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Show I? .,, PA,E8 PA,E9 UNIVERSITY JOURNAL FOCUS ON: MARCH IS WOMEN IN HISTORY MONTH • THURSDAY, FEBRUARY ll, 1001 19th Amendment brought suffrage Peace: a life long goal A glamorous life, a tragic death The CU picketed the White House in 1917 around the clock. They posted large signs that accused President Woodrow Wilson of hypocrisy in championing democracy abroad while opposing woman suffrage at home. During this demonstration many woman were arrested, jailed, and when they w ent on a hunger strike they were force-fed. Members of the women's movement remained prominently white, native-born, and middle class. Few black, immigrant, or working class women joined the movement. Some upper-class woman opposed the reform. The leader of Antis was Josephine Dodge, a wealthy New York City widow, who opposed women suffrage. In 1911 she established the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. • She felt for women to invade the male Women's suffrage w as on a revival realm of politics would only tarnish their moral movement in 1910 but only four small western states allowed women the right to vote in and spiritual role. 1910: Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Colorado. Despite the anti effort, woman were granted The renewal of the women's movement the right to vote when the 19th Amendment started at the grassroots. Innovative publicity ratified in 1920 Woman reforms did not end with the such as street iQ.eetings and parades got public attention. ratification of the 19th Amendment. Women's New leaders of the suffrage movement gave clubs, settlement house leaders and individual new energy into the national movement. female activists campaigned a wide range of When Susan B. Anthony retired in 1900 from reforms. the presidency of the National American These reforms included:bringing Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie playgrounds and day nurseries to the slums, to abolish child labor, to improve conditions Chapman Catt of Iow a succeeded her. Catt adopted the NAWSA sofor women workers. and to ban called Winning Plan: grassroots unsafe foods and quack remedies. organization with tight central With the w omen's reforms in the early 20th century, women became coordination, which targeted state a prominent figure in the United after state for a victory. States. With this Winning Plan the Women like Emma Goldman, suffragists lobbied legislators with Margaret Sanger and Florence literature and organized parades Kelley, all contributed to society. and rallies. A key victory was in Florence Kelley investigated the N.Y in 1917 when NY. state voters approved a woman-suffrage conditions of sweetshops and factories, and she secured the referendum. passage of an Illinois law Some suffragists did not accept prohibiting child labor and limiting Catt's strategy. Alice Paul w as impatient with the state-by-state work hours for w omen. Margaret Sanger was the first tactic and founded the person to fight for birth control. She Congressional Union in 1913, Women in the early 20th century gave women today the right to vote. fled the U.S. in 1914 to avoid being which brought direct pressure on to go to school, and to enjoy equal rights in the work force, In 1920, arrested but returned in 1916 and the federal government to enact a the 19th Amendment was ratified which gave women the right to vote. opened the first birth-control clinic. woman-suffrage amendment. BY STACEE CHILDS FOCUS EDITOR Mother Teresa won awards for her efforts for peace temple in Calcutta, where the dying Indians found on the street were cared for. Mother Teresa has received many Mother Teresa was born in Skopje, Macedonia, now Yugoslovia, on Aug. 27, prestigious awards for her humanitarian 1910. Her given name was Agnes service. In 1971 she received the Pope Gonxha Bojaxhiu. John XXIII Peace Prize. In 1972 she was When she was 18, she left Skopje and awarded the Nehru Prize for her joined the Sisters of Loreto. a community promotion of international peace and of nuns with a mission . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . understanding. In 1979 she received the Balzan in Calcutta. She took on Prize for promoting the name "Teresa· after peace and brotherhood St. Teresa of Avila. From 1929-194 8 she among the nations. Also in that same year she taught at St. Mary's High School, but during was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 1946 , she received Mother Teresa permission to leave the school and work among suffered from heart problems in the last two the poor of Calcutta. On Oct. 7 . 1950 decades of her life. She had her first heart attack Mother Teresa was during a visit with Pope given permission to start "The Missionaries of John Paul II. Her Charity,· her own order, second heart attack in whose focus was to 1989 was more serious love·, care for and give Mother Teresa was a bright and than the first and it was help to under privileged cheerful lady who brought small then that a pacemaker amounts of peace to the world was installed . populations. The where she could. During the last year of mission now ha s projects in 50 India her hfe she suffered from malaria. She died on Sept. 5, 1997, cities and 30 countries. In 1952 she established the Nirmal ending her livelong mission to ease the sufferings of others. Hriday Home for the Dying in a former BY KIMBERLY SVVENSON JOURNAL STAFF WRITER Nursing profession dates· to 1854 The flight that never ended Florence Nightingale began working as a nurse during the Crimean War . be By ANGIE MANZANARES JOURNAL STAFF WRITER came known It was d unng this war that Nightingale as the "Lady With the Lamp." traveling from tent to tent, making nightly rounds to the injured. She gained respect during the Crimean war from British soldiers, becoming Though she is most remembered as a pioneer for nursing, Florence Nightingale also made important known as a compassionate and loyal nurse. dedicated to her patients. contributions to hospital sanitation reform . • Nightingale was born May 12, 1820, in Italy. She was With a watchful eye, she examined the methods used raised in England and taught at home b y in military hospitals and collected her father, who was ed ucated at information from her experiences. From her gathered data, she realized that Cambridge University. While at home, she and her younger sister Parthenope improvement in sanitary conditions at learned Greek, Latin, history and these hospitals might lead to lower mortality rates. mathematics. Nightingale was described as an "academic child" who enjoyed her Nightingale's study of the Crimean War lessons and found studying easy. led her to believe that many of the deaths that occurred.in the military Though she was expected to make a good wife, Nightingale had other plans. hospital did not need to occur. At the end of the war, Nightingale returned to Interested in the social problems that London determined to investigate the surrounded her, she began to investigate hospitals and the nursing profession. Her health of the British Army and hospitals parents-reJected the idea of nursing for throughout the area. She vowed to their daughter, believing the profession reform hospital sanitation methods. Nightingale w as met with opposition as was not suitable for an educated woman. she tried to implement her proposed Nightingale, at the age of 31, ignored reforms. However, Nightingale's statistics her parents' advice and enrolled at the spoke for themselves, and in 1860 she Pastor Theodore Fliedner's hospital and was elected to the Statistical Society, school for deaconesses in Germany, becoming the first woman to do so. She spending three months training to Florence Nightingale paved also established the Nightingale Training become a nurse. A fter completing her the way for sanitation School for Nurses at St Thomas' training, Nightingale beca me an unpai.d conditions in military superintendent of the Establishment for Hospital. hospitals. As she grew older, Nightingale was Gentlewomen d uring illness in London. In 1854, Britain, along with Turkey and France , bedridden because of an illness she contracted during her years as a nurse. On Aug . 13, 191 0, Nightingale declared war on Russia which began the Crimean War. Nightingale was asked to manage the introduct.ion of died in her home at the age of 90. nurses into Turkish military hospitals. Nightingale's lamp still burns brightly today. Her reforms to hospital sanitation have had long-reaching With a party of 38 nurses, Nightingale arrived at the Barrack Hospital, not receiving a w arm welcome from effects on the medical industry, influencing the methods of modem health care. Nightingale pushed nursing to doctors already w orking there. However, over the next new levels, allowing the profession to gain respect ten days, injured soldiers began filling hospital beds and the nurses w ere put to work. through her hard work. E arih art d1sappeare . d ,n · 1937 near th e end of her ~, · ht aroun d the war,Id ,,,g In 1936, Earhart took delivery of a Lockheed 1OE "Electra." financed by Purdue University, and started planning her around-the-world voyage. Although this flight wouldn't be the first to circle the Amelia Earhart was the first woman and second earth, it would be the longest. Her travel was an person to fly alone over the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart w as born in Atchison, Kan., on July 24, 1897. estimated 29,000 miles.following an equatorial route On March 17. 1937. Earhart flew the first fragment Still, it wasn't until she was 24 that her flying career from Oakland, Calif.• to Honolulu, Hawaii. The next began. In 1921 , Earhart began taking flying lessons flight was to resume three days later. from Neta Snook, the first woman to graduate from the On the day of the flight, a tire blew during takeoff, Curtis School of Aviation. leaving Earhart with a damaged airplane. It had to be Earhart bought her first airplane, a Kinner Airstar, in shipped back to California for repairs 1921 . However in 1924, she was forced and the flight-was called off. to sell her airplane due to complications The second attempt began in Miami, at home. She moved back to the east flying west to east. where she was employed as a social Fred Noonan, a former Pan Am pilot, worker. became Earhart's navigator through the Four years later, Earhart returned to trip. • aviation and bought an Avro Avian The plane departed in Miami on June airplane. She later became the first 1, 1937 and arrived at Lae, New Guinea woman to make a solo return on June 29. About 22,000 miles of the transcontinental flight. 29,000 miles had been completed. From then on. she proceeded to set On July 2, 1937, Earhart and Noonan and break her own speed and distance took off from Lae and intended to arnve records. These were achieved either in at Howland Island, about 2,556 miles competition events or as personal away Their last definite sighting was stunts. In 1932, Earhart became the first over the Nukumanu Islands, 800 miles woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart was the first woman into the flight. The USS Coast Guard cutter USCGC That same year she received the and the second person to fly Distinguished Flying Cross from Itasca was stationed near Howland and over the Atlantic ocean. was assigned to communicate with Congress , the Cross Clf Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French government and the Earhart, guiding her to the island. However, Earhart and Noonan had little knowledge of Gold Medal of the National Geographical Society from the use of radio navigation. Earhart's frequencies were President Herbert Hoover. not suited to direction finding and after six hours, In January of 1935, Earhart became the first to fly contact was lost. solitary across the Pacific Ocean. Her course ran from A search was sent by the Navy and Coast Guard, but Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, Calif. She also soloed no evidence of the pilot, passenger or plane was from Los Angeles, Calif.. to Mexico City and back to found. The death's have never been substantiated. Newark, N.J. BY STACY VENTURA SENIO R STAFF WRITER BY VALERI BUMAN JOURNAL STAFF WRITER Princess Diana, born Diana Francis Spencer on July 1, 1961 , was unlike any other member of the British royal family. Daughter of Earl and Lady Spencer, Diana was raised with the same flair and pomp as the generations of courtiers and royal aides that had come before her. Contrary to her upbringing, however. Diana had the same interests and experiences as any other young girl. Diana was the first queen to have lived in her own apartment with friends, where she did her share of the household chores and paid her share of the bills. To pay her bills Diana held jobs such as part time cook, nanny and kindergarten teacher. Like many students at SUU, she suffered through the frustrations of trying to find a parking place close to her work. The world was officially hoping to get a glimpse of introduced to Diana on her the royal couple. wedding day, July 29, 1981 , Diana once told a BBC as she walked down the aisle reporter that people standing and accepted her role as on the opposite side of the Princess of Wales. street from her would groan On June 21 , 1982 Diana as Charles walked past and fulfilled what many thought to murmur, "I wish I was on the be her chief responsibility when she gave birth to a son, other side.· Diana quickly took up the William. Being a new mother did not cause of helping those less fortunate: hinder her AIDS from fulfilling victims. the her other homeless duties. She and people merely affected by packed up landmines. William and "I found took him on myself being her travels, more and People more from all over involved with the world people who quickly were began to fall reJected by in love with society... • Diana. Diana said, Wherever "and I Charles' and respected Diana's Diana's life was filled with joy very much travels took them, people and love for humanity. She did the honesty I all she could to bring a smile to found on that would line someone's face. level with the streets people I met, because in hospices. for instance, when people are dying, they're much more open and more vulnerable, and much more real than other people-and I appreciated that.· Because of many factors, both rumored and true, Charles and Diana were divorced in August. 1996. As part of the divorce. Diana won $27 million but lost her title Her Royal Highness. This did not. however, hinder her world wide involvement. "I've been in a privileged position... I've got a tremendous knowledge about people and how to communicate,· Diana said in her BBC interview. •... I think the biggest disease this world suffers from in this day and age is the disease of people feeling unloved, and I know that I can give love for a minute, for half an hour, for a day, for a month ... I'm very happy to do that and I want to do that." Diana was killed in a tragic car accident in Paris on Aug. 31 , 1997. Librarian enters the White House Graduate School of Library board, the Information Science Foundation Advisory council and the national Reading is Fundamental advisory council. Her pet project while serving as First Lady will be Uteracy, First Lady Laura Bush brings to the White House a more a program she knows well. serene and down-to-earth presence than her predecessor. Mindy Benson, director of student activities at SUU, had Bush has been described as the · mousy librarian· and the opportunity to meet the First Lady at the inauguration in "1950s mom." insinuating that June Cleaver has just January. When asked about her first impression Bennson entered the White House. However, those who know her "She was warm and charismatic, soft but powerful.· said, say otherwise. Benson also said, "She wasn't putting on a front of any Bush was born in Midland, Texas, the daughter of a successful house builder. She went on to earn an education kind." Others who have met and written about degree from Southern Methodist University Bush seem to come to the same and a master's degree in library science conclusion from the University of Texas. In a Good Housekeeping article written After teaching for a few years and setting during the election campaign, a reporter down in Austin, she was invited to attend a wrote, "Laura Bush also turns out to be barbecue in her hometown of Midland. It friendly, and, yes, remarkable calm, was there she met her now husband and considering her husband's campaign is at president of the United States, George W. full boil." Bush. He was known then as the Even inside the whirlwind of the election "bombastic Bushkin." and her many pet projects, her pnmary role This was the third time their paths had remains that of a mother. In 1981 Mrs. crossed though neither knew it at the time. Bush gave birth to twin daughters Jenna They attended the same school in seventh and Barbara. who are named after their grade and lived in the same apartment grandmothers. complex in Houston while she was a Some may have noticed the twins were teacher there. kept out the election spotlight. In an interview for the New York Post in Bush said, "In Texas we specifically asked 1999 Mrs. Bush commented on the the media to give our children every experience, ·1 think our friends wanted to fix Laura Bush, a teacher and courtesy and privacy, and they have-in us up because we were literally the last two librarian, brings to the White general." House a calm and cheerful people left who hadn't married of all our The young women even attended public atmosphere. friends.· schools and now attend the University of They were married within three months Texas {Jenria) and Yale {Barbara). Since their marriage in 1977, Bush has taken on many Mrs. Bush now has to fit herself into the role of first lady projects of her own. Her main focus is always education of the nation. However. she has some characteristics that and literacy. may surprise people. She only wears Cover Girl makeup, In 1998 she initiated an early childhood development does house-cleaning to relax and would prefer to always be program to help parents and care-givers prepare infants in jeans and a T-shirt. She told People in 1999 that when and young children for learning and reading when they she became the First Lady of Texas she had to buy and begin school. entire new wardrobe. She did not have a thing to wear. She also helped organize the Texas Book Festival that is It should be interesting to watch how the "country girl" an annual fund-raiser for Texas public libraries. In the past from Texas works her magic in the White House over the four years the libraries have received $889,84 5. next four years. Bush has also served on the University of Texas HEIDI ROWLEY JOURNAL STAFF WRITER |