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Show FAMOUS PEACE TREATIES By H. IRVING KING ''opyTghtilS, by the McClure News paper Syndicate.) THE HOLY ALLIANCE, 1815. Emperor Alexander of Russia Was Preparing an Alliance, the Plan of Which Was Conceived on the Most Altruistic Lines. While the "prosaic destinies of Europe" Eu-rope" were being settled at the Congress Con-gress of Vienna amid conflicting interests inter-ests in 1S14-15 while, in short, the pence delegates of the European nations na-tions were endeavoring to straighten matters out after the Napoleonic wars, just as the delegates at the Quai d'Orsay are now assembled to straighten straight-en matters out as a conclusion to the recent war, an idealist in the person of Emperor Alexander of Russia was preparing an alliance the plan of which was conceived on the most altruistic al-truistic lines and which, he fondly hoped, would bring eternal peace to the world, it was not only to be a league to enforce peace between the nations, but was to lay down certain principles which should insure peace, and prosperity within the borders of the nations. This was the Holy Alliance. Al-liance. Emperor Alexander at that time was under the influence of a mystic. It seems that there was an "occult party" about the Russian throne then, just as there was in the recent days of the late Emperor Nicholas. Emperor Alexander Alex-ander declared that there should be an alliance of nations founded upon higher high-er principles than those which had heretofore guided the councils of princes and labored assiduously to obtain ob-tain converts to his plan. By a proclamation procla-mation issued at St. Petersburg dated "on the day of the birth of our Savior, 25, December, 1815" the czar ordered read in all the churches a "convention concluded at Paris on the 25th of September, Sep-tember, 1S15, between the emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia." Object in Forming League. In it these three sovereigns solemnly declared that they had "no other object ob-ject in forming the league except to publish to the whole world the fact that in the administration of their respective re-spective governments, as well as in their relations with foreign states," they would take for their sole guidance the precepts of the Christian religion, namely, justice, charity and peace. B.r its terms the signatory nations were to keep peace with each other and gen erally see that peace was not disturbed! throughout lhe world. All the European nations subsequently subse-quently signed the covenant except England. The restored king of Prance did not withhold his consent. In England, Eng-land, however, the Holy Alliance was-looked was-looked upon , with suspicion from the first, aud though there is no doubt of the sincerity of Emperor Alexander it was feared that it might serve as a cloak for tyranny and territorial aggrandizement. ag-grandizement. The terms of the alliance al-liance were so drawn as to be highly A altruistic in the enunciation of prin- i ciples but somewhat hazy with regard to' their application. Metiernich, the Austrian premier, approved the alliance al-liance with a few cynical remarks-Wellington remarks-Wellington said England would demand de-mand "something more definite." What had been feared by the English Eng-lish statesmen happened. The Holy Alliance was evoked by interested sovereigns sov-ereigns to cover acts of tyranny and aggression. Imperial historians agree that the treaty of the Holy Alliance itself was afterwards unjustly blamed for the acts committed in its name. At Verona in .1822 the Holy Alliance determined de-termined upon interference in Spain to-suppress to-suppress the popular uprising there-and there-and France, as "mandatory," carried cut that resolution. Enunciation of Monroe Doctrine. At this congress of (he Holy Alliance at Verona the proposition was made "r and agitated, but not brought to a vote, that the armies of the alliance' should cross the seas and effect a conquest con-quest of the revolted American colonies of Spain.' When the news of this reached England, Canning, British secretary sec-retary of foreign affairs, wrote to Mr. Rush, American minister to England. Mr. Rush wrote to President Monroe and the result was the enunciation of . the Monroe doctrine. The idea of the Holy Alliance, as Emperor Em-peror Alexander planned it, was sublime. sub-lime. But it worked in a diametrically opposite manner from what he intended. in-tended. Perhaps its provisions were too vaguely drawn perhaps the world was not ready for it. After the congress con-gress of Verona it began to "peter out," and ceased to exist in 1830. TREATY OF UTRECHT, 1713. i The End of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe and cf Queen Anne's War in America. Five Nations in New York. But negotiations nego-tiations between the other powers became be-came acrimonious and dragged along. The envoy of the German emperor be- ' came so insulting that he was forbidden forbid-den to come more to the conference. The conduct of the Dutch had pleased neither England nor France and the IUitch delegates were mercilessly snubbed. "Gentlemen," said one of tiie French envoys, "we come to treat cf peace among you, for you nnT without you." 1 Truce Between French and English. There was a truce between the-I-'rench and the English but fighting v ent on between the Germans and the French. Germany began to split up. Prussia being the first to desert the " emperor. The spring of 1713 hud now come and England fixed the month of April as the very latest date at which a peace must be signed. On t lie eleventh elev-enth of that month a peace was s!gned between Prussia, England. France, Holland, Savoy and Portusal. The duke of r Savoy and Hie elector (f Prussia were recognized as kings; i;nd Sicily (later changed for Sardinia), Sar-dinia), assigned to the former. Louis recovered Lille and other towns hi northern France and kept Louisiana. England retained Gibraltar and Minorca Minor-ca but Austria, with such Gorman states as adhered to her, hold (iff until un-til the next year, when she ciune hi t-nd accepted the treaty with some-; some-; modifications which KrtVo her tin j Spanish Netherlands. Holland got j nothing and her Influence and impor-j impor-j tance in Europe was ended. " The treaty of Utrecht "closed the series of universal wars for the bul-ence bul-ence of power," says Bancroft. To Americans the thing of deepest Interest Inter-est about the wur It ended Is the fact Unit a struggle to decide whether a Bourbon or a Ilapshurg should he king of Spain drenched the soil of Massachusetts with blood and brought Charleston under the tire of n hostile iket. On April 11. 1713, was signed at Utrecht in Holland E treaty of peace which closed a war that had been raging for twelve years the War of the Spanish Succession ; known on this side of the water as Queen Anne's war. The question at issue was who should be king of Spain. Leopold of Austria, emperor of Germany, Ger-many, claimed it for his grandson. France had become a mighty power and the nations viewed with alarm a Bourbon prince who might become king of France on the throne of Spain. At once was formed lhe "Grand Alliance" Alli-ance" of England. Holland, Austria and Germany, nnd; later, Portugal. France's allies were Bavaria and the duchies of Modena and Savoy. Spain sided with France but lacked money and men. This war brought out the splendid military genius of Marlborough Marl-borough and the scarcely less remarkable remark-able genius of Prince Eugene of Savoy; and the victories of Blenheim, Kamillies, -Oudenarde and Malplaquet humbled the pride and broke the power pow-er of France. Colonies Bore Brunt of War. In this country the northern and southern colonies bore the brunt' of the war. The Carol inns, then one colony extending to Spanish Florida, sent a force which captured St. Augustine Au-gustine but retired upon the arrival of n French army. Further west a Carollnn expedition fought its way to the Gulf of Mexico. The French and Spanish fleets attacked Charleston, but were driven off. In Massachusetts, Massachu-setts, Haverhill and Peerlield were burned by forces of French and Indians In-dians and in the heart of the state the people were kept In terror for years by prowling bands who burned "and killed. A New England force, aided by an English fleet, captured Port Boyal in Nova Scotia and a colonial army invaded Canada only to retreat. In 1 Europe the allies had Invaded France and the English had taken Gibraltar. The. emperor. Leopold, and his eldest son were both dead and the Geiimn claimant for the Spanish throne had become German emperor. England, only anxious for the hnl-ance hnl-ance of power, now saw a greater menace In Germany than In France. A French priest, who had been living liv-ing in England, went to France and asked one of fho king's ministers: "Po you want pence? I have come to offer you the means of treating for It;" which, said the minister, "wryi like asking a man suffering from long nnd dangerous disease if he wanted to he cured." Secret negotiations negotia-tions were begun nnd In January of J7.1M a general conference was opened nt Utrecht. England and France came quickly to lerms. In Amerlci England was given Newfoundland an-' Nova Scotia, Hudson's liav "and It shores;" and the territory of thu |