Show C C n picking coffee berries in brazil prepared by th tb national graphic society Bo clety washington Washl neton D C anvie HII recent announcement that T coffee consumption in the unit J ed states climbed to a total of 13 pounds per person in 1030 1930 adds interest inhere t to the checkered career of the beverage since it was first brewed in the near east a millennium and a half ngo go le the there are about 80 species cleg of coffee plants but only a few ot of them are extensively cultivated for commercial use the coffee plant Is a cousin of the cinchona tree from the bark barb ot of which quinine Is produced gambler which furnishes tanning material and dyes that bear the same name and madder from the roots of which a subs substance tance Is e extracted that Is imp imbor 0 r tant tn in some red dyes also are related to the coffee plant the coffee plant started its worldwide rumblings gs centuries ago beginning in the hills of ethiopia it jumped the red sea and coffee plantations began to rise above the soli soil of the extreme southern tip of arabia where the famous mocha cottee f idas tee now Is produced later it was C carried to europe about years ngo and then to the west indies and brazil tradition has it that the discovery of coffees stimulating effect upon the human system was an accident one story runs that the plant was discovered in the fourth century by a group ot of monks who had been driven out of egypt and found refuge in the ethiopian hills the monks maintained themselves by agriculture and shepp sheep and goat raising one night a monk reported to his bis leader that t the he flocks would not rest that they were wide awake and frisking about during the hours when they should be quiet the leader started investigations that led to the coffee plant which he found the animals con consumed surged while browsing on the hillsides hill sides ile he chewed a few of the berries from the strange bush and round found that they kept him unusually alert during the night services which were held in accordance with his religion although coffee did not strike a popular cord among europeans until I 1 the fifteenth century as early as the reign of charles 11 II in the middle of the seventeenth century thore there were more than coffee houses in london today coffee Is a popular brew in every continent and on the civilized civili sed islands of the seas with the united states as the worlds leading consumer more than pounds of co coffee ff ee were imported by the united states state s lost year first used as a paste i but the coffee berry has had its ups and downs during its rise tofate to fame in the beverage world its first use was in the form of a paste which was eaten early moslems were not permitted to drink wine so they learned the art of making a brew from coffee berries the name coffee Is derived from the arabic word kah well weh which was pronounced by the turks 1 was the general arable arabic term for intoxicating liquors according to some authorities the first cup of coffee was drunk as a refreshment at aden arabia in the fifteenth century cairo began drinking the beverage he about no 50 years later meanwhile Alean while moslem leaders held a meeting at mecca where they decided that coffee should be banned that was in loll 1011 As a result of the mecca decision coff coffee ce warehouses were burned and coffee houses were closed in many parts of the mohammedan world some of the coffee house proprietors were beaten with their own brewing utensils by fanatical moslems the ban in egypt lasted only thirteen years when sultan bellm I 1 gave coffee his stamp of approval ne lie em his tip of tho the brew by ordering the execution of two persian doctors who had denounced the use of coffee ng as injurious to health today vo egypt Is among the largest coffee drinking regions of the world some deser people of egypt and the near en enst s t use s the beverage in connection w with lt h re religious observances in the r rast lasi coffee la Is usually used in powdered form the coffee beans popularly known in the united states are placed in a mortar and pounded then the powder Is put into boiling water the coffee maker serves the beverage only after a prescribed ceremony tie ile pours a small quantity of the liquid into one cup and then rinses each cup with the brew after all cups have been rinsed the rinsing liquid la Is poured on oil the fire as a tribute to esh Sha dhilly the coffee drinkers patron half a cup Is served first to the eldest and most honored guest to hand a full cup to a guest would be an insult coffee map of the world if one were to construct a coffee map of the world filling in coffee growing areas in black he would find most of his dark area on the portion of the world map between the tropic of capricorn and the tropic of cancer mexico would be filled in from the tropic of cancer to its southernmost border the whole area of central america and a wide coastal rim around the northwestern shoulder of south america including portions of ecuador bolivia and peru on the pacific and columbia and the galanas on the atlantic would also be marked as well as jamaica haiti porto elco a and d santo domingo an inverted pear shaped area on the atlantic coast of brazil from da ba hla bill to a point south of 0 rio de janeiro in brazil la Is the worlds leading coffee producing area in this region Is sao paulo state whose prosperity rises and falls with the condition of the coffee industry coffee Is responsible for the fact that the state has more miles of railroads than any other state in the republic the railroad leading from santos the worlds chief coffee port to sao paulo the worlds coffee capital ts Is one of the richest steel highways because it Is literally a coffee funnel the smaller end of the funnel being set in ships holds at santos the first coffee berries did not reach brazil until 1727 today coffee and ana brazil are nearly synonymous in site sa paulo state alone there are more than 40 coffee plantations with trees in production new trees numbering um bering have been set out and soon will be in production one plantation owns its own railroads highways shops stores and warehouses africa has several coffee growing regions liberia sierra leone and a portion of southern nigeria are large producers the coastal zones of the belgian congo and a portion of angola mozambique and kenya are dotted with plantations while ethiopia original homo home of the famous coffee berry continues to produce coffee plantations in madagascar are confined to the eastern half of the island the southwestern corner of the arabian peninsula continues to grow the so called mocha coffee while the abo southern tip of india and ceylon also are important coffee growing regions of asia java and neighboring islands island have successfully grown coffee transplanted from liberia and new guineas eastern plantations greshow are showing promise in the coffee industry alias coffee growing region Is in queensland he so called sugar bowl of the continent how the bean Is handled the cottee coffee plant grows to a height of from IS 15 to 20 feet its blossoms remain on the plant only a day or two when the petals wither and fall and the fruit to take shape A bush produces from two to three crops it a year ripe coffee berries resemble dark red cherries inside the cherries tire are two coffee beans the coffee of commerce comm which are extracted by various processes the beans are enveloped in a delicate skin and fleshy pulp in arabia those these coverings are removed by the old drying method the berries ore are spread out on a drying floor a few inches deep where they are frequently stirred so that each berry may be exposed to the sun the pulpy covering dries in from two to three weeks after which the berries are pounded until the coffee beans are set free frea the most popular method of hulling Is the wet method the berries are brought in from the field and placed in tanks the mature berries will sink to the bottom of the tank where they are drawn off through pipes and conveyed to crushing machines the crushed mass passes to a water tank where it Is stirred to separate the beans tile the beans fall to the bottom af f the tank and are withdrawn at this stag the beans are covered with a slimy film which Is 18 removed by placing them in a vat where fermentation sets up then they are washed dried and sacked for market the latter process consisting of assorting the beans into sizes colors and eliminating tiny any foreign bodies from the mass young toung coffee plants must be given protection from the sun for several months after they break through the ground some planters shade them with palm leaves some by building a matting covered frame over the plants about three feet above the ground |