| Show DUAL EMPIRE IS DYING r i End of War WaT Will See Hungary I 11 Free ee Austri Austria Held by Kaiser 1 NEAR END IS ASSERTION I By George Emory F Fellows Professor of History and Political Science at the University of Utah WHILE German Germany tO today is the leader in absolutist ideas up until 1866 1666 T T Austria of all the nations of Europe s stood for absolutism and despotism despotism despotism despot despot- ism of every cerv form Not until Prussia had determined to make herself the leader of the Uc German speaking people and had completely defeated An Austria tria in the s seven seven fen weeks weeks' war a I was there anyone anone to inherit the do domineering altitude attitude attitude atti atti- tude that Austria n hail had shown for six centuries The most aggravating t ug display of Austria's s 's de despotism took place in Italy Italy realty really had bad been for several centuries what Metternich termed at the s congress of Vienna merely a geographical expression The small states of Italy served l as the small change chang of the different monarchs of Europe Europe Europe Eu Eu- rope at the settlement of or each ench dynastic war I At kt the end of the war of or the Spanish succession of at the Austrian succession o of the Polish succession the states state of or Italy Itaho composed of millions of Industrious Industrious Industrious Indus Indus- people had been handed from one owner to another without the slightest consultation with any n of or them and without their knowing or caring what the causes CLuses of the transfer had hac b been e en 1 Y Venice rn tn In Austria The last transfer of any Ln Importance occurred when Venice was given to Austria after the downfall of Napoleon apoleon The city elt that is now so bravely being defended had up to the time o of the French revolution a longer history o or of independence than any other European state Ever since Hinc the o of ancient history history his hl tory had been driven off the mainland b by the the first Hun invasion In and had made mad their homes on the shores of or small Islands Isi- Isi ands where great rivers poured themselves themselves themselves them them- selves in sluggish channels into tho the Adriatic their thela descendants had been free For three or four our centuries Venice Yen Ven- ice was the commercial leader of at the world Under the Austrians from rom 1815 to 18 1849 HI the Venetians were treated little better belleI than slaves This is not all In Inthe Inthe Inthe the three periods of ot revolution which spread over f Europe about 1330 and 1 18 s several seral of or the Italian states endeavored t to tv throw off orr the yoke yole o ot of despotism and in every case Austrian armies were sent down to extinguish the fires of liberty Typical Tyrant runt Since the beginning of this great wa war our attention has been so frequently frequent directed to the atrocities perpetrated b by the Turks and Germans that it ha lia become quite natural to think of or Austria Aus Aus- tria ai as of secondary Importance and nor not p particularly responsible Yet the barbarity shown In the repression o othe ot of otle the le popular revolutions re in the lt Italian llan states slates and In Vienna its itself 1 In iSIS an and J 1849 were quite equal to an any within our more recent experience Th The city of or Venice was taken after a long sel e in 1849 The palaces ar art galleries and churches w were re bombarded bombard bombard- ed with red Jed hot shot for weeks The people were reduced to starvation The i Austrian gunners took deliberate ain aim I at th the hospitals and funeral processions In Jn the cemeteries In the Insurrection of 1792 ii In Paris Parla many victims were spared b by the frenzied mob nob merely because the they clung to statues The Tho Frenchmans Frenchman's regard regan for Cor art was so great that he would rather spare an enem enemy than stain a york work of art with blood No 0 nl for Art An rt Nothing o of the tho kind was expected or on realized from froni Austria in 1549 nor in inthe inthe the tho past two weeks when bombs have been dropped on the architectural monuments monuments mon nion- In Padua and other othel northern northen Italian cities les The rhe recent emperor of or Austria Franz Joseph came to the throne because his uncle had hal under pressure made liberal libera promises to the rebellious citizens o ot of Vienna When hen he found he could not keep them he abdicated In favor avor of the young prince who made no promises of oC any kind The beginning of at the reign of oC Franz Frauz I Jo Joseph eph Is remarkable only for the bloodthirsty way in which the citizens of Vienna wore crushed while the thc they were enjoying their new found liberti liber liber- ti ties CS A Hus Russian lan general was commissioned to take tle Vienna by storm Although the people of oC Austria were compelled to submit to the restored despotism Hungary Hungary Hun Hun- gary ar held out for Cor nearly twenty years rear and not until 1867 was as a working agreement reached between the two parts of oC the empire ome The defeat of or Au Austria by b Prussia In 1566 had hall shown Franz Jo Joseph eph that It if hl his empire was wa to live lIv he must gather ather the shattered pieces tO together h by some concessions to modern ideas An agreement agreement agree agree- ment called the was Va made between Hungary and Austria whereby Franz J Joseph himself was the tho only bond of or the union This agreement was to be bo renewed every ten ton years ears The last renewal was due in 1917 It is altogether probable that had not the war been In Jn actual operation when Franz Fran Joseph died the Hungarian states would have p declared their independence As 8 it I IP is we can sec see that Hungary although having nothing directly against the new emperor emperor em em- Charles still does docs not work In harmony rmon with Austria and arid we ma may look forward to an nn early division between the two parts of ot the empire wh whether ther the he central powers ire are victorious or defeated 1 io to Join Germany Should there be a dissolution of the Austro empire through defeat de do- feat teat b by the allies or for or an any other reason reagan Austria proper will undoubtedly be JG connected with Germany German and tho the Hungarians organize an independent government go No one can prophecy what will occur in n Russia within the next two years I It t is not Improbable that as much time I will be bo spent in governmental experiments experiments expert expert- ments meats as the French did In their revo- revo lotions over o a n hundred years ars ago Ten Teh full ull years of ot turmoil preceded the tho period pe- pe nod lod of rest under the Napoleonic de and no less than tire rive different different dif dif- ferent forms torms of or governments Government were tried S SHUM v HUM RuMs Unlikely el So man many parallels p can be drawn be between between between be- be tween the Russian revolution re of 1917 j jand and the French revolution of ot 1789 1781 that one Is apt to look forward to still sUll further resemblances In the future J have been tho the changes cham-a's Yet so 50 great een in the popular mind within th the past I century that at the present it seems unlikely that a new empire will arise on the ruins of or the old or that any such military or governmental genius will appear for Cor Russia as did Napoleon for tor France With the Independence of Finland announced and likely to folloW follow follow fol fol- low and the probable setting up o of other othel states it is not at all impossible that the tho new nc Russia will be a federal union somewhat at after tel the model of ot the tha United States However Howe no writer rileI a athe at atthe the pre present ent is rash enough to make make- an any er very definite detinUe prophecy In this or any other line We e await with anxiety the daily dalh re reports reports reports re- re ports of progress or disaster but we feel teel confident that out of ot all this turmoil turmoil turmoil tur tur- moil such as the world has never be before before belore be- be fore lore witnessed there will be such benefits ben ben- accrue to the human raco as a a. whole that all the losses and horrors horror may not have been in vain If It a sane rule of ot the people people- in al all nations shall replace autocracy and militarism and a fL world state for lor peace and international progress arise the price paid mL may not be too great |
