Show OBTAIN PROFIT FROM THE FARM WOODLOT 11 V Z an old woodlot which Is grazed very little gross and no young timber by the th state states depart men mew of agriculture A cash return for tho the wood grown en on the isi aa 4 woodlot la to just ut aft as dosal blo ble as A profit on other farm crops farmers often lose light sight of this fact mainly because lc auie timber umber requires only a small amount of labor but s a long period of year years to brine bring it to a marketable condition often therefore tho owner la Is satisfied with an art annual supply of dead firewood Cre wood and the woodlot becomes a harboring harb orinc place for in float peta pests and a it meager pasturage for roaming live stock yet improvement of 0 the woodlot depend depends upon luet just a few simple principle principles which any fanner famer may learn and practice these pro contained tn in a new banners fan fame ners sl bulletin no published by the united states department of agriculture improvement of the woodlot begins with the cutting out of at all dead and diseased timber then tho the mature merchantable trees should be ro like any other finn crop when conditions condl tlona favor a eale new trees should bo be planted in tha open spaces to grow up and fill in the forest canopy and encourage the growth of at tall straight woodlots Wood lota lots may be divided into two classes claa sei each tach determined by the char acter actor of the stand on one type the trees are a second growth of at approximately the lame same ago aso and it la Is found that undesirable are fare crowding out valuable trees the former should be cut to allow the unhampered growth of at the better quality tim bet while timber taken out tn in this 4 4 I 1 4 S dond browh white in n good condition cutting will vill rarely py pay directly for its lt re moral tha the resulting maince meat ment la in ulue talus ot of the remaining stand makes the voak ft a good investment the presence of dead or dying tree trees la in the pearl a very dense den interlocked crown WU cc wv sr stems very lender slender in proportion to their height or cpr alpar sat at tation stagnation in the tb height growth lit indicate that ft a this ie Is needed nead this li Is dono dens when the bland stand ie Is from ron 15 to 20 year years old th the 19 oper tion Is zillar in principal t to thin fjug ay other tarra form crop where it la to dealmo to obtain st few good Pl plants Antill rather than thin many of poor quality the owner should use the ax tax with care remor ring lax only tree trees which crowd crow d oth en erg end came cause loo treat for sunlight material removed lu in a 13 3 valuable for fence atud poles nd pay for the op ersI entson tIon al As a rule not more than cne one fifth to one fourth of at the trees should be mooed at ono time grapevine 1 IT ivy and woodbine and injian climb or ors which bare have grown inan the tre tr should lie be cut out by severing 1 their main stems near the ground in the second typo of woodlot the vary erectly in arg and height and the itani stand la Is largely domirA dominated tod by old tree trees alose topa tops chut shut os at the Win wight and retard the crowth growth the bougger trees beneath such a tract should first be cleared ot at dead and diseased timber next the mature living trees should be removed this should be delayed however until aut au la to started in the openings made in the first operation and marketing conditions permit a satisfactory sale heavy stands corn com posed almost wholly of mature tree trees should not be removed all at once un lesa less the owner expects to provide foi for the new crop by planting lanting the old tree should be tate taken n off in two at 01 t three h re 6 successive cutting cuttings at interval intervals ot of several yean years each cutting tak taking trig from fro m on one a t third hi rd to one halt half the trees these cuttings allow the remaining trees to receive more sunlight and thus encourage them to produce mor mort seed neither ot of the first two cu cutting tt ings should be so heavy aa an to encourage the growth of at weeds or grass on tin tho forest floor the third cutting should be made after the seedlings are established and there is no further n need eed for protection of at the old trees scattered old trees suppressing vall 1 bable young growth often will bot b found in wood lote buch such trees will never be of much value for lumber and their wide spreading habit often results in the suppression or killing of the young and better formed a seed eed lings which frequently may be ol 01 considerable value it Is best in such cases to remove the old trees at once pasture and timber production can not be practiced oa on the same area except to the disadvantage ot at each and slid the combination will not be ai as remunerative to the owner as a the practice of at either one separately cattle C ilelle hotes hooves sheep or coats eat young seed lings tri trample ample them out or brush against them and break them off air hogs cat eat the seed and thus prevent reproduction fron stAr et arting tint or root seed out of the the misting growdis Is damaged through the trampling or wounding of the roots and the compacting of the eoll soil so that it t la to impervious to water hould be kept out of at the woodlot entirely bemuse they otten often peel tho the bark froni from trees and eat tho the young sholto when young growth la Is not desired de elred a few bead of cattle are permissible provided however that the ground ie is not soft when they are turned to in hogs may be used to aid reproduction or tho the seed to fall they will root up the ground and thua thus put it in food good condition for rec elTing the aeed seed goats and beep sheep should be allowed in the woodlot only when it la Is necessary nece seary brain bruell ot of undesirable species cecle pe cle care should be taken to keep fire from getting into the woodlot thia this destroys dei troya the fallen learea leaves md and accumulated litter at several years thus doin ing away with the very material with which the tree trees enrich their own soil burned avier ground becomes exposed evaporation ie in creater mater and more of the rain and melted enow snow nini runs off the nr leet leat or gra orssa as fires assally derror y the young seedlings up to one inch in diameter and alio also do creak damage to other trees in tho the aland stand especially 1 by making condition conditions favor able for or the entrance of rot producing fusel |