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era N NC rl C III LJ Ix r N Two t r g I Y j t tItI ItI 1 t r i ly r K p 4 By ELMO SCOTT WATSON I 1 l Iriti In North orth America theres there's a republic poetically hailed as Co j Co lumbia the Gem of ot the Ocean Ocean- Ocean ri the United States Down In South South South- America theres there's another republic whose real name differs In the spelling spell spell- spellIng spell spell-r Ing by only one letter from the poetical poetical po- po f name of her sister In the f north and theres there's more than one reason for hailing it as ns Colombia A A Gem Tween Two Oceans Both noth of them trace their name bath back to one man the daring navigator who Is commonly regarded as the discoverer of the New ew World Christopher World Christopher Co- Co Columbus Columbus Co Columbus lumbus Within the last year two events have re turne turned the eyes of ot the tM north North orth American republic to- to toward toward to toward ward the South American One of them was the r dispute between Colombia and Peru over the vIolation of ot a treat treaty whose purpose It was to define the boundary between between n the two ro countries The headwaters of the Amazon river are far farup farup farup up In the eastern slope of ot the Andes whIch forms the back country of ot Peru Ecuador and ColombIa In 1022 1 22 however a treaty was signed defining definIng ing log the boundary which for the most part fol- fol followed fol followed lowed the Putumayo river a northern branch ot of the Amazon which It joins In Brazilian terri tern territory tory In order to give the Colombians access to the Amazon Peru ceded to Colombia the nar nar- narrow narrow narrow row corridor from the Putumayo along the Bra Dra Brazilian frontier to the Amazon and Including the Amazonian port of ot Leticia Despite their resentment at this arrangement It was accepted by the Peruvians of this eastern back country ot country of which the Amazonian port ot of Iquitos Is the principal until center center until revolution overthrew the government of ot President nt who had made the treat treaty On the lie morning ot of September 1 of ot last year ear the Peruvians seized Leticia and drove out the Colombian officials At first President Sanchez Cerro was wa inclined to V this action but later supported It It- It ng dig th that that- t- t the treaty of 1022 was not valid gf ause use It had never b b tl put up to his people although though the treaty was ratified by the congresses of both countries Thereupon the League of Nations took a hand handIn handIn handIn In the affair After an examination of the be- be beginnings be beginnings ginnings of the conflict It Issued a report which condemned Perus Peru's attitude and asked for tor the restoration of the seized territory to Colombia President Sanchez Cerro refused to comply and thus brought Peru Into conflict with the league The league council at length proposed a n plan which on May Slay 25 was accepted by both coun coun- countries countries tries whereby Peru will evacuate Leticia and the corridor turning the jurisdiction thereof over to a n league commission which will act to enforce order and use therefore such International International lIonal forces as It may select the entire ex- ex expense ex expense pense of this operation being born by Colombia l The four members of the commission Col Cot Ar Ar- Arthur Arthur thur Drown Crown representing the United States Capt Francisco Iglesias representative from Spain Dr Armando of Cuba and Lemos Bas Basto to the league representative e from Brazil are arenoV arenow arenow now V on their way to to fulfill their duties as league administrators Along with International praise for the efforts of the league In effecting an amicable settlement ot of the situation credit also belongs to the successful suc suc- successful successful negotiations between Perus Peru's new president president dent dent debt Dr Oscar nena Benavides and Dr Alfonso Lo- Lo Lopez pez Lo-pez vez pez Colombian Colombian minister to England who with President Enrique Olaya Olaa Herrera of Colombia accord be be- between between between have ha established a closer earnest tween the two nations last Jan Jan- Jannary January The other event was the celebration uary nary of the four tour hundredth ann anniversary of the founding of Cartagena Colombia with a pro pro- program program gram of festivities and an elaborate exposition designed to recall the wealth and romance and travail which four centuries had brought to this Carthage of tho the New World navigators of the for noted A A A port of call world from Columbus to Lindbergh Cartagena colorful and turbulent more has bas had a history Lk Four Four 1 1 Four centuries after the eyes of the Span Spanish ish conquistadors first widened at South Amer America's ica's coastal beauty such tropically wild garden spots as the Bay of remain unchanged and lovely Part of Colombia's virgin coastline It may have been the haven for more than one buccaneering crew sailing the seas sea in search of the storied wealth of the Spanish gold fleets fleet 2 Painting 2 Painting by Colombia painter In Hotel El EI Salto Saito at Tequendama Falls showing ca Boch after smiting the rock that caused the rushing forth of Tequendama Falls Branches 3 3 Branches drooping with the weight of ripe ripe- ripe red red clusters of coffee cherries this coffee tree is ready for the tho pickers who harvest one of the most Important crops of Colombia Panama 4 4 Panama hats In the process of manufacture ture An 5 5 An air view of the tho th modern waterfront of Cartagena Colombia one of the oldest cities In inthe Inthe the tho New World which was founded years ago In 1533 It was from here that the treas ure laden Spanish galleons set sail for the Old World as far back as the middle of the Sixteenth century perhaps than that of ot any other city In the New World The early Spanish conquistadors discovered discovered ered the harbor and decided to establish a city there through which the Spanish fleet might maintain contact with the rich New World over which their dominion was rapidly becoming es- es established established es established nut Cut the native Indians thought other other- otherwise otherwise otherwise wise and It was only with the greatest difficulty that th they y were subdued On January 21 1533 the first stone of the new city was laid by Pedro de Heredia In n the name of Spain Spain- Thereupon Its fortresses and towers rose quIckly at a n reported expense of and thousands upon thou thousands sands of lives lI perhaps the Ule costliest city In men and money since the building of Rome nome or Athens Spain's determination to build strongly and to hold the city against all comers was not with with- without without without out logic Shiploads of or gold gohl sliver silver and emeralds costliest of jewels In the mining of which lombia Co Co- Co still leads all other countries were dis dis- dispatched dispatched patched to the Old World Caravans of priceless booty flowed flow Into Cartagena by mule back and other English means mens of primitive transportation Eng Eng- Eng Eng- English English lish and French rapidly learned of the treasure land and Spain unwilling to share the bounty of discovery fortified and fortified mightily Like Carthage of old Cartagena withstood many a mighty siege and was the site of the greatest battles of thoSe times And like Carth Carthage age of ot old Cartagena fell before Invading tn con con conquerors The most famous assault of all has an Indirect but picturesque connection with Unit Unit- United United United ed States history and with one of Uncle Sams Sam's own most precious of national shrines In the s 1740 1740 a British fleet k-ct stormed Cartagena under command of Admiral Vernon It was one of the most stupendous and und u endur enduring sieges of the military history of that da day The fhe final stages of the siege found the would would-he Invaders un under er command of one Capt Lawrence Washington Upon Captain Washington's return to Virginia In 12 1742 he found a new house awaiting him him the central portion of the present mansion and he gave It the name of Mount Vernon In honor of the admiral under whom he sailed for Cartagena Upon his death the property became that of George Washington his half brother During the period 1544 to 1815 1315 Cartagena wms attacked eight times by pirates and buccaneers buc buc- buccaneers buccaneers among them the Ule Englishman Drake and his countryman These succeeded In capturing the city held It for a n short period and abandoned It with boot booty valued at more than half halt a n million ducats French adventurers ad also succeeded In capturing the city after strenuous strenuous strenuous ous siege and departed with even en greater treas trees treasure treasure ure ore In spite of temporary capture Cartagena continued to remain Spanish for although some soma of the besiegers were successful their stay was only long enough to plunder and sack Not only Is Colombia rich In historic associations associations such as those connected with the ancient city of ot Cartagena but It Is also rich In beau beauties lJ beauties au ties of ot nature which justify the characterization ot of A Gem Tween Two Oceans One of or thos those beauty spots Is the famous Tequendama wa Ya wa- wa waterfall waterfall and connected with It Is an interesting legend of or the the native Inhabitants of Colombia was their prot protective deity and a subordinate deity was the god of farmers merchants and silver sliver workers The like some other peoples of ot the earth had their universal punishment or flood on account of their many sins This flood took place In the great Inundations of the Sopo and rivers tributaries of the Funza the In- In Inhabitants inhabitants In Inhabitants habitants of ot the lofty plateau of Bogota having only the tops of ot the trees In n which to take refuge This great flood had bad been ordered by their subordinate god But nut the survivors sun turned their eyes to Cochlea Bochica theIr protecting protecting ever deity and the latter appearing one evening at sunset above the rainbow and with a golden scepter In one hand struck such sucha a blow with It upon the rocks of Tequendama that they split In two and through the opening thus made the waters held on the savannah or plain of ot Bogota were released leaving It more fertile than before beCore thanks to the slime that had accumulated This was the divine origin of the marvellous Tequendama waterfall In the old days It was gold and precious stones which constituted the sought-after sought wealth ot of Colombia and even today In addition to be be- beIng being ing lug the worlds world's largest producer of emeralds that republic leads all nIl other South American countries In the production and export of ot gold goltl nut But her greatest treasure Is gold of another three sort three kinds of gold In fact They are white gold or platinum In fn the production of which she ranks second black gold or oil and green gold or coffee The worlds world's largest producer of fine coffees and second In world coffee production Colombia has a lending leading role amon among the South American countries In being purveyor pur to the enormous coffee pot of her neighbor on the north the United States In 1032 1932 that giant coffee pot poured out approximately cups ot of Americas America's national drink enough to give gh-e every person In the United States i cups per year or almost two cups n a day and SO per cent of the billion and n a half pounds of coffee now v Im- Im Imported Im Imported ported annually for American coffee lovers lo comes from the South Amer American an states with Colombia as one of the chief sources of or supply Just as the United States Stales looks to her sister republIc In the South for a warming Invigorating ing log drink so does docs she slie also look to her for a 8 cool comfortable type of headgear For Par It was during the construction of the Panama rail rail- railroad railroad road across the Isthmus of Panama then n a part of Colombia that the term panama as applied to hats originated While that work was In progress several of these native e hats found their way Into City and were purchased by tourists and by the rapid and profitable sale workmen Owing O to of those tho few hats larger quantities were brought who carried these hints hats In and sold Tourists away with them when questioned as to their origin very naturally replied that they came i from Crom Panama and It was therefore generally assumed that they must be a product of that part of Colombia and since they were procured known as pana pan In Panama they must roust needs be ama hats Thus Thug without further Information hat was as to Its origin the term panama accepted as correct and thus It has remained 0 m by Wt rn Newspaper N Union Our ur Government How How It Operates By William B INDEPENDENT AGENCIES TIllS HUlS government of ours has be- be become become come such a n gigantic thing that only those who have dally contact with It In all ull Its forms readily rec rec- recognize recognize recognize Its magnitude Consequently there has developed throughout the country a feeling on the part ot of thousands that there are a n lot ot of governmental agencies whose exist exist- existence existence ence Is not justified There are others who are not certain the gov gov- government government ought to be as big as It Is but they retain an un unquestioned faith In those they elect to represent them There Is plenty of ground for tor the feeling In each Instance The government gov gov- government Is certainly doing a lot ot of things that the Fathers of the Coun Coun- Country Country try dil did not contemplate but which I astute politicians since have con con- conceived conceived Many of these functions ought never have been heen started vast numbers of them ought to be bedone bedone bedone done away with now but the law of averages has lias worked again and some of nf the things the government Is now doing represents services which the country needs and which Its citizenry finds of ot value alue In one manner or another In the course of oC examining the governmental go structure In detail as asI asI I hose have ha e had to do In preparing these discussions I located a total of ot 53 3 agencies operating Independently of ot the established over which cabinet members preside They spend a total of or about each year ear exclusive of the vast ast paid surn paid out by the veterans administration which has been discussed separately So It would seem that there was sufficient reason for that Tennessee woman who having read criticisms of the great number of bureaus boards and commissions wrote to the President President President dent sa saying ln that she could use uge one of the useless bureaus and would be willing to pay the freight charges on It It If f one were shipped to Most of these Independent offices spend less than a million dollars a year rear apiece Some of ot them cost only a few thousand a year but there are some whose annual cost to the tax tax- taxpayers taxpayers payers range much higher Surely none questions the value of ot the I radio commission In these days when we all aU enjoy extracting things from the air nor Is there n a ques- ques ques question tion as to the principles actuating creation of the federal power com com- commission commission mission The board of tax appeals amounts to a court and serves ser tax tax- taxpayers taxpayers taxpayers payers and the government alike nut Cut there Is the shipping board and the United States tariff commission commis commis- commission commission sion and the federal trade commis commis- commission commission sion slon and antI the bureau of efficiency two taro or three commissions to adjust disputes growing out of boundary questions between the United States and Its neighbors the national screw thread commission any number of memorial |
