Show SOCIAL REFORMER ER ER WHO s HAD STORMY CAREER Count T. T of Tolstoi usually called Count Leo Tolstoi novel novelist st and social reformer was born Au August t 28 IS S at Yasna a a PoUana in the pro pro- 5 into of or 1 Tula Tuta Russia When 23 3 years of age of-age f. f ago age he entered tho the arm arm armband and served servers At Iut p tho the cavalry in tho and In hr x a tn the tile j defense or of of- against Sebastopol against tho tiro 0 a d French allied allied forces 1 I j i first mado made a reputation in litera- litera t jj rp bya by vs o vivid sl sketches elchos writ writ- ten teen from rom Sebastopol and when ho he left lell tHe army soon army soon after tho the Crimean war ho devote ted himself entirely to literature His His' War and Peace a Do tale talc of or the invasion of of Russia by Napoleon in 1812 1512 is regarded in Russia as aa being his mast mas- mas t though his Anna K T hl h appeared appeared- in 1876 1376 and The Cos- Cos o. o s1 k found greater grater favor Cavor abroad where her Kreutzer Sonata S nata translated in aiso AIs attracted wido attention n. n Tolstoi wrote much on education and s 1 several so short stories an and remt- remt 1 of childhood and youth but of r recent years years he had devoted to religious teachings Ho lie made mado Return Not Kot Evil the keystone of the Christian aUb and insisted that the literal interpretation inter- inter of tho the sermon on tho the mount a rule rUf of or the Christian life Ufe iThe l Tle r us views dews of or Tolstoi i iwer were set el elv v v. v r K forth n Christs bis Christs Christianity and ty l J nj ti 1593 Tolstoi wrote the Kingdom of 01 G God d Within U U. U UL and important work ort off t the the- o social question and In 1895 1535 he be iw j Ate te 0 The Four Gospels Harmonized grand I Translated Ills His other ether works In- In J My Iy Confession Criticisms of or of v Q Christianity Whal I Ber Be- Be r t What Is Is' Is to Be De The Death D ath o ot Ivan all ll The Tho Power of Darkness Darkness Dark- Dark news ness ness nesson on Lif Life a a drama The Fruits of Enlightenment fa a comedy The Kingdom Jf df f God Is Within You You What I Is Art Arti The Christian Teaching The I Resurrection T The rho Slavery of Our I Times Times What Is 18 Religion and many other worl works s on tho rho most varied subjects sub sub- Is Excommunicated Iu 1901 Tolstoi was was excommunicated unica t by bythe he the holy synod and In October 1902 he deposited deposit his memoirs and diaries 0 with tho the q n tor of the tiro museum on the tl condition that they should not be published until until ten tel years rears after his death and In November of the tho same year oar he ho legally made over his whole fortune Including in including In- In his bis real and personal estate to his wife and children In 1835 1830 Tolstoi wrote a a. powerful vindication vinn vin vin- dl dk atlon of or the D t sect which in that ye year r had suffered gr great at perse persecution On tho Russian censor refusing to permit per per- mt mit it its ito Tolstoi applied lIed to the T ondon Times s. s which printed the lengthy 0 He TIe continued from that time on ou to ad address address address ad- ad dress his literary efforts to the British press pross On March 1 1 17 17 i. i 1836 the London Daily Chronicle published a long letter Better letter from Crom Tolstoi to a correspondent in En England England Eng Eng- land on the Venezuela dispute which har hart recently arisen bet between een the States States' anc Great Britain It was a strong In Indictment n die ment of war Threatened With Exile Tolstoi was several times threatened with expulsion from Rus Russia la ia and was several several sev sev- eral times according tc upon the point of being exiled but he seemed on the whole to have been treated with unusual unusual unusual un un- un- un usual leniency in view of his pronounced views especially as set forth in a manifesto mant- mant to festo entitled d. d The Peoples People's Rf his criticisms of imperial acts and his open letters to the emperor He was however expelled from Moscow In July 1901 and had since resided at His health at that time was poor poor- and for a time his life was in danger bulhe but bul buthe buthe he regained his strength and resumed work worl Later Later- he suffered a relapse and andal andin in al February 1902 was reported dying Again ho rallied and in June in-June June his recovery was complete In July 1904 Tolstoi wrote an article denouncing the Russo Japanese war which caused the seizure of the tho of St. St Petersburg which published it and a revival al of the tho reports of the tho governments gov gov governments government's emment's intention to take severe a action Uon against tho author 4 Open Letter to Emperor Emper r. r In January 1905 Tolstoi published an alt open letter to the emperor regarding the Internal Intern l conditions in Russia which was printed throughout the world and some sometime sometime time ime later he completed his drama Behind Behind Belind Be hind lind the Scenes Scones in War Var tho the pro production of which was prohibited In St. St Peters Peters- burg The London Times rimes September 1 1 1905 1305 published a seven-column seven article article by TolstoI Tolstoi Tolstoi Tol Tol- entitled A A Great Iniquity dealing with the land question and declaring that Russia is living through an Important time that is destined to have havo enormous results The article was lar largely ly devoted to th the theories of Jho rho lato late Henry Geor George Georgo G. G and declared that tho l land nd question had reached a state of ripeness such as fifty years e rs ag ago was Vas reached by the tho question of serfdom serfdom- In 1907 he wrote roto a a. letter Jetter to Paul Sabatier Saba Saba- tier tiel of Paris as a a. reply to the tho latter's book on the disestablishment of the church ChUlch in France In the communication he he hc Russian writer predicted the possible reduction of all the Christian Chrit countries of tho west to a state tato of or vassalage to the Japanese and oth other r oriental people b basing bas bas- sing s- s ing his pr on the ground that ft t is only in the orient that religion and patriotism dare are arc synonymous mou On the the- occasion of Tolstoi's eightieth birthday extensive celebrations were wera held although althou h th they thoy Y were strongly strong disapproved by tho the Russian government and were wore made the subject of ot an appeal by the holy synod synod- b all believers believers' to abstain from participation Publishers Imprisoned d. d Several publishers 1 rs of Tolstoi's works have havo been sent to prison Of these M. M Selden was sentenced to six months In 1903 for publishing and distributing distributing the Thou Not A I Letter to tho Liberals Liberals 1 and Christian Christianity ity and Patriotism i The venerable writer addressed a note nole to tho court court challenging challenging tho PIos prosecution of himself instead of the publisher But the tho mn magistrate did not Venture to proceedings proceeding's against Tolstoi and th the government took no notice of the challen chal chat len lenge e. e I Although Tolstoi came camo of an aristocratic aristo aristo- cra cratic tic family being being- a descendant of Count Peter Tolstoi the friend and com com- comrade rade of oC Peter the tho Great received his education education edu- edu cation at J Kazan university entering the tho army aa as a lIeuten lieutenant nt of or artillery and commanding a battery at Sebastopol he was at heart a a. peasant In the best sense of ot the word devoted to th the Improvement ment of the tho condition of ot the Russian masses mass s. s and 2nd eager to lead them In the right fight path Organized Peasant Schools With ith these objects In lu view as early as 1875 he organized peasant schools on a anew anew anew new original basis operated co-operated in the improvement of cheap popular publications publications organized relief for fOl the starving population of middle Russia In hr 92 1891 renounced his property in and monc money and in the recent agrarian disturbances actually but vainly invited the p peasants to plunder his estate at a There ho lived Ived tho life Of dt a peasant In a peasants peasant's hut partaking only of simple peasants peasant's peasants peasant's food and wearing the thep p peasants peasant's as rough costume r rough ugh blouse broad leather belt fur cap long beard wide trousers tucked into hl high h cowhide boots But although Tolstoi chose tho the existence of r a peasant his family occupied the substantial family ran mansion on tho Yasna Yas- Yas na naya a estate not far from Tolstoi's Tol rol peasant hut In th the mansion was the Authors Author's library and there he hB went whenever be desired to dictate to his secretary J Tolstoi wasa was wasa a great reader and among amon Ills his were chess c cycling lawn tennis and swimming |