Show w wr wt t UC i r ap C a Cro ae ro e L- L Hd d Co Ho f n Ti L r nr loc ga m r d iN N w a The Proposed tor That Will Make lake the Lon nu Suffering w r n Y WlL Wiry 1 7 J Jw Hit alt i s t tt Z 3 t t Independent to A i ix x sl tr Sir t it r K of Future s x r Sri t 9 Disputes Lr f eRti rf r Q f t r 41 ta d fY gi z 4 A k Between rp t of X Capital Cap Q l r y 1 t M f f x s tr nY H 4 fi v a Labor L b and a r ri i yN Numerous varieties of made by mixing k coal dust duet with pitch molasses or other ether tub tub- F eta ro f rca tp ri rix rieta x c iy hold the fine together stances to particles K r Sy W Wr and forming a very satisfactory fuel t t e r y nth hs a rK I jY I HE way out lies through the 6 TIlE TIIE the development of o a 1 1 oce for making artificial anthracIte from bituminous coal said George Ot s SmIth Director of the United States State Geo Geo- GeologIcal Geological Geological logical Survey Surrey Sun ey The requisite process la to even now being the Bu- Bu Bureau leau Bu-leau developed in m the tho laboratories of reau leau of Mines 1 It will Trill not only render householders and other consumers independent of strikes in the anthracite mines but ill III place at their disposal a smokeless fuel practically unlimited in quantity This last Isa is a very Important point for our of anthracite are approach approach- approachIng approaching approaching ing exhaustion eJ es One-fourth One of what there was wag originally underground has been dug out while burning and consumption consumptIOn consumption tion of this luxury fuel is increasing at such a rate rato that the remainder will mil bo be used up before very long Hence it is necessary to look about us usand usand usand and find out how we can got get along with with- without without without out anthracite We have hare got to do it Naturally we turn to bituminous coal our reserves of which are aw so o enormous that the quantity of available anthracite Is trifling in comparison Up to date data date vwe e have dug out of the ground only one half one one-haltof of 1 per cent of our bituminous coal The average householder objects to bituminous coal because In the furnace or kitchen range It Is smoky In the or- or or ordinary furnace too it lt does not burn burnso burnso burnso so satisfactorily ce as anthracite These objections are entirely reasons reasons- reasonable ble and tho the main purpose of the study now being made by br chemists and fuel experts ex- ex experts ex experts of the Bureau of Mines I Is la to get rid of the tho difficulties in question The trouble lies In the use u of raw bituminous In a raw state it Is not suit SUIt- SUItable suitable suitable able for tor household purpose What then thenis lS is the answer Cook it It Would not cooking make it more ex- ex expensive expensive ex expensive pensive Not at all aU Quite the con con- contrary contrary con contrary Indeed for the tho process renders avaIlable a number of products by-products whIch are far more valuable than the coal It- It it rt itself a self considered merely as fuel The householder objects to the smoke smoke but It is the smoke of bituminous coal that contains the precious products by for instance a light oil which Is isan isan an excellent substitute for gasoline as motor fuel Also ammonia for moth balls and coal tar which last Is Isa a source of innumerable drugs and des dyea When bituminous coal is cooked the process being one of distillation in hugo huge like oven like retorts the products by-products pass oft off offin offin in vapor and smoke through pipes for subsequent chemical treatment and what remains is coke Coke is a smokeless fuel because the volatile stuff has been taken out of it The householder does docs not care much for coke as fuel For one thing It burns up too fast feet But it is the material out of which artificial anthracite devoid of that or any other disadvantage will bo be made Just how to make male it is the problem problem lem lain which the governments government's governments government's experts are aro area tackling a They are lire trying to copy nature How does docs nature make anthracite There Is no question of the fact that all the an- an anthracIte anthracite an anthracite coal in Pennsylvania was as origInally originally originally nally bituminous It was converted into anthracite by heat and pressure pressure-in In other ther words by a natural cooking process which drove drone dro 8 the volatile elements out of it Because it lt has lost those thoe volatile elements it lt is smokeless It If nature could transform bituminous coal into anthracite man who brags so much of his ingenuity ought to be able to do the same thing on a more modest modestA V yet adequate stale He thinks he lie can ean- canin can canin A in fact fact the experts feel sure eure of It it Bu But t they will not be bo ready to disclose their imitable e process until it has 1185 been per per- per perfected f One Ono of the products by-products derived from fromi m bItuminous coal is illuminating ga gas i J L R N y se A Jy t tr r tr ri ec y ya a t 4 1 k r ir i vor r a 1 ar f y yx a aZ Z i x r t f rf 3 7 3 1 re t Y n t Ir 9 f r yg t tr r j jf r i Syr W Wr Wt r t r I f y rA wt- wt w a aF wy i v k N F 6 s I a yep f ar jy K Kt t y u x S ry y ya wJ LF 1 k MC I Iya r E- E ES A mountain t calm the waste from a n Av t coal coalmine mine for ap aps apt s Z Ml 1 r rj Lt v L 4 zed which there is little P rr use is but which y 1 is sold soldat at an enormous profit when 4 a strike creates a famine rt Y L s which within recent years sears ears has come to tobe tobe tobe be largel largely employed for cooking and heating boating Nowadays no n nsw new w houses housea are bUIlt with Ith coal ranges in the kitchens i gas ranges are lire installed instead liven In older houses for gas cooking is rap rap- idly rapidly supplanting coal Gas heaters heater clean and trouble saving are everywhere tak- tak taking tak taking ing the place of coal-burning coal grate fires A short ton of bituminous coal s cubic feet of gas The residue of coke is sold Bold by the tho gas companies for fuel lt B But Bt an any municipal gas outfit can easily be expanded into a full-fledged full by- by product product byproduct pIli plant nt deriving from each ton of coal in addition to the tho h twenty gas gns two twenty two enty-two pounds valuable ble of ammonium sulphate a ble fertilizer nine gallons of t tar r and two t and a half gallon gallons of Itcan It can can- cannot cannot not be long before economic compels this sort 01 Ot de development every eHry a where everywhere here Thus It will be seen that the house holder householder enjo s the prospect of getting away a from dependence upon anthracite m in development two o ways ell through tho develop develop- ment mint of a satisfactory smokeless derived fuel de- de de do rived from irom bythe bituminous coal and 2 by the use of gas as a 1 substitute The average Crage shudders at the word substitute Set Ht he I-e muff must admit that with unlimited quantities ot or an- an an anthracite available a at a reasonable price he would to ghe give up his gas range and gas heaters As for the ogre In the inthe cellar it seems scorns likely soon to be bo reo re- re placed replaced laced by the gas fired gas furnace which wIth an arrangement for automatic to tel control gh glues gives es comfort with no waste aste of fuel Artificial anthracite in m lumps of sizes to suit the consumer will require no change inthe In the construction of furnace and grates It will Mill III be a available for use in usein suburban and outlying districts not reached by pipes for gas But Dut whether hether artIficial anthracite or gas the fuel of the future for the American householder will Ill bo be If bo ho gas used in the furnace there w will ill be no fuel to be bo stored or bythe ashe ashes ashel to be carried out Already by the wa way many oil-burning oil furnaces de do declared Glared highly so satisfactory factory are being m- m in installed stalled i In the mean time the Bureau Dureau of Mines olmes Is wIth coal Most people who have tried such as asa a substitute have not found them sat sat- satisfactory sat satisfactory for the tho simple reason that they were not properly made Many house house- householders householders holders after brief trial have holve gIven them up disgusted by the Boot soot oot and odor they gave e o o oi off of i those disadvantages being t wi pr f ft rn r S- S Y L Lh i it t y ty t tS S M MN N N Y e t L Sons Son of coal miners robbing the cOM coal barons of ofa a few pounds of culm with which to keep the home fires burning due usually to an e excessive vo quantity of binder pitch A prejudice alCain against t any kind of fuel once is not ea easily lly by overcome o Furthermore coal dealers fearing lest supplant anthracite ha have e dis- dis discouraged die dis discouraged their sometimes going so far as to tell customers s that they are made of dirt and have no heat heat- heating heating ing value alue The Tho art of making has lacked development through sCIentific scientific scientific experimentation i the processes em cm m employed plo ed have o not had proper technical are aro made of coal ground fine with Ith something to stick slick the par par- particles par particles tiles together and molded under pros pres pressure sure Heat is used in m the process The largest item of cost is for the tho binder amounting to 60 to 80 90 cents cants per ton of when hen pitch is as used Th The pItch IS obtained front flom ga gas works and and by byproduct by- by byproduct product coke ovens or by distillation from heavy oils Various other sub sub- substances sub substances stances have been tried lime tried Urn clay ns- ns asphalt as asphalt rosin loam coin flour lour and molasses molasses- molasses but nothing as good ae as pitch for the tho purpose has yet vet et been found It If the coal be anthracite well made of it are ale superior to 10 the best lump coal from the mines They rhey retain rotam shape in the fire and their even cven size bize permits more regular and more bor l ough combustion They burn bum to a fuse fine ash ah In the process of manufacture the grinding mixing dish the incombustible substances found in m raw coal coni which are arc liable to tobe tobe tobe be fused into clinkers ha ea have a n higher heating value alue than raw coal because they contain no now noa a ater Scattered cd allover all over the anthracite re- re re- re re region glen gion Ion of are mountains of slack coal lust tuat front from the mines all 1111 ready to be mad made mado into Production Pi of this material hitherto regarded I as waste 11 averages about tons per annum A half half- half dozen dozen plants even now are using it In Inthe inthe inthe the manufacture of but their total output is relah relatively ply small They I represent the beginning of what hat hat is des des- destined destined tined fined to grow gro into a great The Bureau of Muse Mines is of that before very long ell be largely used ed in domestic stoves stove and fur fur- furnaces fur furnaces naces Up to no HOW the chief ob In Inthe inthe inthe the way ay of the development of the rn- rn industry in-duttry in has haa been the low price of lump bi bituminous But lump bituminous is no nolon longer longel ei cheap What has been said of the merits of anthracIte is in large measure true of made of bituminous coal Complaint is made that the latter are L s j 1 r j t 9 1 i smoky but that is not so if the method of manufacture I is correct Smokiness does cloes not depend upon th tha total amount of volatile n in the but on that part of it only which escapes before it is 15 heated to the kindling temperature For this len iea Oll OllIt onit It is specially important that the tho brI- brI bri quota shall shaH be of such uch shape as to in- in insure insure in insure sure good circulation of alt ail and com com- complete complete complete combustion If properly made mado of ofa ofa ofa a good quality of bituminous they should burn with a n clear intense flame and with little odor or smoke We have in tins thus country vast stores of blown coal otherwise known n as jig Ug- Ug lignite two thirds the fuel value alue nite rite which has of bituminous In the region surround surround- surrounding surrounding ing fargo cargo N D are deposits of it far exceeding in m quantity all the anti antl elte m Pennsylvania ani ania a Three million years ears or so ago that pal past t of the United States was na a mostly swamp witha with Ith a II moist and warm climate and a sank lank 1 anI and lu luxuriant vegetation Forest grew and died and the h tices ees fall fall- falling falling ing mg into water were thereby preserved front from de decay ay forming beds of ot woody The land rose and sank again and again aln accumulations of sand and sIlt while under water so that to-day to in the alley Salley of the Red fled River of the north Nor there is a formation 1600 1500 feet thick con con- containing tanning a II series veries of beds of brown coal Often Ollen it shows s the grain of the original wood and occasionally a nut The beds ale alO from the five to ty feet in thick thick- thickness thick nes ness This coal contains from frohn 30 to 40 per percent percent percent cent of water Hence when exposed to weather the water evaporating it soon falls to dust To prevent Jre ent that it lt IS stored under cover and householders It in nt lumps Manufacturers however ever prefer to use the dust with ruth Ith automatic Recent experiments expel h have haro 0 proved pro that lignite can be bo utilized to great ad- ad advantage advantage ad advantage vantage for Its Ita products by-products the tho resIdue being converted concerted into which re- re re retain lain tain their shape while burning stand well ell and are arc nearly equal to an- an anthracIte anthracite an anthracite in m heating value alue Manufactures have be been bem n satisfied with Ith the tho dust to heat their factory y furnaces That IS 13 proof of the value of this brown coal which has nas been so long neglected by householders and now no It iti 1 iema emails only to put it lt into some fOl form m that will all make it convenient to transport trans trans- transport transport port easy to handle and superior to soft coal which we e have havo found impossible to use in the past for household purposes i ir i id r Tae Ayr y v la Miners de- de de descending e a shaft to be begin 1 ft gin their t days day's toil in inthe the dark and often a 4 dangerous depths of l the earth Various go governmental and corporation ac neels have ha made c consid- consid Table gable in erol- erol evolving fi- fi ing ins coal as ase as u e products of two too different 3 1 y One Ono process is to dl di til hi the con coal cony as in the making of a motor fuel 4 P to compete with ith gasoline and use uso the residue in ut a form fos fOI household purposes pui PUl poses Tills This is of course a 1 doubly economical plan and ind some expel pel ts believe belle that dos with the making of OJ or 1 t u 1 t u th the e side is the beginning of a ne new ern era In Inthe n the use of coal b byproducts products The other process IS 13 the one in which finely ground bituminous coal is anh a binder as previously preciously des described riLed This is as economical as the other otner proc process process process ess since th the binder may be of dern cd from front the dIstillation distillation of hea oils or lignite Now Non in order to be sue eq fully used must be put out in sizes adapted to domestic furnaces mus must burn excessive c formation of soot smoke and odors and must have hate e a high heating value alue This is the aim of the mho ho h have hate e been beell v ith bin gusts and the they b believe he hee e they ha have hate e torched le hed a stage in their that ap- ap approaches ap approaches lien beater I er to the perfection of these They are arc confident t that they will be able in iii |