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Show J THE BULLETIN. BINGHAM CANYON, UTAH SEK'IKG CIRCLE PATTERNS J Start Day Right in This FroJ Matching Dress and Hat for fj Pattern No. 87fi6 is desuj 3, 4. 5 and 6 years. Size M Hi yards of 35 or J ties, yard; bonnet, includtul ? yard. f SEWING CIRCLE PATTrJ 149 New Montromml San Francisco, CiJ Enclose 25 cents In coinl pattern desired. Pattern No U Name I Address I "1 mmr n 8763 U Pretty House Frock yOU'll look pretty and very efficient in this smoothly fitting house frock with scalloped front closing. Use gay floral prints, pink and white or blue and white checked ginghams, or crisp polka dots. Trim with bright jumbo ric rac. Pattern No. 8763 Is designed for sizes 36, 38, 40, 42. 44, 46, 48. 50 and 52. Size 38 re-quires 4V4 yards of 35 or material; 3 yards ric rac for trimming. Dress and Hat for Tot AN ADORABLE warm weather ensemble for a sweet young miss. She'll be sure to like the swinging skirt and the bodice lac-- ing on the dress. The little hat is easy to make it opens out flat to launder. post'sm I GOLDEN FLAKiM 1 COMBWED WW delicious NEW breotil Taste it... and you'll Post's Raisin Bran is a cufl bination! Made fromrtfl 40 Bran Flakes, plusJ raisins that stay tender,H Post's exclusive TendsB process. Ask your grocerlfl Raisin Bran today. bO A Post Mtfymjafflm Cereal ffeljiPfl (foH k the oven. ma Buy. WbnsL (VoJl fionM ! American Life Insurance Celebrates Its 100th Anniversary by Adopting a New Actuarial Table Which Reflects Longer Life of Modern Citizen A view on Broad street In front of the Stock Exchange and ry (then the Customs House) In New Verk City in 1845 when life Insurance had its beginnings. By ELMO SCOTT WATSON Released by Western Newspaper Union. NINETEEN forty-fiv- e finds life insurance observing its 100th anniver-sary and by way of celebration it's beginning to operate un-der a new set of actuarial tables. Until this year insur-ance companies have been "booking" life and death chances on the same basis as they were figured when the first American "life" policies were written away back in 1845. But this year they are discarding the old "odds ta-ble" and putting into effect a new one and that's a matter of prime importance to more than 70,000,000 Americans who own more than 125 billion dollars worth of life insurance. As a matter of fact, the adoption of the new actuarial tablet in American life insurance's centennial year is accidental and coincidental, rather than purposely planned. Nine years ago state insurance commis-sioners and mathematical wizards of the Insurance companies recognized the fact that the tremendous Im-provements in medical science had made the old "odds table" obsolete. In the light of modern methods of prolonging human existence, a new et of life expectancy standards was needed. But figuring out these standards and fitting them to rates or fit-ting rates to them wasn't a simple matter. For instance, they knew that you if you are 30 years old have a far better chance of living beyond that age than you did two decades ago. It was only a few decades ago that eight out of every thousand people died at that age. Today, thanks to more public enlightenment on medical matters and improve-ments in diet (including more knowledge of vitamin requirements) only two or three persons per thou-sand are dead at the age of 30. Rates About the Same. But even though the improve-ment In our life chances seemed to indicate much reduced rates, this was offset over the years by the de- - terioration of our interest rates and the increased cost of rioine business. births and deaths for a five-ye- pe-riod. His tables were the precursor for many others such as the Eng-lish tables of 1762. But all such im-proved tables over the last two cen-turies failed to keep pace with medi-cal science. Our first actuarial brainchild was called the American Experience ta-ble, which was brought into usage right after the Civil war. With minor changes it has continued to be the accepted base for computing life and death chances up the present time. Meanwhile the M. D s were busily engaged in making our American Experience figures look sick. Their success in keeping the lower-ag- e groups alive longer is directly re-sponsible for this major effort to re-fra-the basic structure of all life insurance in the United States. Just by way of proving the point, in 1900 the U. S. average age was 49.24. A couple of years ago it stood at 64.82. When it all began back in 1845, this was a husky young nation. But many of its huskiest young citizens fell victims to one disease or an-other, diptheria and tuberculosis be-ing the most active. Many Hazards. tors are keeping us alive longer, you'd better read on. At first glance it would seem that under the new mortality table, life insurance rates will be cheaper, but that is not true. John S. Thompson, vice president and mathema-tician (actuary) of the Mutual Bene-fit Life Insurance company, speak-ing for all life insurance companies, tells why. He says: "Policies now in force will not be affected, nor is it expected that poli-cies sold in the future will be. That is because the amount of interest life insurance companies can earn on their invested funds has dropped sharply in the last few years, and their operating expenses, wages and taxes, have increased. Fewer Investment Chances. "The cost of life insurance de-pends upon three points: (1) the number of claims paid on policy-holders who die in a given year; (2) the yield or earnings from in-vestments of reserve funds; and (3) the cost of operating the company. The war has sharply decreased the field for profitable investments, he points out. War industries are financed by the government; and the building industry, once a big field fnr Inane ic nnuj Hnrmnnt Thim in. The problem of adjustment was threefold: (1) rates according to improved life probability; (2) com- - pany income according to lowered return on investments; and (3) com-pany expenses as compared to "the good old days" when breakfast cost a nickel and the company president drew a salary of $30 per week. The insurance commissioners had a major mathematical problem be-fore them. For the latter two points lowered earnings on invested funds and sharply rising costs of doing business more than cov-ered the slight break they showed on their books because the doctors were keeping us alive longer. Nevertheless they went ahead. Al- - fred N. Guertin of New Jersey, was made chairman of a commission-ers group to recommend the new "life" tables. Five other state com- - missioners sat with him. John S. Thompson, mathematician and vice president of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance company of Newark, N.J. was a committee member represent-ing the Actuarial Society of America. Sixteen states enacted the "Guertin law," which means that the insurance companies doing business in those states can in 1945 adopt the recommendation of the Guertin committee into their future policies. The law became effective January 1 of this year on an optional basis but it becomes mandatory after three years, in December, 1948. How It All Began. Centuries before Messrs. Guertin and associates took on their her-culean job, a Roman named Ulpi-anu- s devised an "odds table" for a few of his friends. Ulpianus was a lawyer with a flair for figures. As a matter of fact, his life expectancy charts were so good that they re-mained unchallenged from 220 A. D. for almost 15 centuries. Even as late as 1814, the Tuscan government used his figures. Not content with Lawyer Ulpianus' findings, however, Edmund Halley, known as the English astronomer who discovered the famous Halley's comet, undertook the job of com-puting "modern" mortality tables in 1693. His method was the basis for present-da- y computations; namely that of using accurate vital statis-tics. Halley selected the city of Bres-la- u (you've been reading about it in the war news from Silesia) for his guinea pig from 1687-9- 2 observing Even as late as 1900, more than 40 out of every 100,000 people suc-cumbed to diptheria. Today it's only only one per 100,000. Europe's black plague of the early 17th century wasn't much worse a scourge than the horrors of pulmonary tubercu-losis over the last century. Statis-tics for 1900 show that this killer took 173 out of every 100,000. Today less than 40 per 100,000 die of the disease each year. For these reasons, coupled with all the other hazards of living a cen-tury ago, the old boys scratched their heads twice before insuring their fellow men promiscuously. When Ben Miller bought the first life policy issued by Mutual Benefit Life Insurance in Newark in 1845, there were many "don'ts" tied to the policy. Ben bought $1,500 worth of insurance on his life at a premium of $51 a year with the provision that: (1.) He didn't die on the seas; (2.) he didn't leave the country; (3.) he didn't go south in the sum-mertime; (4.) he didn't (without consent) join the army; (5.) he didn't cut his own throat to im-prove his wife's finances; (6.) he didn't expose his insured and valu-able carcass by duelling; (7.) he religiously avoided the gallows or guillotine. . . . and so on for quite some distance in slightly more tech-nical verbiage. Ben, it might be remarked, was one of the hardier sort, for he lived to collect his own insurance at the age of 9(1! While the early directors of insur-ance companies had no worries about clients being killed in an automobile or airplane, the 1845 citi-zens of Pres. James Polk's nation of 27 states were liable to find them-selves without a scalp if they took the "covered-wagon- " trail west. Life insurance companies also could discount the probability of the "insured" dying from heart failure because of the then modest 15 mil-lion dollar public debt. Perhaps it is worth noting that over the years the increase in heart disease and it has increased considerably) is in ratio to the government's debt to the people now at the quite immodest figure of almost 300 bil-lion, a very large hunk of which is held by the same insurance com-panies. If as you read this, you've been hoping to find that now insurance rates will be lower because the doc- - surance companies which formerly earned from 4 to 6 per cent on their funds, now earn only slightly more than 3 per cent. From 40 to 50 per cent of insurance company funds are invested in war bonds at an average yield of about 2Mi per cent. And many companies have guaran-teed a 3 per cent return to their policyholders. That is why insurance rates cannot be reduced. It was a dead cinch to earn the good old 6 per cent back in 1845 and a lot more, too, even though Mutual Benefit's records show that Robert L. Patterson, founder and first president, and his directors, scorned the possibility of paying big divi-- 1 dends by "grubstaking" a few of the gold-seekin- '49ers. Sound, con-- I servative investments were made to protect widows and orphans. But, conservative as the investments were then, they paid handsomely as compared with today. Money Earns Less Than 2. Shortly after the turn of the cen-tury, returns on invested money tightened up considerably. All this is readily reflected in overall returns to policyholders. Between 1914-192- 8 Mutual Benefit policyholders were getting about 2.1 per cent on their dollar paid in. The 1929-194- 3 pic-ture was still trending downward to about 1.7 per cent per annum. It was vastly different in 1845. In those days the company president drew $1,500 per year just about the price of a fair cook or housekeeper on today's market. The top insur-ance salesman wasn't allowed to earn more than $3,000, all other earnings going bock to the company till. The rent bill was $25 per month. One of trie ranking "assist-ants" drew the good (in those days) salary of $300 per year. Today the taxes, alone, on a building occupied by one large in-surance company exceeds 10 million dollars per annum. And the char-women on the 31st floor would laugh at an offer of $300 a year. Even the elevator boy would sneer at the same salary Robert Patterson was paid in 1845. Now you know why insurance is ' going to continue to cost just about the same as it has in the past. As a group, we're living a lot longer and there is less risk in insuring us. But, as a group we cost a whale of a lot to handle and the days of fancy interest returns are over. New Committee Controls ; Clamor for Food Stocks Directs Allocation of Limited Supplies; 7 jB Heavy Demands Made on Army to Feed jjf$jP Civilians in the Fighting Zones. HEKiq By BAUKHAGE Vhj Analyst and Commentator. WNU Service, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. The fight for food is on and a lot of people who "don't know there's a war going on" are going to learn about it at the breakfast table. The first shot was fired in the battle of the bureaus in Washing-ton by Food Administrator Marvin Jones early this month. Since then the President was moved to express himself on the subject at a White House press and radio conference. When he casually tosses off some comment like that it means a lot of memoranda have been written on the subject. We will have to take at least one hitch in our belts. However, the situation is not quite as black as painted but unless it is painted as black as possible it will be blacker. I choose the word black advisedly for that is the color of the markets that arise to thwart the war effort everywhere. It was a realization of this fact that caused the quiet, modest, soft-spoke- n Marvin Jones to shout a loud-spoke- n "Halt" to this g spree, begun In the last months by the various agencies whose job It is to get food but not to grow it. Amer-ica was doing pretty well, that Is the American farmer was doing pretty well making two and some-times four blades of this and that grow where only one grew before and by teaching the cows and the chickens how to multiply. We were feeding ourselves pretty well at home, we were turning out a G.I. ration the like of which fighting men never put their teeth into (in such quantity and quality) before Also considerable food though not nearly as much as was asked for was going out to countries in the immediate vicinity of the war zones and under the lend-leas- e arrange-ment. UNRRA was making some shipments but not many. Jones Lochs Cupboard Door Food Administrator Jones knew about what could actually be shipped abroad and how much was needed at home and he was able, with the help of the sweating tillers of the soil, to conjure it out of terra flrma. Then all of a sudden things began to happen, and the demands on Un-cle Sam's larder began to swell in such proportions that Jones said it would be bare as Mother Hubbard's cupboard if all the hungry folk got there before he locked the door. "There just isn't that much food In the world," one of Jones' lieu-tenants told the newsmen. There is something about the busi-ness of sowing and reaping, of breed-ing and feeding, of plowing, harrow-ing and thrashing that just can't be hurried. Jones knows that. The President knows Jones knows it and so he listened to Jones. The edict went out, no more food shipped to anybody anywhere, ex-cept for the army and navy and the already-agreed-upo- n lend-leas- e ship-ments, until it is approved by a com-mittee composed of the agencies who take the food and the one which produces it. This committee is pre-sided over by Leo Crowley, the Pres-ident's No. 1 trouble shooter. The army, the navy, the shipping admin-istration and the food administrator are members of that committee. Besides feeding its own mouths the army has to feed the people in the battle areas in which it lives. You have to maintain the economy of those areas if you live and fight In them. The Germans had to do it and that is why when they depart-ed (taking everything movable with them) the liberated areas were worse off as far as eating went than they were before. As our army moves forward more and more areas must be fed. Also as they move ahead and lose interest in the economy of the areas farther back, or as countries be-come completely liberated as France, Belgium, and most of the Balkans have been, food is essen-tial to keep the peace. There is nothing so conducive to revolution and civil strife generally as an empty stomach. The function of alleviating the distress in these countries falls to UNRRA which so far has not been able to do much. One reason for this, which applies also to countries which don't need borrowed food, but can buy it, is the lack of ships. Ships have to be used to carry war supplies. Until January such supplies as UNRRA could send had to be sand-wiched in in "broken lots" between guns and shells and what have you. In January two full shipments went over. And they got a hurry call to distribute food to some of the "left behind" areas which the army had been taking care of. These are the things which swelled the flood of demands on Marvin Jones' boys. These and many oth-ers like them. Europe's Distribution System Collapses . There are two potential factors which will bring even heavier de-mands from the hungry world. One is the gradual restoration of trans-portation media within the devas-tated areas and the other is the eventual release of more shipping. The latter cannot be expected soon for even when the organized re-sistance in Europe ends as it might before these lines reach you many ships must be diverted for use in transporting men and supplies from Europe to the Pacific. Of course such empty bottoms as move from America to Europe can carry food but many will be in service between Europe and Asiatic waters. At present the transportation sys-tem in France and the occupied areas of France is one of the greatest deterrents to shipping food to Europe which exist. There is no use of having food pile up in ports waiting to be transshipped to the interior. One American who flew from Lon-don to Paris said that he did not see one single bridge on the way. Of course there are some left or the army could not be supplied, but thanks to one side or the other no bridges remain in the pathway of a retiring army if it can be helped. We have seen what happened at Remagen when the Germans failed to smash the Ludendorf span before the Yanks could grab it and use it. A vivid example of how this de-struction of transportation nas af-fected France is revealed in the sto-ry of the potato lamps. Normandy is a rich farming country and there is enough grain and potatoes to help feed the impoverished French cities of the interior if they could get it. But there is no fuel or light in Nor-mandy. The Norman peasants can afford to hollow out potatoes, fill them with melted butter and attach a wick to them. That is their only means of light. Yet if the transpor-tation lines were going they could get some oil from other places and they could ship their butter and po-tatoes to people who sorely need them. At present food demands are heavy and until now the allocation of supplies has not been coordinat-ed. Government agencies which didn't have to produce the food, or-dered it. And their orders frequent-ly overlapped. Now all demands will be screened through Crowley's committee and the food administra-tion will not be asked the impossible. Purposely the same man is never given the job of making up quotas of desired war supplies and also of actually producing them. It has been found this is dangerous. There would be too much temptation to cut the quota to fit the available supplies. Now a certain amount of rivalry ex-ists which forces each party to try to get a little more than he thinks he can. But there has to be some-one to act as final arbiter to bring reach and grasp together with as little spillage as possible. s The number of civilians employed in the United States declined to in January, or to the lowest figure since the record high peak of 54,750,000 was reached in July, 1943, according to the Alexander Hamil-ton institute. Nevertheless, practical- - ly the largest possible percentage of the total labor force was em- - ployed in January. The decline in employment was thus not due to a lack of jobs but to a reduction in the available supply of labor. The reduction in the la-bor supply was caused partly by persons withdrawing themselves from the labor force and partly by persons entering the armed forces. No alleviation of the labor shortage is in prospect until after the war. The more thoroughly plates and dishes are scraped, the easier the washing job will be. Clean the keys of your piano with denatured wood alcohol. This will help keep them from turning yellow. To find your door key in your handbag, fasten a piece of ribbon onto the key. Sew a snap on the other end of the ribbon and snap it to the bag. Let the gelatin congeal a bit be-fore adding the fruit. This will keep the fruit from going to the bottom of the mold. A teaspoonful of ammonia added to the jar of water in which steel wool is kept will prevent rust from forming. Plant grass in a flower pot for your cat, and set the pot where the cat can help himself, as grass Is essential to his health. BARBS... by Baukhage "In many places," a Berlin broad-cast said, "the Volksturm has volun-tarily given up fighting." Th doc-trine of free-wil- l turns up in the strangest places. The Federal Communications commission reports a Jap broadcast which talks of important construction projects in Manchuria. Can it be the empcor is think'ng of moving? The Finnish premier has called for establishing a basis of understand-ing and friendly relations with Rus-sia. I'll bet his face was red. The curfew shall not ring tonight for restaurants which serve meals to war workers- - which may encour- - age some people who don't like to go home before midnight to join essen-tial industries. 4 view of the Brooklyn dorks from the WjUl street ferry In 1853. |