Show I 1 J I 1 Z 11 C f effs S sab ya i ayi fyi 4 fl TO bem fem M ta r al ae V 0 n ann aw 7 y rf Iti fitt i 14 11 4 ri p i y N WS fe 1 t i wj A 1 11 1 A A f f v v ya i e ev c ry M J 1 ae 1 T q fc VIS tw 4 w ile TA 1 fa 4 44 7 4 1 el yi 7 Z 1 1 1 1 I 1 wy 7 ra 4 J 0 16 of 07 01 rr v y 1 af l 7 f K im 4 na t f it f I 1 X r i 44 i 4 1 A J t ayt 4 i A i WW i 4 A i N v t 1 7 7 vi i 0 V 9 4 k balt ia te alj zt r 4 4 Z z A 0 A 2 14 14 t v i f sr fegy s S ss aa vw X bif y h i aai iy ay tai v v ay ij i i 11 ay tr v sa s1 1 I M vi t vw ii t A act f V N fi fv V ss A AY K ar i rf SL 1 V i eay e ay wy is the scar scarcity cit of of farmers and young oung men whose choso forefathers fea As A P s Sl fJ workers and the have always looked down upon manual work nork and A high wages they demand issues popularly written literature for the i sw s ww Z to begin emment of the agricultural classes also are exerting la PIP V with luth it never was as their influence to persuade the ia SA air d wai st tra ay intended thit that these all over british india to make use of modern im I IRN 1 yAS colonies should be clements ts vany man of the natle states too are fol fa f w tx Rv mi l aau v come glutted with lowing the example of the british a administration A 1 hn an ON overpopulation er population and are carrying carri ing on a similar propaganda tor for the 61 vz ayr sa sw in order to guard enlightenment of the agriculturist this Is especially h against tb it the in true of baroda and ml sore two of the holding was aa largest territories dundei natine rule it is quite made about ments natural therefore that the demand tor for firm farm ma fl eight aar acres es in area clil chinery nery should be froming J al aj many times larger since most indian farmers are exceedingly exceeding poor n than the average and cannot offhand afford expensive implements jc zy CJ al a plot in other parts they have taken to clubbing together sometimes CT SERE ERE and there the country life in india aa 1 I is changing the old agricultural im K clements ts which have bane preserved 1 I through the centuries the simplicity jl 3 and inefficiency with naich the primi S peola ot of the peninsula endowed them are being discarded and their place is 13 being taken by b chilled steel A plows and modern harrows cultivators mowers reapers readers and threshing ma clines chines imported from the united states at the same time large irrigation canals built by bv the goern government ment are liberating tors from eternal worry over oner the prospects of rain these changes are taking place with startling rapidity the process Is proceeding at a snails pace so slowly that it is hat haid d for for eigners to realize that the transition is going on however Ilo weier each year bear more and more of 0 the billiter ate farmers are fencing their sons and daugh to school and each year vear they the sho show more in terest in the demonstrations held on the expert in ment ent farms and display less opposition to innovations in a few districts the advancement la Is already quite marked this Is especially true of certain parts of the punjab tho the province of the five rivers situated in northwestern india which are known as the canal colonies there several million acres of land that twenty years ago was barren waste maste today have been con averted thanks to a marcelous ma marv relous clous irrigation scheme into an important Import int grain producing region spread ing the tame fame of india wheat far and wide in tho the world the very nery first farm that I 1 visited in the col onles during a recent tour reNe revealed aled the transformation 0 of indian rural conditions in the court ard shaded b by a spreading jujube tree stood a reaping machine in a mud shed erected es especially ally tor for the purpose of protecting the firm farm mach machinery I 1 wound mound four our chilled steel plows two of them made in the united states on the hoor floor of the low rooted roofed verandah randah ie the farmers son a lad ad of about twelve at tho the highest reckoning clad as dame nature had dressed him at birth but tor for a scanty scant breech clout stood turning the he wheel of a modern fodder chopper which cut groen green chart millet in small shreds that fell about him in a succulent shower after furulie fill the travel and investigation among the cultivators ahing round about lv the lie largest city in the erstwhile waterless wilder milder ness which no now in the wake make of 0 the water car ried ned by bv the chanab cinal canal has become a e for farmers I 1 found that the whose homo home I 1 had first visited w vis is not a whit moro more en enterprising ter than scores of others in the district who today toda are employing time and laborsaving labor labors sax axing ing machiner to do all the work on their land aher ever eler I 1 went I 1 found agriculturists galore who 0 owned tic d their own steel plows harrows slid and improved fodder choppers occasionally occasional I 1 would come across a reaper which was the prop ltv of a progressive individual who profited by renting it to his neighbors at harvest harnest time at one place I 1 even found a steam threshing mi ma chine many causes hive combined to make the firm ars in the punjab colonies pro progressive gressie in tho the first place they more or less entirely have hane been cut oft off from their old moorings and have began life all over oer again in a strange locality they have left some of their ultra conqer conservatism behind them in tho the congested punjab irom from which they hailed arid and the pioneer conditions that they found confronting them in the new region III dl tested them ot of some more of their inborn uon the agricultural experiment farm located in the very nery heart of the settlement settle bent his demonstrated to thern them the good results of deep plow plowing ing with chilled steel plows and the file addan tage of using improved implements instead of farming in the cumbersome bungling old time w wa a A still more potent factor that Is enczur aging these farmers to use modern machinery of india which Is nery iery small email indeed added to this is 13 the tact fact that tell fell work nork has been done by the bubonic plague and the population has been ruthlessly thinned out As a result there con Is a dearth of laborers at har bar vest time then too during the cotton season it Is necessary for the mani man ginning factories which have been established to co coit ax to them men women and children a alio ho otherwise would mould be aimable an for field u norl ork this further shortens the labor supply on the farms arms indeed the short age is so great that the government irrigation department which Is constructing supplementary canals to bring more water to the punjab colo dies ales finds it necessary to employ mechanical ex cajator cai ator since coolies are not to bo be had bad for love or money in such a circumstance it Is only natural that nages ages should rise so that the land owners find it more profitable to employ labor saving machinery thin hands the same causes which have hane induced the pun jab colonies farmer to use modern implements are persuading their brothers in other parts of the country to take them up whenever one thinks of india he has in mind its teeming millions and cheap scale of wages nages but he rarely remembers that the price of labor has risen a great deal during the past lev few earb and still is rising corn core the nise mise nathe to employ amplo mechanical in stead of manual help moreover tier the agricultural department which maintains w ell equipped expert ment farms at the principal centers of india and schools and colleges dotted all over the lind land a where here scientific agronomy is taught to the sons as many as ten of them combining their resources to buy a reaper and in mana man instances the are not satisfied with this machine alone but indulge in improved machinery of other descriptions in the central provinces agricultural associations have been formed to interest the tenantry in the use of up to date methods this means india it a salia satiation tion for the implements now in use on the land ire of the crudest character ima imaginable finable tha plow is nothing more than 1 I 1 crooked stick with a blunt piece of iron fastened to the point the handle stands up at right angles and by this the primitive shire share Is laboriously guided as it Is dragged through the hard bard baked earth by the pa tient bullocks the cultivating is done with a short handled hoe which can be used only when the worker Is squatting on his heels and he wad dies along at its task without rising the corn is cut by it hand sickle and threshed out by the old fashioned method of driving oxen over and over it the winno winnowing ning Is done by pouring the grain out of small baskets held high above the head by a man either standing on the ground or on a sort of stepladder step ladder the wind mind blowing away the light chaff while the corn falls in a heap below rodder fodder is cut into with a small hand knife vater nater Is drawn from shallow wells mells or rivers or ponds sometimes by a persian wheel operated by one or two oxen sometimes by b hind hand sometimes by baskets let down and quickly drawn up and emptied into a shallow narrow channel which conducts it to the field in view of all this the adoption of modern I 1 implements in pio is a move in the right direction |