Show p1t fluE FffiST TEN PREsIDENrAL EcrioNSe It t j 4 J YrtaIf 9 The absence of any record oCthc popular ote a Presidential elections down to 1S21 and the fact that the recorded popular vote at that election t is deprived value because in so many iiflFk SlPles electors were chosen by Legislatures J Utf f Legis-latures make the first ten elections r starid in a class by themselves I was I GHAi the formative period of our new Government 4 IihJ Gov-ernment The fathers had provided avery LDN I a-very Ingenidus and indirect plan for I L the election of a President and Vice thD President The people In tho various States were lo choose so many electors C nnd these electors were to choose the 3RQIS President and VicePresident The v it theory was 1 fine one In practice I I r coon came to mean that the electors 1 C I D would sfmply register the vIll of the TIfC people pf the State that elected them TRe 1S Theory and pracllce where human nature 1T t na-ture ls < involved frequently differ A G brief review of the first ten elections ilK F will prove interesting FIRST ELECTION Ilw I was fortunate for the safety of the new Government that there was 1 1I6r no contest for the Presidency at the IGQlt 4 first election Every one turned in 1j slincllvely to Washington Thirteen 3At Slates with ninetyone electors should Aln have voted but New York with eight LAR I North Carolina with seven and Rhode JI Island with three failed to ratify I the Juldllr Constitution in time to partIcipate in U the first election The ten States thJ IU did vote were New Hampshire with l live electors Massachusetts with ten Cpnnecllcut with seven Now Jersey rE with six Pennsylvania with ten Delaware d iH Dela-ware with three Maryland with eights eight-s and Georgia with five a total of soy b entythree Four electors two In tAM Maryland and two in Virginia did not Itv appear and Vole so that only sixty 1 nine votes were actually cast Under the Constitution as it was then the I electors voted for two persons for I I President the one having the highest number If a majority became President 1vw Presi-dent and the one having the next 411 JUW highest number became VicePresident dI Washington received eel vole cast idf and John Adams the next highest iI nuinhor thirtyfour and to they became 4 be-came respectively the first President wYI and VicePresident of the United I 1 States The ihlrlyflve votes Adams Lq i did not receive were divided among UI I ten men all distinguished In their day Lj but most of them long since f9igotten r He opibalmcd In biographical dictionaries diction-aries John Jay of New York afterward Ap after-ward tho first Chief Justice of the Jy 2 United Slates received nine otes John Hancock of Massachusetts whoso bold signature to the Declaration of 1 Independence has made his name familiar fa-miliar to every American received IAkt four votes Maryland gave her six voles to one cit her favorite sons Rob hu crt Hanson Harrison Virginia gave Cti George Clinton afterward VIcePresi I are dent three votes Sputh Carolina gave her three to one of her favorite sons 3rii fit I John Rutlcdqc afterward the second cvti Chief Justice of the United States Georgia east ole vote for Gen J3enja etl ei min Lincoln of Massachusetts who had To Fr commanded the Southern tlcpaitmcnt or at one period of the Revolution and hth b who was designated by Washingtputo 0 thSYIL receive the sword of Cormvallls at the tt i surrender of his army at Yorktown r tb r Georgia also honored three favorite sons John Milton an active patriot i Aflt during the Revolution with two and 15 James Armstrong and Edward Telfnii1 I the latler twice Governor o the State It c wllh one each At this election electors II httbC were chosen by the Legislatures in Connecticut I Con-necticut Delaware New Jersey and I South Carolina and In the other States k by popular voleV f w SECOND ELECTION rn Washington and Adams were again It chosen President and VicePresident at the second election Fifteen States voted New York North Carolina and tW Rhode Islnjul having ratified the Constitution l2IIJi Con-stitution and Kentucky and Vermont A C having been admitted Into the Union U6Q as Stale These Stales were entitled iNl to 135 electors the apportionment nNmier vr th0 census of 1700 having Increased the membership of the House of Represent r f LI LtLVCS and consequently the number oC eleclors However 132 voles were cast two of Marylands electors and one of Vermonts falling id appear and vote 1 Washinglon received the whole 132 cant t and Adams i thus succeeding themselves them-selves Party divisions first showed i themselves at this election When the Question of ratifying the Constitution was before the people those favoring so k doing were styled Federalists those 1 opposed antiFederalists The majority majori-ty or the latter with some of the former Lr4 united Into n pall calling itself Demo J rruticRepublican While tl supported M Vas lngtona this election It favored fr George Clinton of New York for Vice I President Ho received fitly voles all of those of New Yorlc North Carolina Virginia and Georgia and one In Pennsylvania 1 Penn-sylvania lyenluckj gave Us four to I Thomas Jcircrson of Virginia while v South Carolina gave one to AAron Burr of New York EJIcclors were chosen by r the LcgMalureS In Connecticut Delaware 7 Dela-ware Georgia Kentucky NOW Jersey t New York Rhode Island South Caro lu IJna and Vermont r ii THIRD ELECTION OR Ai i Washington having declined a third Itrlr tr > rm his part for ho was a Federalist t I Federal-ist by popular agreeriient settled upon iC ali John Adams as his successor while I t d the opposition settled upon Thomas 11 i Jefferson This agreement was Intended W 9ttu Intend-ed to Include Thomas Plnckney of Llcfl 1 South Carolina as the Federalist candidate can-didate for VIcePresIdfnt jt t tcs dIdut and Aaron Ll l Burr that of the opposition Nothing d1 i approaching partydlscipline exlstcdso c I r 1 that while Adams received seventyone ii I AW electoral voles Ilnckney hud but fifty LuCIA nine and as Jefferson had sixtyeight Adams became President and Jefferson 1 DI VIcePr < > ldent l Burr received but d thirty ttkt celebrated Samuel Adams bf F Massachusetts Jlftcen In Virginia Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut the I Cs third Chief Justice of the United Cr States eleven all those of New Hampshire Hamp-shire and Rhode Island and one In Massachusetts George Clinton seven four In Georgia and three In Virginia G John JHiy live in Connecticut James Ircdell n Justice of the United States t Supreme Court three in his own Stale of North Carolina which State also pave one vole to Charles C PIncknev L1114 of South Carolina afterward the Fed DvIJui prallst candidate for President Mary Iv i mud gave two votes to one of her fa Q1 vorito stfnH John Henry len United I 141Ii State > Senator Massachusetts gave L4L4 Wo i votes lo Samuel Johnston of North IfiroHna a former Governor of that bT ecttcs fi tflute nhd United States Senator etttrl Wanhlngton who was In no sense n I IHjulldato received two votes one in North Carolina and one in Virginia I iI Sixteen States voted Tennessee being iiJISIl the new one with three votes making I iiirJ the total number of electors 138 Electors cir crs were chosen by the Legislatures In Connecticut Delaware Georgia Kentucky Ken-tucky New Jersey New 1 rlr Rhode Island North Carolina and Vermont rd1 FOURTH ELECTION I Party lines were strictly drawn at the fdurth election I was at this time that the plan of nominating candidates I pF jiv can-didates by party caucus Was adopted I Tho Fedcrallsls held their caucus early ts tlJ In IbOO No account of the proceedings proceed-ings of this caucus was published but j the result showed that they had decided Ii de-cided upon Adams for a fcccond term and Charles CPinekney of South Carolina ed3C j Car-olina for VlceI resldent The Demo gec craticRepublican caucus named tr i Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Qf 1du3V the 138 electoral votes JelTerson and f Burr received 83 each Adanis G5 LIREiI Plnrknoy Cl and John Jay 1 The vole 10 of Jefferson and Burr being a majority major-ity and a tie the House under Ihe Confltllullon was called upon to decide rdr1fr between them the balloting being by Stales The balloting began February llth and continued unlll February 17 1S01 3C ballots being cast On the last ballot ten States voted for Jefferson four for Burr two blank thus electing Jefferson who had a majority of the States Burr became VicePresident Electors were chosen by the Legislatures Legis-latures In Connecticut Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania South Carolina and Vermont FIFTH ELECTION Before the fifth election came tho Constitution hud been amended so that electors vote on separate ballots for President and VicePresident The Congressional caucus of the Democrat icRepublicans renomlnatcd Jefferson and with him for VicePresident York The Federalists George Clinton of New Yolc eralists named Charles C Plckney of South Carolina and Rufus King of New York Seventeen Stales voted with 17G electoral voles Ohio had been admitted admit-ted with three voles The rest of the increase came from the reapportionment reapportion-ment of repreaentallves in Congress based upon the census of 1800 Jefferson Jeffer-son and Clinton received 162 electoral voles and Pinokney and King 1 The Federallals curled only the Slates of Connecticut and Delaware and two dls Irlcls lit Maryland that Stale for many years choosing those of Us elector corresponding lo the representatives in the Congressional districts This is undoubtedly the most crushing defeat any part ever rerolved unless that administered to the Whigs in 1852 maybe may-be deemed proporllonaiely as disastrous disas-trous Electors were chosen by the Legislatures In Connecticut Delaware Georgia New York South Carolina Carolna Tennesseo and Vermont SIXTH ELECTION When the time for the sixth election arrived Jefferson decided to follow the example set by Washington not to serve a third term Ills party thereupon there-upon nominated James Madison of Vir glum for President and rcnomlnalcd Clinton for VIceProsident The Federalists Fed-eralists named the ticket of four year before Madison received 122 for President Pres-ident and Clinton U3 for VlcePrcsl denl One elector In Kentucky failed to appear and vote The six electors of Vermont and the three of Ohio voted for Madison for President and for John Lingdon of New Hampshire the first President pro tempore of the Senate for VlcePrcsIdenU Clinton however had his feelings soothed for falling behind be-hind his leader in the fact that six of r the electors of New York voted for him for President These electors divided I their votos for VicePresident equally between Madison and Monroe Pluck ney and King received 47 votes each Electors were chosen by the Legislatures Legisla-tures In Connecticut Delaware Georgia Geor-gia Massachusetts New York South Carolina and Vermont SEVENTH ELECTION Madlscn received the unanimous vote I of the caucus of hi party for renomi nation at the seventh election Clinton I being dead Elbrldge Gerry of Massachusetts I Massa-chusetts frpm Whose surname the word Gerrymander AS as formed way nominated for VicePresldenl The Federalists nominated Dewitt Clinlon of New York one of the most eminent statesmen of his time and Jared In gersoll of Pennsylvania an eminent jurist eighteen States voted having 213 electoral voles Louisiana had been admitted with three votes and the rest of the Increase came from the new apportionment ap-portionment of representatives under the census of 1810 Madison and Gerry received 123 electoral votes Clinton and Ingcrsoll SO 1 elector in Ohio falling to appear and vote Electors were chosen by the Legislatures in Ken I tuck Delaware Georgia Louisiana New Jersey New York North Carolina Caro-lina South Carolina and Vermont EIGHTH ELECTION Madison being ineligible for reelection reelec-tion under the unwritten law which limits the President to two terms if he can get the second one The Dem ocraticRepublican caucus nominated I for President James Monroe of Virginia Vir-ginia over William I Crawford of I Georgia and Daniel Tompkins Governor Gov-ernor ofPennsylvania The federalists federal-ists made practically no fight They supported Rufus King of New York for President and had no candidate for i IcePresident Monroe and Tompkins received 183 electoral voles King received re-ceived 34 For VicePresident John Eager Howard of Maryland one of the heroes of the Revolution ajid a 3Jd a Federalist leader received the 22 votes of Massachusetts Connecticut divided hers between Ross of James Pennsylvania Pennsyl-vania n former United States Senator and John Marshall of Virginia Chief Justice of the Supreme court and Delaware Del-aware gave her three to Robert G Harper Har-per of Maryland who had resigned from the Senate to he a candidate for VlccPresIdent One elector In Delaware Dela-ware and three in Maryland failed to I appear and vote at this election Electors Elec-tors were chosen by the Legislatures In Connccllcut Delaware Georgia Indl3 ana Louisiana Massachusetts New York South Carolina and Vermont When Congress came to witness the opening of the votes by the VicePres Ident objection was made to counting the vote from Indiana on the ground that il was not yet a State of the Union TJiere was some debate upon the proposition but Indianas vote was counted This was the fIrst time that any objection was made to tho recep tion or counting of the vole of any State or what purported to be the vole of a Slate of the Union NINTH ELECTION Monroes two terms a President comprise com-prise the period known in American polllics as the era or good paling The slight opposition he had met with In 1S1G had entirely died out four years later at the ninth election There was no opposition to him and practically none to VicePresident Tompkins No one was nominated against them The I close the war pf 1812 had led to a very large immigration Into the Western and Southwestern Territories One consequence was the admission Into the Union of the States Of Mississippi 1 linois Alabama and Missouri The people peo-ple of Maine region which had hitherto I hither-to constituted n part of Massachusetts had now succeeded in the desire they had felt for some time to have themselves them-selves detached from Massachusetts and erected into a new State Thus twentyfpur States Voted at the ninth election having 235 electoral votes Of these Monroe received all except one which was cast by an elector In New Hampshire who declared that JIG one should share with Washington the honor by a unanimous election Tomp kind received 218 votes Richard Stock ton of New Jersey a former United States Senator received 8 votes In Massachusetts Daniel Rodney of Delaware Dela-ware a former Governor and laler a Unlled SLates Senator received the 4 voles of that State Ono Maryland 1 elector voted for Richard G Harper who was voted for by ihc Delaware I 11 electors ut tho previous election THe elector of New Hampshire who voted for Adams for President also voted for Richard Rush of Pennsylvania who had been AttorneyGeneral of the United Stales and who was destined President for future Cabinet honors for Vice TENTH ELECTION There having been no party division at the election of 1820 the nomination of Candidates by Congressional caucus proved an entire failure IA ulimlyat tended caucus named William 1 Crawford Craw-ford of Georgia for President and Albert Al-bert Gallatln of Pennsylvania for Vice PresIdent but no heed was paid to UK action The campaign degenerated inlo a personal contest In which the leading lead-Ing candidates for President were Andrew An-drew Jackson of Tennessee John Qulncy Adams of Massachusetts Wil liam H Crawford anil Henry Clay of Konlucky GallnUn dropped entirely out of the running Twentyfour States voted having 261 electoral voles Electors Elec-tors were chosen by the Legislatures Delaware Georgia Louisiana New York South Carolina and Vermont Of the electoral vote Jackson had t Adams 81 Crawford 11 and Clay 37 As no candidate had a majority of the electoral vole the election devolved upon the Ilouse of Representatives which Was limited In Its choice to the three highest candidates dams received re-ceived the voles of thirteen States Jacltson of seven and Crawford of four For VIcePresident John C Calhoun of South Carolina received 182 electoral I voles and was elected Nathan Sanford San-ford of New York United States Senator Sena-tor both before and after thin election received 30 voles for VicePresident 7 from Kentucky 7 from New York 10 from Ohio Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina the original father of the House received 9 votes from Georgia Andrew Jackson received 13 S from Connecticut 1 from Maryland 3 from Mlsourl and 1 from New Hampshire Henry Clay received 2 from Delaware One elector In Rhode Island failed to I appear and vote for any one for Vice President I SINCE THE TENTH ELECTION The tenth election closes the period when the electoral vote furnishes the only means of gauging elccllons and the eleventh begins that In which the popular vote assumes importance even If not the determining actor in the result re-sult The latter period has already been reviewrd In these columns In this latter period the candidate receiving the greater number of popular votes has also received a majority of the electoral vutcsr though there have been ecop I I I lions At thc twentythird election I 1S7C Samuel J Tlldcn had a majority of 150000 of the popular vole but after u contest lasting almost lo the hour of Inauguration his opopncnt Rutherford B Hayes was declared elected the electoral vote standing 185 to 181 The admission of Colorado in that year with 3 votes which were cast for Hayes was the real determining factor In this election I was admitted by l a Democratic Demo-cratic House and a Republican Senate Those Presidents who received less limn a majority of the popular vote are commonly spoken of as minority Presidents Presi-dents though of course they had a majority of the electoral votes The first of these was John Quincy Adams National Republican Polk Buchanan and Cleveland the latter both limes Democrats Lincoln Hayes Garfield and Harrison Republicans Of course these minority Presidents were made such by the presence of minor parties who carried away enough popular votes to leave the successful candidate In a I minority of that vote except In the case of Hayes and Tllden All of which emphasizes em-phasizes the fact that It Is the elecloral I vole that counts C A HAMILTON |