| Show rv W 4 an t 4 t 1 E 71 A r alq V C e 4 ii IN p 11 40 4 AINT NATURE GRAND safe fin 1711 ts its and learns be ants ana ana learns bams and smiles 11 hi h sun uj and gentle showers 11 H till ri all her springtime wooing u wiles on gramand trees and flowers and then she gets her live wires crossed d dud nd go goes and flirts with old jack F froit robt although sh she e knows knous s the brute thinks it smart and cute to nip bud baid blossom fruit and then she smiles the same saine old smile and worl works es again the same old guile on all hie land to beut beat the band 1 aint nature feature 9 grand randl J D S A j WO 0 cold snaps this spring caused wide 1 spread damage to the fruit crops the southern limit ol of the one at the 71 end of march was well into oklahoma kentucky and Bl maryland aryland the one in M april did not extend so far south but ff overlapped the lie north line of the first aff frost the northern limit of damage S sn in both runs up to the great lakes and in minnesota and new york and vermont clear to the canadian boundary reports are that the damage Is heavy in places for example two experts of the crop reporting si Sc rice ice in missouri estimated the damage ge to fruits and early vegetables ege tables at the apple crop in washington bigton centon benton and other counties in the northwest Ar kunkas fruit region will be practically a total loss peaches and cherries were killed and strawberries berries damaged almost CO per cent dispatches said about 95 93 per cent of the fruit crop in oklahoma Is ruined it li 19 estimated that Ne braskas crop of early cherries apples pears and plums is a total loss the early varieties of fruit in some eastern states also suffered heavily karly early peaches cherries and plums probably have been killed in southeastern pennsylvania TI the ie cold weather seriously damaged the fruit crop in the southern part of ohio where the fruit was tar far advanced thousands of 11 maryland aryland fruit trees were in full li locin when lift hit by this frost Gro growers ers in wash ington county the center of the western mar land pencil peach belt report the peach crop destroyed the fruit crop in kentucky apparently was ivas killed therefore the following article prepared by th the united states department of agriculture Is worth the alie attention of every fruit grower the vi weather cather bureau of the united states department part ment of agriculture has been able to discover the weapon used by that old er enemy emy of mankind jack frost and in a recent published report it tells the farmer find druif fruit grower just what nhat jacks JaX invisible isible weapon Is and how wider ordinary conditions dit ions the sprites own artl artillery Pery may be used against liim him frost of course occurs vili whenever enever the mercury drops to 82 32 degrees F or lowdin low if much moisture Is present in the atmosphere tills this drop in temperature ls Is manifested by the white crystals of frozen moisture upon lent leaf or grass stein and there Is blat Is known as a ia white litte frost it if the t temperature et opera ture drops to the required degree and ami does not reach the point when water from the air Is condensed there will be few crystals deposited and the result Is a black frost A freeze Is the term applied to a condition of cold more permanent than a frost and such a condition liay there are high winds true frosts occur only when illen the surface air Is relatively calm temperature III like e water seeks a level during the day the earth receives more heat than it can throw off but at night tills this supply of heat la Is stopped during the day the heat thrown oft off thin blanket of air next by the e parth arti warms the the growl ground this blanket ns as it warms loses its density and ascends cooling as it rises present lait encounters air of its o own onn nn temperature and tops stops meanwhile its place has been therit 1191 which Is lu in tak by r c colder air turn hy by fact with the ground this exchange goei goes on u n i it rundown all the air of a wide wida layer abo arili has been war nied and ancl the high t i aiji tiji in i Is felt nearest the alie earth r earth arh squanders its 13 heat i is iti ith alte i in sunset old ea earth rth begins to suffer I 1 in I 1 0 serial aerial trickery all day long he be passing out heat beat to one cold n i il p ano another night comes nod and with in i jiler diery it ii of his source of 0 supply buado these i i r liners bitners pass back mij any of the heat they N b the tiny day they do not unless made to the layer close to the earth ti th i doe ind thus they leave their coldest blanket shivering earth while they sail about nini ni ni me die their late benefactor serene above 40 oi 0 fret feet and r and seln sli little caring that tit alie e spend his toes below thrift rib irh Is becomes colder lle ilie air blanket ai A it the earth old skin shin becomes colder too and next n ill ii brown bronn the colder coooer it older colder so that h hearit i r as it itle ti jt it so fits slid and lie he has hag 11 little grow th more coverlet to iselie chilly chance se of Aing off ills of his the earth too prodigal a warmer zone F a A y S daytime day lay time beat levrets lis his generosity of the sunshiny hours on rainy days when the cloud strata has cut off the suns heat libat the earth Is not much warmed during the day if during the night the clouds blow away the earth Is apt to go bankrupt that Is why when the season Is passing from spring to summer or from summer to fall a three days rain Is so often followed by a frost the first clear night presents heat bills to the earth which he be Is unable to pay and jack frost natures sheriff places his crisp seal upon the hie improvident old fellow the farmer looks out across his bli blasted fields in the morning and sighs A killing frost last night and this Is because the old earth already gray with age and experience yet learned how to save up tor for a rainy day the most common method for frost prevention Is to establish a sort of savings bank for the old fellow earth rest kest assured that hell spend his reserve it if he can I 1 glass makes the best heat savings bank it has the curious property of allowing the heat from the sun to pass through to the earth but bur it will not allow the radiated heat from the earth to go back to the eager air glass la is expensive however and can be used on only V for the protection of comparatively small areas of ground wood Is also a good watchman to set above the ancient profligate though it will not allow heat to pass irom from the sun as glass does neither will it allow it to pass outward from the earth in sections of the south a lath network is used to cover crops Tops during the danger periods the wooden network holds down a large amount of heat and when a frost occurs it helps the frozen plants by shading them from the direct rays of the morning sun and allows them to thaw gradually quick thawing of the frozen water particles in plant or fruit Is fatal as it causes the cellular tissues to break down it if the thawing process Is very gradual the plant way may reabsorb the fluid and the damage done may be surprisingly blight various methods used paper la Is of less value in conserving heat beat than Is wood though it Is more than cloth cloth allows that cold mendicant the air to penetrate to the earth and steal the last degree of heat from him so go a cloth covering roust must be quite heavy it if the frost Is a hard one iron iroc or metal pots are not at till all good as bankers tor for the earth they allow the heat to pass back into the lie air almost as readily as the earth itself there la is another method that la Is employed to save tho the spendthrift from the sheriff the presence of moisture in the air makes the radiation of heat beat difficult and helps greatly to conserve the heat which the earth already holds also it if the temperature drops to freezing freez n g g pach each drop of water gives up a bit of latent intent 1 ficat tout before congealing and all these tiny help to keep th the el surface air gamier farmer 11 4 y A breeze from ocean lale or river will still lugunia usually bring this wet blanket blan let and it can sometimes be supplied in an artificial ma net by letting water into irrigation ditches not hogood may be had by building dauer judge fires in the orchard cranberry save their crops by flooding the area with batet inthe in the event eventov of extreme ext cold it Is often fusible pu po sible to submerge en lire fire areas growing this crop this gh bilye absolute protection less prodigal k eaps if a reserve heat for ions lods 0 of time force alato bil bi honest i the third method of keeping lie ea earth jtb solvent Is by adding heat to the air layers lavers near the surface this Is done by means of many small fires of oil coal wood or orchard refuse and Is it a method well knain abere fruit glow lug jug Is a specialty it Is sometimes scorned as an all attempt to warm up all outdoors but that Is not what happens 1 ex exactly we know that at night the air above the earth la Is warmer thild than the air directly against it therefore leithe inthe lower and colder strata could lie be lifted tind and mixed with the upper air a higher and more equable temperature would result by kindling numerous small email fires this may be done the hot 9 gases ages rushing upward from mch each blaze lift and toss layers until a warmer wanner mixture is if applied to the earth the hot gases serve to assist in warming the 7 chilled atmosphere bu but t the effect of 0 direct radiation amounts to very little this difference in heat beat quality Is very well illustrated lug in our homes direct radiation Is the sort of heat given off by the wood burning parlor stove when its liot hot sides are glowing on a cold winter night while the hot gases given ol off by combustion pass up the chimney this method of preventing frost Is very efficient and each year it saves much money for american fruit growers just how it Is best applied how many fires are needed to the acre and the form and style of burner giving the best results are well discussed in the weather bureau bulletin no 1090 many a fruit grower has nursed an expensive orchard to the point of bearing only to see ills well deserved reward vanish in a single night but more and more we are discovering that it if we cannot defy certain natural laws we may still nullify their results through a better understanding of their principles this Is what bat the up to date fruit grower does lie ile cannot eliminate frost but lie can use its principles to protect himself from its effects i i tips to the weather bureau bulletin treats the frost prevention methods very thoroughly and the pamphlet should le be particularly useful to anyone who owns an orchard or wh who 0 contemplates planting oni one first of all the espies point out the orchard owner should de determine termine term lne whether his crop will pay the expense of protection if it will not then lie had better move it to 0 a less erratic climate certain fruits will stand a lower temperature than others and them the experts furnish a temperature chart to show this alere it Is temperatures endured by blossoms for 30 minutes or less closed after 1 but show full fruit has haa fruit ing color bloom set P F F F apples 25 26 28 29 29 peaches 25 26 23 cherries 25 28 SO pears peara I 1 25 28 34 plums 25 28 so A apricots 25 27 21 0 prunes 28 29 30 almonds 26 27 LV grapes 1 30 31 81 1 charts which show in a graphic way lowthe how the fires should be distributed through an orchard are reproduced these have been prepared from studies made in successful orchards and are the result of the best methods in use la in this country overhead costs are discussed as well as the care of the frost fighting apparatus records should be kept once on an owner onner decides to fight jack frost for his profit it la is most important that lie he keep records of the he battles so that lie may refer to them nhen the next threatens the linoel edge that n P ten mlle mile wind hilll w prevent frost when atlie t ii ai 1 1 11 omler Is at 40 degrees ff at sunset i to bonfi y oner anc fruit ain but ali will save that cowper jhc expose of gigli ligli lighting lug his fires it if lie does know it records He cords it if he be kee keeps th them eal will III tell him this several bits of homemade home made mare apparatus will save the frost fighter good sound dollars all and pamphlet tells how these may he be mude andusen Th effect of soot root from the oil blattle s upon the fruit blossoms Is made clear to the reader in an condu conduced vIed to determine account c 1 of experiments nc t ahr R ater joernot doer not hinder binder the po 41 nation of fruit blossoms nor does docs thi it anany in any way FJ OHI falat to last the united states De depart parti ment of Sir culture farmers Fur mers bulletin no Is filled with valuable information for anyone who it 0 is 19 to t grow fruits or vegetables vegetable in trot sited areas it iv 19 invaluable manouil for tiny any pers oili who may be appointed as temporary to stand betti between een a shiver shivering higi bankrupt its ungrateful creditors As stated before tills this ml mundane sphere in spite of n R hundred Ilio houind hou usand ond bearr 0 of o cold toes sail anil chilly chill night has ha never lea learned to ave in the of plenty against the night of want nant and it never neve will ji |
