and if it possible of placing the he worker wh where re his capacities could be used to greatest advantage The rhe experiments lay In the tho sphere of pr practical cUc l psychology for it I is known cnown that the tha or organs ns of sense sense- vary enormously enor enor- In capacity ana arIa u trustworthiness s as between en person eron an and person Ine ne person Is found to have a a. fine tine s nse of ot discrimination for tor color he can cab distinguish differences differences' of ot shade which to another are alike A fine ear can easily tell teU differences of tone I ofa wheel as Its Us sp speed ed slightly The idea is that the former should ld be employed in a dye works woks the latter at a lathe TEST OF F FINE SENSE The rhe result of U these se experiments was the Invention of ot a long series of or machines ma mil chines s some simple some highly c complex corn com mp m- m p plex ex but all aU providing a means of testIng testIng test test- Ing and nd comparing the fac faculties of workers to perform rm some simple simple- but i I c essentially s fundamental technical op op- op- op j For instance in the process of I fitting and turning or filing it is oft often n necessary to know when a surf surface surface sur sur- I f face e is perfectly plane or when two twos s surfaces are exactly in the same plane In practice it has been found I that s some m workers acquire the faculty I o or telling of-telling telling this with great I Ian an and ad ease case Others are dependent upon the the- use of ot some me mechanical assistance assist assist- ance ae f One One- of ot the new instruments j consists of a metal cylinder in whose s socket works a metal core fitting it t with perfect precision The cat socket cal sock t Is fixed the core can be bet t raised i ed or lowered by gently revolving a ratchet wheel at the base of ot the machine By means' means of ot a scale movements movements move move- ments of ot the core core up or or down in the thes s socket a as small email as thousandth one-thousandth of ofa a a millimeter may be read easily arid accurately AS ASTO TO TOUCH The candidate for trai training training- ing in a a. branch of ot a trade in which fine sense of of discrimination in touch is essen- essen 1 ls is asked to revolve the screw and nd run his finger backwards and I forwards ove socket and core till til he thinks that both are in the j I I same plane The result Is recorded by b the by-the the examiner who of ot course k knows ws what is the correct con reading perfect for and the instrument Instrument ment is then of adjustment The he candidate Is ag again In told to bring t the two surfaces into plane ness and I result the is again noted This is done several times times If the candidates candidate's re readIngs readings read read- ings differ widely from one another I d-I and from the known correct reading he Is obviously unfit for the work de demanding de- de manding such fine sense of I nation bit he C can I b be tested l for tor his visual capacities VISUAL TEST Tests ot of the latter l' l kind have been Men Inv Invented in ip pl plenty pty One h instrument nt for this purpose OS consists or of two glass lass plates pates ates the tower lower bf of Which i flied fixed while the ui per er moves l 1 by y means theah o of ofa a ratchet screw v. Through a scale scale and and nd vernier movements n of as little as aa one one- thousandth of a e a. a millimetre maYb read accurately On the lower lowet plate lale a number number num num- ber of drawings s Is made comprising portions of the CIrcum circumference rence of at ata a a. circle cir dr cle cie straight lines angles etc The The- c candidate may th then n be ask asked d to move nove a fixed mark on the upper plate by t revolving the ratchet till the tM line lIlie i Is bisected cled trisected or divided a at two- two fifths of its 1 length and nd so on ATTEMPTS TO DECEIVE Or the candidate may be he asked to try to tell which of ot three thre bores arcs of f a cir circle circle cir dr- cle scratched on the moving movIng- pl plate te be bel belong l long ng to the tart part art circumference scratched on the low lower r plate Or he may be asked to move on the upp upper plate across a small mall circle circle cir ch- cir cir- cle or on th the fixed plate till lie le I thinks tl tle e circle is exact exactly y bisected d dOnly Only wh when n this lis is actually tried is Is' it possible to form an Idea of the sc severity of the test Again attempts ar are made to d deceive elve the student l He lie e is EI given ien en two pieces pieces' leces' leces of f metal m one abo about t twice as large as th tha 3 other othet He lIe Is asked to say say sal which is tho th heavier He finds that both seem abo about t equal but suspecting a catch c he hei heis heis' heis i is is' likely to feel Ceel that the smaller ia ii the Heavier in fact they ar are equal NERVOUSNESS ALLOWED FOR This lengthy description is sufficient to show th the principle that is always f followed It can justly be said that at atthe atthe th the time lime of first examination few candidates can can- will be at their best and most will suffer from the eff effects effet ct of n ner ner- ner r- r It must be remembered however that the tie results are tive When hundreds of beginners are ate t tested ted t the e examiner x ner i- i requires s the fac fac- I 0 or Clet determining What ne he must al allow ai- ai I low for this element Furthermore a delicate recording in instrument in- in P in-P I strument has been devised whIch can b be used in Itt connection with t 3 a a. gr great number of the h m machines A tIng finger ri presses upon a revolving drum and the curve traced out while the experIment t is proceeding Is cap capable l le o oi OL easy eSSy y and anU accurate Interpretation The experiment experiment i ment can be repeated at t v varying intervals inter inter- vals vais and the r results compared If It nervousness alone is the cause of a a. bad i reading considerable ble an and consistent Improvement may be ex expected e ted wit with i every trial If It the quality tested for foi is weak the results will vary ary I ly fr- frUST IliST I i I liST IN TR TRAINING INI G. G I The Te usefulness of ot these new methods I i is n not t confined to the separating of the workers according to t their effI efficiency i ncy They are also employed for the trainIng training train train- Ing of those whose capacity Is found to tobe tobe be worth It Particularly in the work I of motor driving tel telephone ph ne attendance attend I ance alice or operations demanding attention attention atten atten- J tion to several things at atone one time it is i found possible very greatly and rapidly to increase the aptitude of ot the pup pupil raJ Idl 1 i Proof Is not wanting of ot the practical utility of the recently Invented appliances s for grading drafting operatives into the I department of industry for which their thir I capacities are best adapted and developing developing devel devel- to a a. high pitch of ot perfection all I faculties necessary for tor or operations re requiring requiring re- re quiring great skill FIFTY INSTRUMENTS In the first place th the series of ot such I instruments Is very large large large-at at least fifty fitly different pieces of apparatus are In I common use There are instruments I for testing and developing capacity for Judging dimensions of angles divisions I of a line into parts bisections trisections of of figures weight resistance of springs smoothness of surfaces the ar arrangement arrangement ar- ar I ar-I of two surfaces in the same i plane the steadiness of the hand the I capacity to Q operations as in telephone work at the same time the adjustment of screws the fit It of a pin to a socket o or of t a a. bolt to a anut anut nut air and water pressure pressure temperatures tempera tempera- t tures res revolutions of bf wheels tempera tempera-I Even the s sense nse of smell and taste are aresta sta standardized and capacity to distinguish dis die fine differences lff is measured PROCESS PROCESS IS IS COSTLY V. V As the working out but and standardization standardization standard standard- of at every test is a costly process is stands to reason that the process would not have been continued so far had its success J not hot ol given complete confidence con con- to the inventors Then again the number of grades and professions in which the testing has been successfully used is a a. proof of the permanency of pf the movement Its I prime sphere is of course in engineering engineer engineer- engIneer I ing parti particularly in fine Ine mechanical work In optical lens making and for tor fine electrical instruments But It is also used for tOI tr training streetcar em Em- engine drivers telephone operatives opera opera- tives motor drivers dentists surgeons surgeon and In mining In fact so fax farE reaching are the improvements improvements improvements im im- im- im that It seems seem a matter of certainty that only me Is required t to tb work out tests for every trade or or pro profession pro pro- that requires skill The best st theoretical laboratory at which all aU the various vario s types of Instruments Instruments ments can b be seen Bean is jis the Charlottenburg Charlotten- Charlotten burg Technical High school school perhaps perhaps ps the most famous Institute of its kind in the world Tho fact that such a a. body recognizes s' s the Important value of ot the tests is significant inasmuch as u a avery avery very great eat proportion of oJ th the future technical experts of Germany receive whole or part of their thell training at this institute The high school has already set up and regularly co conducts ducts competitive compe compe- competitive tests for batches of candidates for employment in th the state service and other state works it also undertakes t tests ts for private firms In practice however howe one Ohe may see the tOrn tem highly specialized and developed t to meet th the needs need of h Individual divi busInesses bust busI busi nesses For example the Berlin streetcars have a a. large laboratory tory in which vh Ch at on one time time about abou t forty applicants ants may maybe be tested and arid trained for tor the work of driving etc I I LENGTH rl The e co course rs of ot tr training in C cases cases cases' S SI of ot urgen urgency y can com l twenty twenty- one d days yS During this time Um the applicant applicant cant is t tested st d for e eyesight es ability to read at a distance e sensitiveness ness to lights of ot different color rapidity Of response to I light signals rapidity of ot observation observation- capacity observation capacity to read a word of several letters exposed to view for fora a fraction of a s second ond Their he hearing is similarly the tested the ability to notice a special sound at irr irregular gular intervals intervals' while all kinds of other confusing confusing con con- fu fusing noises s' s sar ar are going on Upon h this hearing sound the candidate ha has hasto to to press a af button and the time elapsing elapsing elas- elas ing b between twe n the occurrence of ot the sound sound arid and his pressing the button I is isa isa a measure measure of f sensitiveness to sound differences e cs This Tiis test is is' an important guide guide h capacity for avoiding a ac ArterS After satisfying these really negative tests the candidate his training train ing TRAINED RA NED i 1 it IN SIGNALS A Ase se second on department is set et up exactly exactly ex ex- ex- ex like a a. streetcar and before belore every candidates candidate's place a track is painted d on which is produced the optical effect of distance All possible signals which can occur occur on an on the real Journey are here shown and the driver must respond to th the signals as the he examiner standing by gives them His re readiness Is quantitatively quantitatively quan quan- measured and he practiced tI s those those- movements in which he is deficient do de de deficient till tUl skill Is developed The Th course of training for motor drivers is 18 similar Only after proficiency Is at attained attained at- at tamed Is the candidate allowed d to t take ke keUte Ute the responsibility of an actual trial on the streets The course of ot training to secure complete efficiency is found tobe to tobe tobe be about third one of that previously necessary and accurate results replace those hitherto sd so uncertain Even private firms go to the expense of ot fitting up laboratories for grouping and tr training IN LAMP WORKS The Auer Gl hUcht i d makers akers of the lamp the larg largest t electric lamp makers In Germany haf have hate one of f the finest Inest of ot such laboratories s The pr prOcess process process-of cess of ng Tin in its more Stages requires tho the operative to to perform several different tt operations p In tn quick succession without tiring r Tests st's ss are lire devised in one one ot ot which of Jil of mercury under al dif different dir dir- fer ferent nt gas pressures ss lr s in constant varIation varia- varia tion must be le kept t b between given Iven Urn Jim its The candidate has hasto to watch th the tho irregular rise rist and fall of f the Ute five col columns ol simultaneously and reverse th the motion in time b by pressing a button or pulling a lever EV Every ry time th the moving ing column rises above or tails fans below the limiting mark electric contact Ont ct is formed form d and the failure to respond i Is recorded Thus fineness o of touch l is tested and dev developed loped for those oper opel engaged in fitting the delicate te fil filaments ments onto the metal tr frames LABOR APPROVES Other ther world orld f Earned med firms using th the system are Borsig Riebe ball bearings Siemens und ud Frister Werner and Car Cart of Jena Tena 1 The principle however was also d de developed vel In America during the war war for fora a simIl similar rJ reason reason but the examinations ns depend more upon verbal tests testa than upon apparatus Finally such b dieg as the Japanese navy and several of the largest IndustrIal industrial industrial indus Indus- trial co concerns ins in Japan have adopted ted the apparatus preferring Ing the German erman I I tests to all others ers 1 It might have been though th that t It II j would encounter opposition front from the thel laborer himself but contrary to expectation I tation it has been received with ap ap- ap- ap At the tenth united congress congre s I of trades trade unions of ot Germany the adoption |