Show t I i D Milli 9 Of Amazingly Successful Efforts to Train the Curious Little Cells Cells i Scattered AllOver All Over Our Skins to See Things Quite Well With With- Without I D 1 out ut the r Kt h x L Aid of t l lu t H- H Hut Retinas a I S aSS I j r fg or Optic r r 1 NervesA Nerves P o A chameleon whose changes of color t may it is thought t d be evidences of ant an I extraordinary 1 power r of sight eight in every part of its body i t y 1 t Nerve terminations i r rv s 's in the mucous mem mem- membrane membrane 1 v 1 i brane of the hum human D 1 1 l l I C nose showing in the f t II LJ I Il Il depression at the ex extreme l t- t I left r a group n of the which At f scinco thinks are f embryo eyes f W fp 4 J Nr m f r s 1 i 1 I Some of the millions iY if l of in the hu- hu hu human 1 a o r J ta L man skin which Pro Pro- Professor t C sty 9 r r f s t 1 n p l f fessor Bor Fa rI g 0 u Ie 1 f r Jt I y f thinks can be de- de del der dei de developed r l r e fir ir r i eloped into quits quite f t t t of r rf f efficient ff organs tj 4 L tf 1 A subject ready for one ere ne of 01 Prof r es tt in ex U Y sor SOT experiments in ex JJ I tra retinal vision Her II CT ees eyes arc Hi I I 1 scaled with many layers of 01 silk ilk opaque paper and cotton batting i and finally with heavy lead spectacles so 80 that there is no possibility j a of vision n except in the downward direction shown by the dotted lines y 11 ll J 1 y and and probably not nit there Yet Y ct after being beins put in a hypnotic trance trence t she distinguishes playing cards and other objects pla placed ed in the holder at a level with her eyes f VER in Paris they have been OVER making some somo wonderful e experiments ments which seem to te that we e actually hn have e little eyes c e es all over our bodies i A French scientist M II has found that persons with their e eyes eesi es tightly bandaged can an still identify obJects objects ob- ob objects placed before them and even tell that hat color they are One does not see without the aid o of the two eyes in ones one's head immediately for it is a matter of training but when M ill has shown his subject just how to do it lt the results are reported to be nothing short of miraculous In demonstrating his theory the scientist scientist scientist seats scats a young woman oman ii in a n chair and proceeds to blindfold her eyes e es In such away aay a vay ay that no possible ray of light can penetrate to the retina of the eye cic First he puts over the closed eyelids a band of opaque paper Then he binds over this a piece of taffeta the same size A second piece o of taffeta is folded across the first One would think this enough to prevent her seeing quite effectively but M deals with aith more than thal ordinary light rays He has to take Into consideration the powerful X-ray X and the various carious other ultra-rays ultra that he might be accused of making use of So he takes the further precaution of adding to his triple thickness of bandage another band of black wadding Then he covers the whole ahole v hole witha with Ith a pair parr of lend lead spectacles through which the most powerful X-rays X could not penetrate There is still left the possibility of seeing seong through the space left between the bandage and the bridge of the nos nose nose- nose I a I trick which children know how to use useIn usein usain In playing blindman's buff bun But Dut even en if the subject could see through the space she would could only be able to look down down- downward downward ward ard and the objects she is to identify are placed on a level le with Ith her eyes ee e es There is only one way left for foit for the sub sub- subject subject subject to outside aid ald That Is through a medium who wha might com com- communicate com 1 with her by means of thought transmission But Dut M tl has thought of everything Ho lIo takes the the precaution of selecting at random the objects that are arc to be identified and also of having witnesses present to the blindfolded girl objects which they ha have 0 not looked at themselves He begins his experiment I with aith seven cards all bear bearing ng different designs or figures in various various colors These are aro chosen hosen at random by the witnesses from froma P a collection of two hundred cards cards no two of which are alike ahke The subject is now blindfolded against sunlight and all other known n light rays and is sitting in full daylight M rot Fan Fari B f goule hands her a glazed frame with a handle In vIn this fraMe franc the objects she IS isto isto to see see are placed One by one the seven cards one of them In a fancy colored em envelope elope are arG slipped into the frame The blindfolded girl feels the edge ot of the frame puts it close to her cheek and moves it back bad and forth in front of front lien ber face for fitio of six minutes Now what hat do you ou see ask Ilsk tho SCientists I sec see replies the subject slow slow- slowly slow slowly ly Iy as she makes out the tho outline and color of the card an WIth ope-WIth with a II blue edge on yellow on a II yel- yel yel low background SI M then slips in 10 the N Diagrammatic view of the human brain showing the area which for for- formerly formerly merly was thought the only part having to do with sight remaining six six cards one after another and the subject describes what she sees slowly ly and with pith Ith considerable difficulty dJ for this isn't as easy as looking I with the great big retina of the e cc cic e by any means I see she continues a red square a a blue square spotted with Ith pink par pink par pardon don me with Ith old rose a rose a frame of dark surrounded blue surrounded by a great spot of green with Ith in the center a violet the lozenge the number nine in violet violet- iolet the number seven in black All this is exact except the old rose M then invites his wit It witnesses nesses to join in ln the experiment One of them retires and dra draws dras s three different desIgns of different colors on blank cards lie He places the cards in front of the sub sub- subject sub subject who responds at the end o of a few seconds A black three a blue A a pink SIX This is exactly what he ho drew on them To prove that no one in the room Is communicating with the subject by means of thought waves one of the wit wit- witnesses wit witnesses It nesses goes to a calendar on the wall walland walland walland and without looking at it pulls a lea leaf out of the sheaf of dates and places It ItIn itin itin In the glass frame The subject re- re responds responds re responds soon Sunday May 20 which is the date the leaf bears Another of M experiments is performed with Ith a small stage with witha a groove in the tho center o of the platform to put the scenery in 10 It Is lighted up by a row of tiny footlights behind n a ablack black screen This is more difficult as it involves another dimension and the object is A greatly en- en enlarged enlarged en enlarged view of the ocelle ofa of a leech protected from be- be being be being ing mg felt by a glass screen The scenery in this case may be bea bea bea a playing card M lii places in n the groove of i the little stage which the bolding in 10 her hand a queen of clubs a two of clubs and an eight of diamonds These objects now occupy the three dl- dl dimensions di dimensions of space and no longer only two hlO as in the glass frame The response comes in 10 a few seconds I see a see a jack of clubs another club a ato two t and and and-an an eight of diamonds M hf places a piece of ground glass in 10 fr front front nt of the stage The young oung lady recognizes tho change in the light but sa says s she can no longer seo see the cards There really Cally seems to be no difference this strange manner marner of seeing through the microscopic eyes in the skin and the usual way nay of seeing things ex- ex except ex except that one has to concentrate on one small surface at a time and it is much slower For instance in reading the open page of ofa a book the subject sees only a few words in 10 the center of the tho page at one onetime onetime onetime time and leads reads these very ery slowly h This way of seeing is now called ex retinal tra vision or seeing without tho aid of what wo e have until our only means of sight M N thinks he ho has actually found the millions of little ees eyes in 10 the skin He believes that each group of these cells has a tiny retina represent represent- representing representing ing a sort of primitive e eye The Tho none nerve nen e ends in III all these little eye cells have always been thought to bo be of no service to us except in the sense of touch M now declares them to be bo roil rell optic nerves Jut just like the large optic nerve ncr on which our everyday sight depends But Dut how are M bI subjects trained to use these little eyes to ad- ad advantage ad advantage vantage antage They are arc simply taught to put themselves into a state of mind re- re resembling resembling re resembling what we ne call minded absent absentmindedness ness M begins by hypnotizing Ills his subject in the earlier stages of her education and in the tho hypnotic state she leal ns to use the faculty of seeing with her skin a faculty which M ran ran- ran ran-goule goule says we to all possess but ha have haic e for for- forgotten forgotten for forgotten gotten how to use in 10 the way some of our ancestors among the 10 lower loner er ani- ani animals animals ani animals mals did After Aftel awhile the subject becomes ac- ac accustomed accustomed ac accustomed to using the little primary eyes instead of her usual appa appa- apparatus apparatus apparatus ratus She also learns to put herself into the necessary state of mind without having to be hypnotized any longer Each of the little eyes in the sUn skin sUng gives g es a aery very ery imperfect picture of ot the objects in front of it but after the sub sub- subject sub subject has learned how to use them they all seem to toik olk w oik together to make a per per- perfect perfect per perfect impression out of their various arlous in- in inaccurate inaccurate in inaccurate accurate ones 61 M tells us that this extra extra- retinal islon ision was as w as all we had in the low low- lowest lowest lowest est stage of our development In those primitive days I we oe hadn't any other ees eyes e esworth worth orth mentioning And it is true that the lowest forms of animal life sometimes do get along without eyes very iery nicely If It this is pos possible sible Bible in some forms of life why hy not In others is M II question He lie points out that the moth has no eyeS eyes but s seems seems ems to be bo able to find its way around The cockroach is blind The poor nautilus has only a second second- secondary secondary secondary ary eye which is nothing but a pocket filled with sea water ater and tho the membrane of this eye ee isn't much different from the thorest rest of his skin skill Certain butterflies butter have fac- fac fac-ettes fac ettes very much like the groups of cells in 10 the secondary e eyes eves es which are aro thought to be scattered over o the surface of our bodies in millions The tiny retinas ret retinas nas nee of these butterflies receive altogether 3 elementary images If this is possible in one form of lifo life why hy not In another asks M l Some kinds of spider have eight ees eyes distributed all over o their bodies and each oll of i these eyes has something corre corre- corresponding corresponding corresponding to the optic nerve to receive ImpreSSions of objects These wonderful discoveries of a sort of second sight eight naturally bring up the question of what kind of hope may maybe maybe be held out to the blind At present this cannot be definitely answered It will probably be bo a long longtime longtime time before the millions of little eyes M Id thinks we all possess cair can be trained to do the work of the tho two large e es on either cither side of our noses And yet the tho blind without any train train- training training training ing ing In the matter often seem to make mako use to a n considerable considerable extent tent of extra tra vision How is it for instance that the blind I M c Jr f I if ti S r 1 i- i r h t s y K yx F Ye i k r A are lire often so soA acutely conscious of the position of other persons Ina in a room How do they know so well sell ell when they are ap- ap approaching approaching ap approaching a wall tall or somo some other solid object How are they able to identify an object 1 0 without being near enough to touch it The French scientist thinks all these curious phenomena are due to te their ability to see through the tiny eye cells that lire are distributed all aU over the body These cells ho he calls Everyone Every one has watched the peculiar skill with which a totally blind person will slow down as he approaches some some- something something something thing in his road and often make hIS way around it without ever eHr touching tt ft with his stick Since he does not touch the object in any way is it not possible that he has received some sort of im impression im corresponding to sight from front the tha million little eyes that M K de- de describes describes de describes scribes If Jf M DI is right in his theories concerning second sight there is hope that the blind may in some future gen gen- generation generation generation be trained to receive Impressions which will materially aid them in recognizing recognizing recognizing the objects in the world orld about them In the mean time it is interesting to know one more astonishing thing about the tho wonderful human body and to speculate speculate speculate late over the possibility that we possess millions of eyes instead of the two wo thought though t vc to chad had This retinal extra vision i is not some some- something something something thing that is confined to the human race The tiny that are believed to bo be embryo eyes are resealed repealed under the mi- mi microscope m- m mi microscope in all sorts of creatures Even the diminutive leech is well tell equipped with Ith them Since Professor I remark remark- remarkable remarkable remarkable able experiments were made public some sCientists have ha suggested that perhaps tle tho changes in color which hleb make thel the T l r i Many v of the ex ex- ex accomplishments of o Wi Willetta letta Hugins Huggins the Wisconsin deaf and blind girl V Vmay may be due to her ber use of the millions of eyes in in her br b r skin to do part of the work of the optic nerves she he has lost chameleon such an interesting creature are due to its possession of an extraordinarily extraordinarily sensitive power of extra retinal vision A long series of experiments experiment was con con- conducted conducted ducted in England some years ago age to find out just how it is that bats are able to fly about so swiftly in the darkness of night without into things The answer to the question seems to have ha been found in the fact that the bats bat's wings are equipped with very Cry sen sen- sensItive sen- sen sensitive sensitive none nerve end endings lOgS which have the tho poser of receiving vibrations from the tho theair theair air and communicating them to the bats bat's brain bram The Tho vibrations received when a wall or some other object looms ahead are arequito quito qUite different from those registered when the path is clear It is by detect detect- detectIng detecting detecting 4 ing this difference that the bat is so suc sue successful successful in avoiding collisions that would be fatal to its small and delicate self It is probable that here is some close between this sixth s sense of the bats and the power that enables Professor subjects to distinguish objects and colors when hen both their e eyes s are aro securely blindfolded In fact it has been reen suggested that fur fur- further fur further ther investigation will reveal them then as simply different of the tho same |