Show J PRIMITIVE ANCHOR STONES STONE SAND AND WOODEN TUBES filar pili rd D WITH LEAD FIRST USED side en on tho th ari 1 0 Far fallet liest anchor anchors cru 10 I 1 principle ansai 1 only one fluke in daffe rent dei bolee ire tl TI at t are still used I rrt arts or the 1 I orid orld there odix ir to be bo two i leas which hive led up to the of the modern anchor 1 I 1 tho the fidei of attach ing tho vessel by means of a ropo rope or sufficiently baay Y to chain to a ft N eight keep the vessel from moving when the weight hi sunk to the bottom of the sea ses and 3 2 the idea of using a hook instead of or in addition to the bottom the ig so as to catch in lish word anchor is practically the ame mme as its the latin ancora and the greek ang bur kur meaning nie aning that which has an an tin gle from the root ank bent the earliest anchors made on the boohr hoot principle probably only had bad one flugo instead of two in the aus I 1 arch eil coll there is an illustration of what has been surmised to be an anchor made out of the natural forked branch of a tree it was found with an ancient british banoo at burpham buraham Bur pham sus BOX sox there is in the british museum an interesting leaden anchor with two flukes beiring be iring a greek grock inscription its dite is about SO 50 B 0 and it was found off the coast of Cly clarono rono ibo the invention of the anchor with t to 0 flakes is attributed by pausanias pau Paus anius to by pliny to Eupal amas and by strabo to Ana charsie Dio diodoros dorus orua niculas eta states that the first anchors were wood wi en ell tubes filled with lead while another classical clas sicil nI writer says that before the in tro of metal anchors lumps of istone with a hole through the middle for the attachment of the cable were ned the who form of the anchors used by the greeks and romans is well known from representations on trajan a column and in the catacombs cata combs at rome as an only christian symbol this form does not seem poem to have changed materially for quite a thousand years yeam as is shown by the bayeux tapestry some ery cry arun prun primitive etive kinds lands of anchors aze in a use at the present day in different differ ait parts of the world and a study of their construction may throw some light on the ei e of the modern anchor an ail anchor which came from japan oon consists of a natural forked branch of a tree slightly unproved improved artificially so as to make a hook hool two round bars are fixed at right angles to the shank and to these tw tn 0 ordinary beach pebbles are tied tha length of the anchor la is 2 feet 3 inches taboo width across the hook book 8 inches 1 acress the transverse birs I 1 foot toot r the stones ore are from 5 to 0 inches in diameter and 2 inches t thick hick another anchor N w as in use quite re bently in the arran islands off the west coast mast of galway it is constructed of a sloping bar at each side and throe cross bars imm forming a figure net not unlike tho isosceles triangle in euclid a pons polls aai noram the lowest of the three cross bora bars is of square section and is fixed by iron spikes at each side to the sloping pieces so as to prevent them spreading outward the stone which acts as a weight is clipped by means of the two q side pieces being held tightly by two spliced rings of rope pashing under the upper crossbars these rhese crossbars ems bars are of round section and project at each si sl ie le thus keeping the rope rings from slipping upward the cable is fixed to the middle of the lowest fransa transverse erso bar and is cai ried up on tin one side ratio of tl 0 stone then belvi been ecu the two sloping boards and finally through a loop fixed to a hole at the top of the anchor the boards at each side ar are 1 foot 4 inches long and the gitono I 1 foot 5 inches long it may seem strange that such primi tive tivo looking contrivances ghoul I 1 con dinue to be bed by fishermen who have a foil knowledge of ever modern appliance connected with navigation and vessels yet there are good reasons why they should have survived voll abere the sea or river bed is rocky anchors are tire easily lost this is a serious matter when the anchor la is of iron and ot of some value but if it is constructed like described there them is not much difficulty or expense in replacing it A beach stone and anda a few bits of wood are al always ays at hand and the skilled m workmanship ork manship required to fashion them into acry serviceable anchor Is but small thus it is that under certain condl eions I 1 tive appliances must al always aye hold their ow ou n against modern anven eions when as often of tea happens a neu newly ly introduced contrivance gets out of or ler ter it generally invokes ea much greater lose loss of time and more expense to tore re place it than it if it were of simpler con st ruction and bapat capallo lo 10 of being made I 1 y an sit ordinary workman out of materials easily procurable on the spot highly civilized man baa has much to learn from his prehistoric ancestors and from uncultured races raves still existing as koltow to how he fill should act in au an emergency when deprived of his usual appliances appliance L reliquary aad and illustrated gist |