Show EARTH SAND CLAY AND GRAVEL ROADS SIDE DITCH FIG fial I 1 t w ROADWAY prepared by the united state states department of agriculture dra drainage hinge usually should be the very first ration in connection with the location and design of any rood road this statement ulris n ni explanation because the action of wn ter in changing clay into mud and in causing all kinds of soils exempt und sand to ghe way BY when a load lond Is applied N 1 familiar fa millar to every person living in a humid climate the following summary supplies a it few suggestions as to bow how water unter may best be removed from a it road bed 1 the road surface should be crowned so us as to shed water mater on off to tot tho the side alde ditches as rapidly as it falls on the road 2 U wherever hereter the road Is in an excavation suitable side ditches or gutter SIDE DITCH fio a a 84 1 V Z 4 i should be provided alone along the sides ades so that the water may be conducted to some point it may be turned off from the road the accompanying show topical cross sections fur for earth eurth side ditcher the cross section shown in the first ligure Is suitable for steep steel grades where tho the depth of water mater in the side tilde ditcher must be kept low in order to prevent washing mashing it lif the jho noil soil the second figure howa hoins a modified section which civo alv a greater capacity for the same widths of ditch than the cross section i hown in the preceding figure but which can be emp employed loed only on comparatively flat gradei grades if washing mashing s to be presented figure 3 shows SIDE DITCH FIG 5 3 01 W it era section adapted especially to flat grades where a R considerable wl nol ume op water must be carried ditches of the cross sections shown shonn in figure figures 1 and 2 have the advantage in that they may be con constructed with ua no ordinary road grader which if it not true of the se ton wn t on shown in figure 3 3 IN it re e it Is impracticable to construct elde side ditches that will mill carry the required amount of water without M ashing mashing macd gutters should be employed suitable coss sections for a cobble gutter are shown in figures 4 and 5 inhere here it Is impracticable to construct gutter gutters earth bide side ditches f mar may be kept from washing by the use rise of breakers 4 it if the material composing the roadbed consists contis ts of trinsy earth some form of Is essential A COBBLE GUTTER FIG W I 1 I 1 a ROADWAY 0 Cobble shard hardrow har round stone 6 ato 1 toll 10 longest diameter leter sand and bedding nt about ahw foundation of gravel or hornli broken stone line of farm tile laid to proper grade under ench each side ditch Is in getie getheral ral ohp lie most satisfactory way may of securing adequate either four inch or six inch tile la Is employed for this purpose 5 culverts Cul verte or bridges be constructed ted wherever it ie in necessary casary to carry water acers tho the road 0 avoid water from one in roal roa down dou the aide side dl the of another also abold draining adjacent fields into the side ditcher crown the proper crown croan to give the cross section of a read road surface depends oo 00 two tuo appo atol factors a it Is desirable to get water mater away from the surface as quickly its practicable ti to u as to prent the surface material from being softened ba b nat or washed unshed by water collecting in and along ruts b it Is to keep the cro croo A section of the tile road as flat as ie Is con with rood drainage bc traffic distributes it itself belf oer oner a flat rond surface much better than over one that Is heavily crom crowned ned and an een en distribution of traffic makes toward uniform weal and compa rathel light maintenance there Is alm lean less danger of skidding on tl it road of flat u he pec than where the surface Is I 1 crowned in general the tile amount of crown cronn should bo be greater on grades than on level stretches of rond road because th tendency for or water nater to vash mash aay th tho surface by collecting in and flow blowin lill aloi alor rule ruts depends largely upon UK tha steepness of the grade also the car mith chich a road Is to be maintained ma have an important influence ou the amount of crown cron that should be b glen to the surface it Is evident that a road surface maintained in a smooth uniform condition will shed water mater off to the side tilde ditches with mum less crown cron than mould be required eliere rute ruts ore are allowed to form instead of crow croin nine ln tho road mad surface to present water fron froll flowing along the tho traveled way any and anti causing cashes on steep grades resort Is sometimes L d to iv vater ster br brtala brt aln oali or I 1 thank than klor ro naros constructed across trie rond road nt at short Int interval ervah these water mater breaks may consist of either broad shallow ditches or flat 01 ridges constructed at a blight slight angle with ith the road so 80 as to turn water from rora the traveled v ar by into the elde side ditches such devices device usually are much borto opec lully to tn automobile le than a rather heally crowned road provided the surface Is not con strutted ted of material which becomes very of slippery I 1 apery u when h ert wet et a and rid t they it e Y should de dispensed with mith except in a extreme cases an exception to the tile general rulee rules for crowning a road surface perhaps should be noted ae as apply iro to case cases where here the roadbed and surface are of tan annd d la in auth cases it ie Is preferable that the cross section be flat eo so as to retain as much moisture mo leture ze a practicable though in cold climates a might crown cron may be desirable in order to afford drainage when the surface ie Is frozen but sand roads must to I 1 0 ted with some other material if they are bolte to ie improved to any extent and in that case the surface of the traveled way hould have to be ile crowned a as usual ainu her curvel curves occur in the alignment it I 1 lit dI S rable to bank or elevate the outer edge of the die roadway and thui thus make oake the crown one way CODDLE abka FIG 5 fact fT ra A W V cobbles av hard brou prou round stone O 0 ca CT 6 to 6 10 longest ion diameter T sand be dina about 2 Zi th hick ac k foundation or ort travel rayel or brohen broken stone |