Show fixed C condensers vastly important part has vital function to perform in every modern modem radio set de pile the widespread use of fixed capacities lu in every radio receive receiver or and receiving rec ching system sy stern the subject Is not thoroughly comprehended by flit nv av crnec radio fun fati when considering couden condensers sers the fan thinks mainly in terms of capacity this la is part particularly leu true of fixed capacities of rel high capacitance value inc such is as by leals and filter condensers ers very few fans give ghe thought tuse oeral pertinent items relative to fixed condensers which manifest it 11 great effect upon the hie aill utility ity of tile the capacitance unit A topic i cry seldom d Is like ak lesl tance of condensers tills this lenn la Is the lie value of to flevel liy by the dielectric of if tile the con denser tip lo the flow of direct current the dici ole medium dinin Is tile hie roald in bil lation material located between the lie active metal surfaces 11 in fixed ta ait pait pailles les tills this Is usually mica or a bif husli grade crude of or wasch paper the insulation resistance plays if a very important part in condenser consid considerations e r for upon it Is dependent the breakdown break down voltage of the alie completed unit the lower the lie insulation ro re si stane of a condenser the lower will be its breakdown break down voltage furthermore the value ot of tile the lusu laLlon resistance si distal stance cc plays an extrell extremely iely important part 1 in tile calculation of the power factor of 1 I 1 condenser especially ill ala units utilized in fit low frequency work fixed capacity the average fixed capacity Is usually subjected to high values of either D C or A 11 C voltage tile higher the insulation resistance of the unit tile alic higher van can the applied voltage lip bs without fear of breakdown break down and the higher the alic insulation i the less the leakage leak age lit in the condenser and tile alie greater its effi efficiency clency consequently it Is paramount to maintain the insulation resistance of fixed capacities at the highest possible level consistent with the improvements in the vailous nailous phases of radio receivers improvements have also been effected upon fixed capacities coln fir filhe conducted in the laboratory of the wireless corporation upon capa capacities ciller to determine the improvements effe clel upon present day devices over those thosa lit fit tho adent of of regular broaden ling showed life hie insulation tosi resistance si of tho present resent adny products to lie many times alio eliop p of tile lepetic days after afier the advent of if radio broadcasting to quote exact figures tile ali insulation resistance rei Istance of ameral large condensers fiad alx d of was found to vary between and ohms Nhe whereas reas jil sli ullar nillar condensers of pre ent d ago showed insulation milues of 06 olinn another important consideration to falli who filler conde ail and liy by lians condensers bondt Is the betI ACen two rallies va lups ians aliu igi ort tile bp be atwon these theo anyo lw alica do so 0 o nt fit their own this is equally true wit willi I 1 hi pass pas and filter conde iwers ars tile working vid tage is I 1 lif olt aw at which tle r unit can call lie he opel aled r ith a factor fiti in the testing jol voltage olta tage KP on tile other 11 hand Is practically the limit of of operation upp rallon for cay hort periods period perlo dg 3 under no clr cir 4 should a condenser cuser be continually subjected to tile the volt jg vii lii if it Is it t will break down in a very chort time working voltage values W walh lia 1 the 1 relatively el a t i 1 t ly I 1 hagli ii i i 1 plate la te v volt 0 i t belh n ngos es t being g n applied p p 1 1 e I 1 t to i t the 1 j e aci vacuum i u n I 1 tubes lit in the re receiver elver de detailed thou glit mut mu t be accorded corded nc the working altage il tage values of the lie bypass by pass col condoner delier bied in the receder rece her it the ilic condenser Is io i o wired into the circuit that it is subjected to a continuous load the working voltage ratings of tile the by bypass I 1 pass as condenser ta must joust be high enough colough to 0 pendil tile hie application of ill the high voltage nany many complaints of blown bypass by pass condensers have no doubt been rp re calved by manufacturers in ill nil all fairness to tile manufacturer the fan insist realize that each and ciery cery bypass condenser lias has a work ing voltage I 1 alllen made upon various by lulfs p is ifs con dellen for receiver ute ue ut e showed a voltage ige rating of if 22 25 to 27 V volts oits xvi eliere higher voltages tire lire encountered if in tile the either special bypass by pass condensers should be used the liy liv pasi pas condensers arranged lit in series or it recourse made to mull values of niter conden sri tile the correct bulli III voltage volt sige |