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Show tiik nri'L'iti 11 or ITIIMS. Tin: valuablo collection of ancient tnanuKrlt In llm Jtrltlh Muaenni, lion Ion, ha n-rently been augmeiiUd with arelloof more than common In-tent, In-tent, ltcoiiltof taOlougeUlpaof )ellowi-oloietl papyrn. covered wllh ancient (l-eek characUr written In Ink, and u -j-ed bi be a faithful copy ofArUlotle'e treallw on the roiulltu-Hon roiulltu-Hon of Allien. Till work ha hitherto lieen known to Kholara only from fragmenlarj luotatlou Ijillil In the willing of other authora. Where tho nianiirlt wa found and how, are Incident which are wllhlidl from the public but able critic are utUfled of IU gcnult.enea andcoiulJer It dale to lie 7S A, I) , or thercalioiil. Thetio tlael ol great Inlen.t. It ahowalheexptlleuceofallllleliallou, eiUIIng morn than two thouund year e,-o. It I a 1 Mure of the rlw, development de-velopment and decay of democracy In that age, outlined by one of the great-rt great-rt hlltia.Ii.r that over llveil, and all the mire lll'trucllvn Uwauaelt I fmi from any undue coloring. The great writer laya l-efore III reider the facta, a Ml maMemilnd NrrelvL-.l them, and leave the reader to draw lilaoanconchiKlon. Through tho defetta of Hie manu-Kllj manu-Kllj t the dracllpllon of the condition of Allien under the ruin of king I lo.l; lait im can illy undi inland thai the eo le grailually grew llnd of auto-1 auto-1 ratio rule and denial! Jed aome voice In the government. Condition hnl-lar hnl-lar to thine In Ilunl at priTcnt may bo imagined. The lint tep towanl democracy wa the Imlltulloii of the oOIcu of Polemarch or commauJt r In-chltf, whircbythe abwlute poaer of the Then another office, that of Archon or nler. whiihaml the iwwer with the kl lig.and Ihe ucceloa wa broken; ao that, Instead of the crown falling on Ihe head of the object noil, It wu given to any mcmtr of Ihe roal Iioun, elected I y the Areoiagui or council. From Ihl tlep the way to the abolition aboli-tion of the kingly olllco wa paved. The Archon la-mine Ihe ruler dtuofo, even If the title of kluj wa still re tallied. At flmt the Archon were electn for a term of ten year, ('haute In the government followed rapidly. TotuollireeexUtliig officer of HUte, the king, tho comnianderdii-chlef and Ihe Archon, lx other wire added, wh 1 only hel I oftlcn for one yrar, and the government wa thu practically tunudoer to the arUtocracy. The condition of tho lower c1avm of thejwple wa bad. Hiey had not the meativofaulr-JilenceaiiJ ran into debt, mortgigln: not only their land but theniMlvnialeo, until the majority of thojicoplewiro really owned by the more fortunate mluorlly. lteform weredemaudt-.!, an 1 louder and louder grew the crltwof the o preMod po-lace. po-lace. Draco wa empowered to rovlno Ihe contltutlon. In doing eo, wo are In-formed, In-formed, lie lial two ilnta In" view. I'lrat, to define crlmca lunUhable by hw, ao a not to leave the a-oj le at the mercy of thecal lice of Judge; n-oudly, n-oudly, toextind the francliliw, which he did by giving atiiTrijre to all men who were able to iiulpthemelve for war. In thl way a great number of the pcojlo were admitted to ubllu life, but the good n furmer failed to find the right remedy agalnat the evil rouiplalu vdof. It waa not of inucli uo tl till a poor man that he now had a right to Tote, a long a no remedy agatnvt lar-vatlon lar-vatlon could ba found. lread,nnd not frauchlae, waa the flrit rciulre-nieut. rciulre-nieut. Hence tho diualUfactlon grew tea Illy. Thefitale wawiaVened by luterualdl-euhu, and foreign pow. er took advinlae of her weakueaa, until the ieoplu once more agreed to emiovier one man to ellect what reform re-form lie might think bet. The choice Ml iijain n man whoe brilliant Inlil lectualxwen and uoblequalltle weru well known In the Btate. Ilia name wa Holon. 1 1 1 reform wero radlcAt. 1 1 la keen eye detected what had twaied Draco, that the economical dlfllcuHlta wire the worat of the evil, and he com. minced there. Ho provided that all ouUlandliigdebtaahould lie canceled, whereby the land weru relieved of the mortgagee Uit encumbered them. The klai who weru working work-ing oil their debt on the catato of the creditor were ait free. Till wa to glvo tho lHplo n new tuirt. And to Veep them In the nowdlriitlon ho irovllud that i.roua coult 110 longer mII theiuielvr for dull. He alo revlard the monetary ajjleiu, making the alandard i.jul to tint of oilier Htatiaon Ihe Iinlnauh. Thin the lonatllutlon untremwlcled no that every Athenian of full aeahould have a volco lit the election of otllci r. The '4-oplu thu tacame the riiler, and democrat y wa eatabllihed. One ro-llon, ro-llon, linwever, wu that a lerUIn niuouiit of wtmlth wan iiuallflcatiun for the moat lniiorUiit olllt e, and an other, that taxu w t ro to lie iald auiord-ing auiord-ing to lucome, the rich man Ulug taxed on n larger projortlon of hi total Income than Iho poor man. Hut the work of thl gnat legltlalor did not bring aar to the country The annual election for tho ollke of Arihon Ucamo ociaalon fur faction light. Thiro Hero' time rlle. Thu rh'li latidowner, Iho commeri lal mi 11 and tie jorrr 1 laaact ooiitendeil for thu atipriiuaiy, llutlhe aal, though Iholargiat, could not elect ollloer from their own rank, where-lorn where-lorn thu great butly of the people be VNime only the tool of the leader of Ihe other' pattle, and ninilloii wa tho onnwiuence. In thl condition of altalra It became w-iblcfor I'laUtlatlutOeolablllh him-elf him-elf aAdc.notoln thoHlale. Ho wa a famoue genuraL One day he ap-varcd ap-varcd In ibllo wllh many wound and bmli a, Indicted, he tab), on him while he d feuded the people. Ho waa then given a ludyguanl by the ajmiAthltltig people, and with thl he elied the clta lei of Ihe city and lie-cltrnl lie-cltrnl lilhiMlf ihe ruler, In which ! altlou he auccddeil In ratabltahlng hhuaelf after varlou lrugglei. The country llourliliel under hi rule, a did liutali under Cxar Peter, Hnglaml under Cromwell aud Prance under Napoleon llinapaitr. After many year of despo im democracy de-mocracy wa again cit-.MI-.hed. And w ltd democracy Ihe oil party feu I teemed to lie revived However, through the acllun of CMithenef, who reilMrli led the people, the Mi J were aa 1 pt away, aud democracy, the woik commenced bj Ho!ou,werotujlted. Dinger from Ihe out.Ue now threatened tho HUte. I'enll, ttlrred to war by ex.lll llllclua, thriw her tremendoun forcea ngvlnat Creew and ivpi-clally agalnti. Atheo. At tilt critical nnuuiit the arlitocrary again came to the front and, when everybody wa trembling In fear, by their noble and de lal e action taved Hie country. Irawraoy gvo way, to a certain extent, out of pure gratl tudr, and the Areopagu becaiile ntaln the moat lmilant Imly of the Utile. It waa, hoaever, only Icmjor-ary. Icmjor-ary. Tho oil regime wa once more wbll'i.l and ritual tied ajuntlllh.. Iliu.of I'erlilea. Ailalolle t): ".-to loug a 1'irlcle wa Iho lealirof tho le, all weut well lu IKiblla attain; lit whin lie wa dent there wa great deterioration. Theu forlho llrattlnie dll the people lake fir their leader a 111111 of no rcite among thn Utler clai.; up to lint datethero werealwaya men of kibIIIoii at the herkl of tho i(iiular nrty." The deterioration comuteJ In the fact that demagogue In-had of men of merit w ere elected for ofllcva. Cleou, the uccmaor of rerlcle 1 deacrlbed a a man with no principle nnd little latemanllko ablllly. Hut ho wa gifted wllh ' lattto catch the ear or the peojlo and to beguile them with n iecloui llcy." And thl Cleou a only Ihe flmt of a telle of audi worthh official. The groat chronicler ay. "Thv men who obtained tho loaJondilp of the poo le were thoe who would boaat Ihe l)ii Jet and who were the movt prufu-i lu I rouitea to the populace, with their eyiaoiilyoii the luUreaU of tho moment." mo-ment." With audi men at the lien I of alftlr the crttatroihe oa unavoidable. The people tmbaikeil In nraahuiidertakliig, a ir which in Jul In dlaaiUr. The nation Uramo exhauatel. llir fleet wa dctrojeil nnd her glory wa gone. What nn Ivtructlvo lemiti to nation na-tion In all age I ollervd by thl modern mod-ern dlicloeuro of the hUtory of auclint Allien. |