Show fa r m 0 OF in M jf aw 11 1 1 t f i 0 1 f t w rt tl 1 1 l 1 W 00 i i ka av ry 4 fi A ar 5 la V 4 t f s t fk 4 W li fJ ha v vl atts 17 s V t i fy f 0 at i J t jk X j 4 f ad egyptian farm workers worker using the prepared prepare ty by the h national Mat lonal society D 0 recent promulgation of a TUB the new constitution in egypt egipto and the riots by supporters support tirs of the opposition that accompanied the new governmental step are straws that show how modern winds are aie beginning to blow in this ancient land the world war freeing fleeing egypt from the turkish sultans played its part in bringing new conditions but bill even more fundamental has been the population lation pressure that lifts has brought brou glit discontent and has crowded more people into cairo one hundred years ngo go the population of I 1 gyot was slightly less than it had risen 40 years tears ago to since then the population has doubled the pressure of this rapidly expending expanding population upon the limited agricultural area Is tile most important factor in the economy of modern egypt the process ot of land subdivision Is accelerated by mohammedan law and custom under which no man may devise devis a real estate to any one of tits children to the exclusion of the others for practical purposes every mohammedan dies intestate since no man can dispose of his estate except on the basis of equal distribution to ills children As a consequence of all this the land Is minutely subdivided whereas fth eicas 20 acres and a mule rep resented the unit of cotton pro production in our southern states two acres without the mule Is a fair average to a family of egyptian cotton growers about three and one half acres sent the average egyptian tarn farm practically all the work of soil sell tillage hinge Is done by hand something like a double fixed labor charge tests rests upon the land hand through the necessity for irrigation the egyptian peasant lives very much after the manner of the old fashioned southern negro of our cottor plantations two staple foods the latter are corn coin and sweet potatoes this Is precisely true in the case 0 the egyptian peasant who can glow giov tits ills corn coin the year scar around the egypt tian sweet potato Is a gross giboss insipid thing and in the language lan of the to bacco trade Is good tor for filler rather then than flavor the egyptian farmer Is a consert nilve of tile the conservatives baill in tile the matter of ills his foods and in ili the methods lie he employs tor for cultivating tile the soil egypt despite years of lion has not emerged from the primitive stage of society the llie age of industrialism Is yet vet to be agil cultural progress pro giess lags unbelievably little progress in methods at may be seen tile the ecca asci bated home of tile the wealthy farmer TI 11 who tiou flourished some 2700 venis before christ the home of tl TI Is with mural decorations depleting depicting his agricultural agil cultural activities one of these pictures represents tl tj bossing tile the threshing of his grain the llie job was done 0 on n a threshing floor precisely tile way the operation Is carried out todi today another scene aeple depicts Is the plowing of estates with will bullock drawn wooden implements flere one maahs a change in agricultural methods ulet hoLls plow has two handles tile the operator walking behind tile the implement guides it true much as a modern american steel plow Is he held id to its course by tile the man who follows it in the fill furrow row the modern egyptian plow Is also of wood and Is likewise drawn by bullocks or camels but tile alie implement Is usually guided by a single wooden up tip right rather than by two handles and the operator wallis walks by tile the side of tile the plow rather than behind it it Is obvious that in the 40 centuries cent that have elapsed since the days of TI 11 the primary agricultural operation over atlon of plowing has not only made no progress but ling hns actually suffered sulT tied retro betro grescion gres slon sion if tl TI could be restored to his estates today after the lapse of COO years ienus noone in r egypt agypt could reproach him with being an old fogy indeed ills his two handled plow might ha be regarded ns as A n rather impractical sort soil df f contraption 1 though il egypt la Is the gift ut of the lie it Is a gift with a string to t 0 it whose name Is mud keeping the tha canals free of silt and keeping the me water unter going has figuratively broken the tired fired backs of millions many potter pumps are in use of course couise especially on the larger estates but today gasoline Is scarce and expensive and the average small farmer fanner must water ills his little patch of land with the sli aduf a primitive balancing apparatus B wherein herein a n long pole with a rock weight on one end and a pall pail on the other Is used to lift water from the canals two other awkward but ancient irrigating ri machines are the water snake or archimedean screw and the these wooden water wheels are used to lift water from the canals and pour it onto levels must import fertilizers liera nile mie mud alone no longer Is adequate to enrich the fields and today the fellah must buy high priced imported fertilizer the hie renter usually leases a piece of land tor for two or three years the owner furnishes seed and work animals and takes his share of the crop cotton sugar cane corn wheat and rice are staples egypt grew grain for export 0 to o feed rome in ancient times water buffalo oxen and camels are the chief work animals on oil the farms most of the horses and donkeys in egypt are owned by the townspeople while the milk of goats cows and camels Is used the fellah depends mostly on the water buffalo for tits his milk supply this ugly awkward beast requires less food and gives more milk than the cow and Is less lesi susceptible t to 0 diseases disease 1 the egypt egyptian lan country women in rustle rustic huts improvised of nile mud liow how little we know about them I 1 what Is going on in their minds these sadey 3 1 dumb driven creatures whose act bearing and delicately chiseled t ures tures would mark them ns as distin i 1 led among any people of the ath ithe they are never seen to smile nor gesticulate nor fly into a n temper five thousand years ago labored here through the brief space of their fruitless lives similar men and women performing exactly the same tasks dull unimaginative lives the arabians have a pre precious lous overworked word malea male alash asli se second con d only in importance to their blessed word which can be variously interpreted what Is the use it Is F rate ate why struggle never mind it Is destiny destine the egyptian wom all ans alls S philosophy of life Is one of resignation Imalea asb it Is destiny changes changco in city life it Is among the city dwellers chiefly those of cairo that changes have come about among the political phenomena of egypt eg pt the strike as an economic weapon is becoming quite common and another phase of the national iden idea or emotion is the pa part rt egyptian city women are playing sharing their husbands ambitions they helped put the egyptian catl nation on on the map like the modern turkish women of stamboul many of these egyptian women of the city moslem and copt alike are versed in the literature aud and politics of europe and often during the struggle tor for independence they the joined with the men in signing petitions of the british government the famous university of el clahar elA azlian har the chief seat seat of learning and center of political thought of the whole moslem world Is located in calio cairo though pupils come from all over the mohammedan world egypt sends roost most of them and as it ft sign of the times it Is significant that many of these students tire are the sons of the fellaheen the egyptian native nathe press too is influential one paper printed at cairo has it a circulation of about copies egyptians who ft ho rend read gather in the bazaars in tho the evening to hear the papers read aloud by students in ili all towns the mosques aro sources of propaganda and political teaching and the copts coats though christians are oddly enough allann allowed d to speak on political subjects at the mosques |