Show rGENE-ALo rGENE GENEALOGY TC I v oc OID OLD X onu CUSTOMS I T may ho he wen well to dwell In detail on In Iii conditions IT some general social I England during luring and after tho the Conquest Conquest Con Con- quest as lUJ the they clarify our Impressions of that period and thus help us to understand the formation of or families und and tho custom of taking surnames in that distracted country of ot warfare Tho The old English customs of oC Scandinavia those wore tore akin alln to When hen Canute conquered En England his foot soldiery soldier had met the Saxon Sason hordes of or footmen the these e n righting fighting face faco to facein face facein in wedge o or column tho the shields of the tho soldiers acting as a 3 barrier while whilo themen the tho mon men hacked and hewed each others other's heads over O the wall aU o of war lindens as theIr shields were called William brou brought ht over ocr his armien disciplined disciplined dis dis- and gra graded ed according to tho the new Frankish methods and such was the terror Inspired by br these unheard unheard-of war tactics that the English were WArA 03 as much overcome by bo terror as b by skill The rho hosts of or William wore arranged ed first tho the footed fleet In three ranks ranks first skilled archers faced the tue enemy then came tho heavy heay armed foot Cool soldiers and flanking were great groat bodies of or mailed horsemen all d for war ivar an and standing In hI the background of f the battlefield like mountains of or def defense n c. c To ro fight I ht on omi foot fool face to face sword to sword was as old a. a as the tho race To fight with arrows and to fight on horseback was so new nev so terrible and so o Irresistible combined with the swift archery archer of oC the advancing outposts ost that tho the antiquated armies of tho the English had no coura courage e left with which to oppose e this new ncY foe Brings 1 Feudal S System t lU Alon Along with archery and cavalry ca WillIam William Will Will- iam lani brought into En England the tho feudal system of castle building The old Saxon and Danish earls carls had cut a moat around their rude homes and as archery arch arch- er cry ery was unknown that was sufficient protection Irom om an 0 enemy With the new weapon came the need of ot bettor better protection So square castle walls were built of cobble an and mortar high and of ot tremendous thickness Some of or these were of or solid stone and so thick thiel that no outworks were necessary If H the baron had hall his forts well provisioned he could defy dc his enemy enem Starvation was the only method of oC subduing such a n fortress A A. period of months an and even e years ears was wa sometimes necessary to conquer conquer conquer con con- quer a n garrison by starvation The slip ships used by tho the conqueror and their number Is vcr very uncertain Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps Per Per- haps a n thousand ivero In use The rho ex exquisite ox- ox yet uncertain record of or this left leftus leftus leftus us by b the high-born high ladles indies who embroidered em em- broidered the tho famous Bayeux tapestry is about all th the evidence we have haE No ships were of oC more than thirty tons burden with one mast must on only The Tile steer sat In the stern holding the sheet in his left hand band and In his right the tIme steering steering- paddle There were no decks anti and only onto about flU fifty men could be carried aboard Yet this fleet neet was tho the foundation of oC England's En powerful supremacy of or the tIn theseas seas The was a devout servant of or the church Ills soldiers were al alWa always always al- al Wa ways accompanied by iy his clergy who understood human na nature turo and sol soldier ler nature much better beller than they comprehended compre compre- bonded the mysteries of oC godliness I When cn William settled his barons and soldiers In an au English sh town he took care to establish a very firm cortege of or spiritual advisers ad usually of or Norman orman French or Italian birth The foreign priests held tho the crude crudo Saxon churches In in the utmost t contempt so o that the very cry first work undertaken b by these prelates was to tear down the square I old Romanesque churches and build Norman cathedral This was nB In- In Inh tho the h h T ft I. I in mn me tue lorm 01 UI a. a iv un cross The windows were round round- hc headed without or shafts and the doors were wera square-headed square un under nfl un- der a roun round arch rue Tho central toners ers are arc very ery low and ani hen heavy and the porches perches shallow The Thc Crusaders who followed shortly after brought In man many modifications modifications modi modi- fI of or this severe type especially especial especial- J ly 13 the pointed arch Education Interesting Study The Tho education of ot those early days Is Isa Isa Isa a very ery Interesting study It must be stated at the outset that all learning was as practically confined to tho the clergy denn er and nd Lanfranc holding hot ht disputes concerning the doctrine of or This was the root of or Norman orman schools In their new ne country country coun coun- try tn and because of cr's attacks upon this accepted doctrine and the philosophical arguments ho and his followers followers fol tol- fol- fol lowers brought forward he Is said to tobe tobe tobe be the tIme plon pioneer er of scholastic tlc philosophy England responded to this challenge e of oC disbelief thrown down by Berenger Beren cr through the conquerors conqueror's own prelate the learned And out of ot this religious louf dispute grew tho the realist or orthodox believers and philosophers and the st party part who held the supremacy of or reason as JS opposed d to su su- su Education was confined to two heads lie grammar and logic Arithmetic tic geometry astronomy and were taught with grammar and rhetorIc rhetoric rhe rho- tone arid and all were named the seven liberal arts Divinity Dl law and medicine wore tho the professional faculties Books Booles were wore written written-actually written actually written not printed books printed books which dealt with religious rell- rell Ilous scientific and historical sub sub- Also there was poetry first of ot ho tho Involved and alliterative Saxon Suon kind lelnd then later the Norman orman poet sang his direct simple and honest lay Adelard of ot Bath was the most learned man of ot his da day Ho wrote man many books booles and translated Greek and Latin phil phil- He lie was as a stern realistic rel and advocated reason In religion rather than miracles founded found d on the Hit pronouncements pronouncements pro pro- ts of the pope the tho spoken court speech the written language was at nt first Norman Norman- French drench but the Saxon Anglo Frisian filtered Into the spoken and written tongue until we e have this most cx composite of or all mo modern ern languages languages- tho English Eng ton tongue ue languageS languageS-I Home ilonie life Ilfe Most Jost Interesting of or all 11 these remIniscences reminiscences rem rem- I of or the conquerors conqueror's da day are arc the tho annals which portray portra for us the homo life of ot tho English peasantry peasantry- In those owned some days i every o man owne portion of ot land The had a normal normel nor nor- mel mal holding of a a. thirty thirty acres Time The cottar held a n. cottage e and a a. afew afew few fow acres In In Iho tho common field he had hael no oxen But nut the tho contributed at least ono yoke yoko of ot oxen to tho tile manor lor lords lord's lord s 's s labor besides owing several o of or hl ills his Swine own Cattle were abundant was vs a n source of or great greal revenue fed the woodlands Barley oats oat rv 1 0 rye I and leguminous crops filled lUell tho the fields Few root crops were cre cultivated or orga ga t h e rel Tho The village o was ono one largo large common farm The Tho three arable fields belonging belong belong- In ing to tho the village were open not enclosed en en- closed but roughly marked off art b by turf baulks into acre strips of or which every fifth firth strip belong to tho lord of tho tile manor while every tenth strip be belonged belonged bo- bo longed to tho the parson The whole field was cultivated on tho the communal plan WillIe hue this kept competition down for fOI centuries In agricultural England It also paralyzed Individual development along financial lines Each villien must mURt plow four acres of ot land for tor the lord of or the tho manor He C had 1151 to work three days In tho the week eek and amid pay a a. yearl yearly toll tol of 30 cents a abert ahen ahon hon hen and sixteen Sixt eggs all al to the tho service of or his hie lord Tho The cottars gave o ono one days day's Iny's work a week besides making malt mall semiannually for rOl the tho manor house On one such English manor there thoro was vas 1253 acres three forty and eight cottagers other n acres res farmed for tor i time tho lord h by a bailiff sixty acres aeres of valuable val val- ha hay meadow a mill mil rou rough h pac- pac tura o land In plenty with wih cattle catle sheep pl pigs 8 and goats bolon belonging lnE both to the lord and to tho the villagers lagers The Norman conqueror stimulated city and amI town life to a remarkable de do- do gree Ho lie o Invited travelers and merchants mer mner- chants to cross the tho cannel and ancl these thes flocked Into tho the towns and literally flooded oo London and other cities cites ForeiGn For For- I eiGn artists and artisans multiplied amazingly amazing All I historians of or that pe perlo pe- pe nod unite unie in praising tho general polIcy polIcy pol pol- Icy of ot 1 William 1 1 a 1 Guilds found round their embargo cue ern bargo In the strong lon thrown about trade Instead of oC being tho the dup s sand and slaves slaves of ot lords And barons the they began to unite for Cor powerful self pro pro sel-pro- Trade Trado rose triumphant triumphant Hospitals Hos Hoe were built buil cathedrals of th the tho most cost costly architecture rose rOSO O on every oCr side Tho Tue Norman had conquered buhe but bu buthe he lIe remained to Thee his life with wih th tile the Saxons Anglo Danes Danee and an anthus and thus thins form that really remarkable mod mod- era era-an an Englishman |