| Show FAKJI AND GARDEN MATTERS OF INTRIIBST TO AGniCULTUtllBTS R me l p tnholn Him Atimit tlltn It n 01 he ell rnd doll Ttrf Itetteellurr 0Ithotlur0 and 1luI talrrw 1 Idronlage fit Dralnntt e e aaJ II K nwtMlty of dralnai la not tube tu-be ditermlntd by tho quality of water I Irr which I fall ur now upon tho iMrfsee nor upon the power of the sun to carry It off by flvnpora byipOlt lion but upon the character of the sab soil If thai Is l of Cool or uriuol the water will pan off Lelltn it I lIalllrlll drainage lull II tho subKill In i they or other Impervlou lUbaum the water Is checked In Us danninrl uiiirse and remains slag nnni ur burst out upon the surface In the tu um uf spring Most ot the prairie land are of the latter character charac-ter mid wherever such subsoil exists the land win not only bo Improved by tile drainage but It may bo aald that url draliugo la I absolutely ciientlal to Hi proper development and culture To question the necessity ot the process Is I little lens absurd than It would be to oak whether It would bq lmjrc > Si1 by plowing Instead of making bills for corn In the prairie grass with a hoe or spade All lands require drainage which at any seaion contain too much watcrlhat Is I which bold at any lime of the year more molsluro than la I good for the crops and cause them to suffer < suf-fer either by freezing out In winter or having their Loots Ip water during the growing season Drainage lit been appropriately defined as tho art of rendering land not only so free from moisture that no superfluous water ball remain In It but that no water hall remain long enough to Injure or retard the healthy growth of such plants as lire required for the suite nance of man or bat There are some plants as rico and cranberries I which require n wet soil but most ot those which are useful to man lire drowned by being overflowed for a short time and aro Injured by any stagnant water about their roots The toll ot the prairies In moil cases II I underlaid with clay which not un frequently conlitlns a mixture ot metallic me-tallic oxides which cause It lo forma I a subitratum almost ot Uo nature of rock and known cor money among farmers aa hard pan It la 1 a common com-mon Imprcsilon that clay Is I Impervious to water and that therefore a clay loll and particularly It It baa assumed the solid form of hard pan under the lurlace can not be drained with tile and especially If the lllo Is I laid lower than the bard pan Hut fnal such land Is I not absolutely Impervious Is proved by the fact that It 11 I very wet In Ike spring at almost any depth while In tbo latter part ot the summer It becomes dry and hard How cornea It to be soaked at any time It water dot not go Into IIT And how cornea It dry If water does not come out of It Tbl fact that clay will readily absorb a great deal ot water and that It maybe may-be subsequently dried prove conclu lively that It 1 Is I not Impervious toIler to-Iler but they do not prove tbat water will pass through It with sufficient I rapidity to answer tho practical pur pee ot drainage It Is I uaverthelcsi I a fid that owners ot clay farms almost al-most Invariably overestimate the difficulty I dif-ficulty In draining their land They know that puddled clay Is I used for the I bottom of ponds canals etc and It nearly or quite Impervious Hut such II i Is not Its natural condition and It Is t only reached by working and beating It while wet or si In the case of the hard pan subsoil by continued pre lure from above Nor ran clay be kept In this condition except by being constantly wet If once dried or subjected sub-jected to the action ot frost It resume Us natural porous condition Anon OrlKli of 1orrl The life ot plants as well as of art mail began III the water and from water plants of simple structure tin re gradually developed the forma Illtyd to thrive upon land writes William J Hopkins In Chicago Itccord Tho tint land plants of which we have evidence Bllbough probably not tho first llmt ox tiled were fernlike In character As their number became greater thr crowding forced each plant to rein h out higher after the sunlight and the air In this atruggla for existence begin be-gin that evolution ot those most fitted fit-ted to survive which has resulted In the forma that we know today Time which developed the allot trunks conquered con-quered the shorter varieties and forced them either to dlo out completely or to occupy less favorable situations The trees ot the tint great foments which became the bed of Coal ol the principal coalforming period vere weak In structure not far removed from the ferns with pithy trunks rn quiring much moisture and warmth They were not well adapted to propagate propa-gate and spread as their seed were very small and Incapable ot nlthilund Ing rigorous conditions Kfom hue forms there gradually developed be palms and treea aomowhat resembling tbe present cone bearIng forms ir evergreens this process of development develop-ment continuing until In comparative Ijr recent ago came tbo prevailing j trees ot our modern forcita TIe may be divided Into two great cla Hoa the narrowleaved conebearing tree or evergreens and the bruad leaved trees which usually shed their leave In the autumn All have t < real advantage over the earliest forma In their strong trunks capable ol supporting sup-porting great weight uf branches and leaves and enabling them to utlaln heights of inn 10 300 feet above 1101 earth The tlsht fur plum and exist mien Is now chiefly between the evergreens ever-greens and the bread leavetl or deciduous decidu-ous trees and In this struggle lha LrOlldI Imved tree are so tar superior that the evergreens have already la driven to a RrTOt Mt nl to the loos tmperate com regions or to the drier and loot 1 fat arable suits Methods of Hpreadlng and SrovUh The diiiributton of forest trees depends 1 de-pends not only upon the charaolerli tie of the particular kind and Ita adaptability to the toll and climate but alio upon the chance ot dlatrlUl lion at the seod and the provUton again Its destruction by animal Many are subject to the depreda lion ot I o Insect enemies which may prevent awdlng or may even destroy de-stroy I tie ttic and the seeds ot moil trees form a more or lee palatable food for birds or beasts Borne Irma ore httor protected than others again these chances ot destruction and the better protected tree stand it correnpundlngly better chance of In creating In number and surpassing the oilier kinds If the squirrels or the wild pig find the nuts ot the white oak sweeter and more wholesome than those of some other oaks the standing white oak will leave few It any descendant de-scendant and will eventually disappear disap-pear while the red oaks flourish In entering upon now ground the trees having the lightest semis will bo Ih tint to take poMCMlou their seeds being be-ing carried I to jrcaler dUlancw than those of the others The light aee4 ol the willow or the seeds of the maple which although heavier have upon them wing Ilke attachments will enable en-able their kind to far outstrip tho nut bearing tree like the walnut hickory and ink These heavyseeded trees art Hnjlted In I their reproduction jiracil ile lo bllt llt fcJ trail t rally to the dtilahce at w which A nut falls to the ground or to tho chanct distribution by the forgotten hoard ol the squirrel Ily the swiftness ot their march the Ilgtit seeded plants wilt thus more quickly reach region where the rainfall Is I juit sufficient to famish the roots enough moisture or the growing season Is Jot long enough to enable them lo mature the wood ot each years growth Ileyond this point they cannot can-not lira The heavyseeded farms art Plodding surely along behind them and In the final struggle tho trees best adapted to the soil at any given locality local-ity will endure by the overwhelming 01 the others full tlyw There are a few crops that the AmerIcan Amer-Ican farmer can use more profitably than this When It Is I sown early In the fall and lie weather Is favorable for the plant It affords a great amount of pasture for calve call or pigs write S lltanchard In Journal of Agriculture Ag-riculture In much ot tho weather during the fall when pastures are short the cows can be turned upon the land to Iced and that will make Ibo wife smite with joy when the goes to town with her well Allal Jars or palls of butter but-ter The farmer too will itnllo with pleasure when bo beholds his calves I colts and all other stock entering upon the winter In such fine condition During Dur-ing much of tho winter when they are turned out of their yards they will start at once for the rye field In fact It can be pastured nearly all winter when tho ground Is I not covered with snow It can also be pastured quite late In the spring and when tbo stock Is I all removed will often iprlng up If weather Is I favorable and afford to the farmer a fair crop of grain Or tho field can bo plowed up In the spring and planted to corn or same other crop The fall plowing will bare mado the land more mellow for any spring crop All farmer who hone fields that can bo utlllted In this way should not fall to sow rye Yeara ago many ol the farmer farm-er in Kansas pastured tbelr wheat fields when not covered with snow Home thought It was no detriment to their crops whllo many question the utility of the practice Hut rye Is I one of our hardiest grains Drought doea not affect It as It does wheat or oat Mechanical Kffecli of Drainage The mechanical effects of drainage are to deepen the soil and promote its more thorough pulverization Its tint effect Is I to dry his surface soil by drawing out of It all the surplus moisture ao that In early < < spring or late autumn It I may bo worked with the plow as advan tuiiiously as at midsummer A wet soil can never be properly pulverized and the plowing or working a clay soil or Hen a heavy loam when wet tends only to puddlo It and render It lea pervious to water and air Halo water contains a great quantity and variety of fertilizing lubitancen and It deposits depos-its them In the soil during Its passago through It Doth these facts are perceptible per-ceptible to the senses without resorting to chemical tests Outlet of Drains No portion of atm i a-tm of drainage demands moro careful care-ful consideration than tbo outlet It Is I ot course essential that It should be enough lower than any portion of tho land that are to be drained by It to admit ad-mit of suindiut fall for the passage of water from the heads of Its t most distant dis-tant trlbutnrk Yet It must be high enough above the level of whatever water It tinptK Into to prevent danger ot Its being overflowed and the drainage drain-age water dammed back In the pipes Wheat King ot Argentina Tho wheat king of the world belongs to Argentine Ar-gentine lie Is I an Italian emlgrent named fluszono and his broad acres are situated In the south ot the province prov-ince of Uucnos Aires Ills crop occupies occu-pies an area of G6270 acre He num ben his workmen by the thousand and rncrl ono receives a certain aharo of the profits When Ills Bensons crop Is I harvested he fills over 3000 railway trucks with his gtalnKf |
