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Show I ''SMbW "n Economic Discussion 1 H Ha A 1 I l JR Roads Question I flfflHiflfflfJflfr FRANKLIN fl I Logan, Utah. I fl w w w w 6 w w S 6 fc w 6 w fl John KianMIn laigle Is ill piescnt H holding the chair of History and Iteo- m nomlcs at the Agricultural College of Utah. Ho Is :i i.uluate of the Indlj H ana State Noimal School, Woostcr. H (O.) University, Illinois Weslcjan H . Unlveislty and the Chicago Corrc- HbJP; spondcncc School of Law. In 1100 C" woostci Unlveislty gave lilin his Dr.'s HJ dcgiee. Di. lmglc Is now engaged In Bj writing a hook on "Ainciican Itural H Sociology," a Held that has not jet J been coeicd, and he hopes to present H this within two ears. fl The following aiticle on "roads" is fl not altogothei specific 01 condensed, B jet as a gencial discussion of loads B and road constitution, etc., is most fl excellent and worthy careful perusal fl by ever pcison who has to tiavel H Cache Valley loads. Di. Ihiglc was a I student at Chicago University last I sununci and this aiticle written as a I thesis was given a heait appioval. The aiticle Is published now as a I leader to an extended and specitlc dls- cusslon of the needs of tills county in I the inattei of load constiuction. I The Time Element. The time element Is an Important I one In economic study. Questions that concern waste must consider the f& time element. There arc In the ' United States several millions of farmeis-saj live millions. Let us suppose that when the loads aie bad eacli of these fanners loses dail thlitj inlnutes simply because the roads aie bad. I mean by this supposition suppo-sition that some ncccssaiy service which the faimei must pci form each day lcquhesthiit minutes moie than would be lccjulicil for its performance if the loads weio in good condition. Foui million times one half houi is two million houis. One houi of time as a basis of sei vice activity ought to be woith to a faimei at least twenty cent3. This supposition then involves to the faiineis of a counti an annual loss of neai ly halt a million. The pre ceding discussion is resorted to not to show what actual! occuis but i, merely to foi m a basis foi a tangible discussion. It is highly piobablc that the actual losses annuall to faimeis of America from till-, souice aie eiy much gieatei than any supposition a, would seem to Indicate. A faimei V who resides tlvc miles fioni hK distill)- utlng point undci ordinary piessuic of business and labor conditions ought to pass ovei a stietch of tlve miles of good loads and return In one hour and I aliair. If the loads aie bad it might I rcquhe two bonis, llnee liouis, four I houis, owing to the degieo of badness. I When we consldet that thousands of I farmeis and tiavelers daily use the J highwas, wo tiegln to icalizo tlio magnitude of this question of loss of time. Hut the ns etiological clement which alviis lies close along the bor-dnland bor-dnland of economics, Is laigcly involved in-volved In the preceding discussion. The actual economic loss, icsultlng from a loss of time, is also an out-glow out-glow th of the. habits Induced in the poison by such loss of time. Habitual and conscious loss ot lime Induces in charactci slothfulness, Ignoiant complacency com-placency and dlsieg.ud foi t lie rights of otheis. Men's mental piocesses are . modllled by theh pcislstent phslcal ),fc activities. This fact Is shown b the i inlluenco which machine opeiatlon has upon operatives. Those persons v who are condomnded to spend their daj s and cais manipulating a simple piocessgrovv stolid and uninteresting. But the evil Inlluenco of machine wort Is not so demoralizing as the In- jury icsultlng fiom a bid phvsleal environment en-vironment which admits of being lcm cdled. The farmei Involves purposive necessity; the latter picsentlble necessity. neces-sity. Any inlluenco that brings on mental slothfulness dcstros the power pow-er of initiative, and the initiative In commercial affairs is a most lmpoit-ant lmpoit-ant clement. Other things being equal the nation acting first has a decided de-cided advantage. If one nation can build a bridge in four months, and another an-other in six, that fact in Itself may bo decisive In commercial supicmacy. It is a well-known fact that the power of initiative has been an Important factor In military opeiatlons. Ignorant complacency Is laigcly an outgiovvth of vexatious obstiuctlons In ncccssaiy modes of locomotion. That the above fact is true is shown by the fact that people who possess Ignorant Ig-norant coir placcncy in a high degree tend to lose this quality under the Inlluenco In-lluenco of Improved hlghwas. Hoth complacency and Ignorance incicase as means of communication aie rend-cied rend-cied poorer 01 become destrocd. Of the various means of communication those acting extensively over siiiVl areas have gieatest inlluenco ovei chaiacter, because they alfect the pet son most fiequcntly and touch him at most points. The rallioads of this countiy do not so pcisistentl affect the envlionment of the people as do the hlghwas. The Indian not only had no hlghwiiS, but lie was even destitute of any beast of buiden. No doubt this explains many things in collection with his long pcilod of savagery. If ou take an oullnaiy Ignoiant Ig-noiant man and then cause him to be wholly satlstied vvitli hlssuiioundlngs, ou ceitainly have all the inateilal for the making of a savage. The man who, tluough choice, or necessity, dlsicgards ills own lights, will soon fall Into the habit of tiamp-liug tiamp-liug under foot the lights of otheis. What moie fai-icacliing limitation can be placed upon a pcison than to clicumscilbe, eithci through choice or nccesslt, his economic locomotion. You cripple him, ou hamper him In those activities most directly concerned con-cerned in ills phsical well being. Then again, legard for the rights of otheis is an education that comes from co-opciatlon notfiom individualism. individual-ism. Had roads b enforcing sepa-lateness sepa-lateness makes possible indiv Iduallsm, and Individualism in Its icsults Is the opposite of co-opeiatlon. Since ic-gaid ic-gaid foi the ilghtsof others grows out of co-operation It follows that bad loads, which hinder co-opeiation, tend to bilng about dlsiegaul for the rights of otheis It cannot be too fiequcntly fiequcnt-ly in gcd that human rights develop fiom the action and inteiactlon of human hu-man beings. Rights, theiefoie, aio iclatlve depending upon time and environment. en-vironment. Anonewlio tolerates obstiuctlons that might be lemoved tends to become be-come narrow and petty In disposition. Success in e ,nuomlc life depends large-1 large-1 upon ability to take advantage of favoiable trado moments. The dlffci-ence dlffci-ence between a pioducci and a tradci on a laige scalo and a pioducer and a tiadci on a small scale lies In the fact that the foimei can, in a w a, both create an oppoitunlty and take advantage of It also. The man who icsldes away from tiade ceii-teis ceii-teis and whoso production is on a small and petty scale Is leally de-pilvcd de-pilvcd of his chief Initial advantage If he cannot icach his maiket when tiado moments aie most favorable for him. If ills roads aie bad this oppoitunlty oppoi-tunlty Is either wholly or In pait taken awn fiom him. INMU11Y TO 110US1M While I have no means of estimating estimat-ing the actual injury resulting to animals ani-mals from bad roads or no roads at all, et no doubt it is eiy great. Numerous Numer-ous experiments have, however, been made which show that requiring animals ani-mals to exert their strength in any position, which to them is unnatural, Is highly injurious. The following table shows the loss sustained in pulling power by a hoisc when placed on giades of successive steepness: Grades cut 0 in 100 can draw 100 Grades cut 1 in 100 can diaw 90 Grades cut 1 In r.0 can diaw 81 Giades cut 1 in 4," can draw 70 Grades cut 1 in 40 can draw 72 Giades cut 1 in 30 can draw (14 Grades cut 1 In 2." can draw 52 Grades cut 1 In 20 can draw 40 Grades cut 1 In 10 can diaw 2o The supposition is a reasonable one that the horse's energy v Igoiously put forth in any situation other than the first Indicated in the above must ic-suit ic-suit in the straining of muscles and perhaps In injury to him In other ic-pects. ic-pects. Hut none of these positions would be moie Injurious than attempts at-tempts to draw heavy loads when tloundcrlng in mud, or when over heated and p.utlally stilled b dust clouds. The ow net's neglect often aggiavates the Injury by putting the animal in his stall without lcmoving fiom his limbs the mud and tilth accumulations. ac-cumulations. I have seen it stated that anoidlnai horse travelling ovei good loads dally will last tluee times longer than one that must spend its life lloundeilug tluough mud and breathing in clouds of dust. AKTKCTs IllIAllH Had toads alfect the health of the people in foui was -they retain the excrement of animals passing over them and thus become centers for breeding disease geims; these gcims arc dilTuscd over the surrounding country by mud, wind and dust, and thereby reach the lungs and the vital organs of human beings; they keep the travelling public on the hlghwajs a maximum time In stormy and inclement in-clement weather, thus Inducing giealer phslcal exposure; they cause 111 temper as a icsultof vexatious de-las de-las and obstructions. The oullnary liighwa that is unimproved, Ill-kept and often passed ovei becomes a foul stilp of land the fruitful breeding place of dlseaso and death. In It we find decay of organic matter, animal cxcicment, moisture and fiom time to time unhealthy dust exhalations. It would be dlltlcult to imagine bettci conditions foi breeding disease. No doubt but that some of the evils affecting af-fecting ploneei llfo weie duo to this souice. The pilmltlve methods of mending and tepalilng toads no doubt Intensified the evil. Nothing was re-icmoved re-icmoved fiom the loadway. The method was nieiely to thiow in and to till up. This simply coveted up the tilth and excrement and made conditions condi-tions vvoise than befoie. It would be dllllcult to Unci more favoiable conditions foi spreading disease dis-ease germs than hlghvv a s which are alternate!) mud and dust. In cither case the diffusion of the geims goes on, moie iapldl, It Is tine, in the latter lat-ter case than In the former. No doubt the piesenco of pools of water at certain cer-tain seasons of the car due to defective de-fective toad-making lias much ' do with the btecdlngof mosqultos. We have recently been told by the medical medi-cal fratetnlt ttat these Insects aie dangeioiisascanlers of germs of disease. I BB ' vBmfm !No matter how poor the highways, m ' iHIr u certain iunount of mliiliiiinn tiavel j iiuisL tiiku place. Thu ramieis must HH get from the station or the highway H I stole for eeitaln neccssaiy ai tides. H These ptircliasesniusL bo made at least H monthly, and In many cases weekly. H This necessary tra el on the patt of H tlic farmer must sometimes occur In H stoimy and Inclement weather. In H many parts of the United Stales a H . goodly propoitlon of the days through- H' out tlicjcaraic, if not stormy, sub- H Jcct to sudden arlatlon In heat and H cold. Under such conditions the time H the farmer must lemain on the road H becomes to him a sciious matter. If H the loads aic good bad weather has H but little inllucnce so far as Impeding H tra el Is concerned. Uthc roads arc H had, bad weather makes them worse Bj r and hence prolongs the time for neees- H saiy tiiivel theieon. It Is not a vision- H aiy statement that the health of H thousands of men has been visibly af- H fectcd by piolonged exposiuu on de- BB! fectlc lilgliwajs. H Nothing tends moie to lulng on III H temper and pcttlshncss of disposition H . than biilTeilng fiom annoyances that H admit of being ieiuoed. Any peison M who, of liisown accoul, penults such B annojances, soon becomes weaker in j will power and moie iucsolutc in pin- BB BJ UAH '!( DKVKI.OI'.MKNT B That bad loads induce slothfuluess M Is self evident and therefoie needs no H fin ther discussion. Hj Itad loads aie a seilotis bar to the M social, moral and educational duvelop-H duvelop-H ment of a community. Social actl it y H Is alwajs stimulated by fiee and easj M means of communication. Why Isso-H Isso-H cial activity gieater in cities and HI towns than in the uiial distilctsV Hi Laigol) because the peoplu can move M about moie fieely, stilfei Tewei Ineon-H Ineon-H enlences in tnnel. Whether one B considers one hi-, neighbor does M not depend so much upon the act-B act-B ual distance, as It does upon the time m reqiihed to communicate with him. B Good roads incirase social activity and m bad loads lender such actlvlt) moie M dluleult. Molality is a lclatlM' Hiatal Hiat-al ter. The main idea in it is pioper ad-M ad-M jiistment; sometimes of mateilal to M material, sometimes of mateilals to H persons, again or peison to peison. H All adjustment Involves moemeut, either in mental piocessesoi In mate-H mate-H rial things, 01 In both. The idea of 1 movement and tianspoitatlon cannot H be left out in consideiiug moiallt). M The peison who is most highly moial H is he who sustains tlie highest minimi mini-mi berof piopei lelations to tliu giealcst H number of institutions and Individ-M Individ-M uals. Thus a man who Is mauicd H and is a useful member in political H parties, chinch, state and lodge oigan-B oigan-B 1atlons, Is a moie moial man than a M, bachelor who, piobabl.v, lakes an in-' in-' teiest In but few soclctaiy oigania-M oigania-M tlons. (iood loads, by facilitating m movement add to the eiiculatoi) ele-BJ ele-BJ ment In society thus making easier BE the setting up of moial lelations. BK The mo-t seiioiis evil giovvlng out BMj of bad loads education, ilh is the en- BJ foiced sepaiation of our school s) stein Bb Into (list i let schools and their couse- BK qiient uneconomic administiiilion. BMj Let us take an example- In tm oidl- BMj naiy township at the piescnt time we BMj may llud anwheiu fiom the to foui- BMj teen district schools. Ilaeh of these BMj schools Is expected to do the woik of BMj all the guides, and sometimes in addl- B t Ion, to ollei tlist J ear hlgli school BB woik. Kach of these schools, of BB course, has a sepaiate maintaluauce BB which Includes fuel appaiatus, phi). BB giouuds, desks, libian, etc. Some- BB limes one of these schools m;i have BBj in attendance ten pupils whose piopei BB classillcatlou lequhes woik to bi done BB iueveiygiade tiom the Hist to the BB olghlh. Such a system makes Impoi- BB sibluexpeil teaching; since each conn- BB tiy leachei hasau unieasonabl) wide BB scope ovei vvhlih to woik. Attempt- BB log too much makes skill in am one B thing Impossible. Think ot It! linn- B Ding the gamut lioin the AIIC class B up to the 111 st )e;u high school woik H oveiy day. What a neive-raeking B process! And jet that Is what our BBj system ol county schools makes a BH nccessltj. The expense In fuel, app.i- B latus and othei Items for maintaining H seveial school buildings is much larger BBJ than would be reqiiiied to maintain H one cential building for tlieaccoinmo- H mw datlon of the entire township. BBBk What advantages would icsult from having one cen tial building and con-ccntiatlng con-ccntiatlng all the children of the township In that building. Among thu Hist we may mention moie Intelligent Intel-ligent supci vision. One skilled man would be placed at the head of the entile en-tile school system of the township. He would dliect and guide to some Intelligent In-telligent end. Each teachei In the school would have one grade to work with Instead of eight or nine. Thus affording a good opportunity for specialisation spec-ialisation and skill. Much less fuel would be required for the central building than for the large number scattered over the township. As to appaiatus scarcely one tenth as much would be netded. This benctlccnt educational ed-ucational lcfoim can never come In advance ad-vance of good loads. An educational lefoi in like the one above mentioned would save millions of dollars annual-I. annual-I. Such a loforni depends upon good loads. It will never come hi advance of them. The only difticully In the scheme is thu collecting of the child-ion child-ion and tianspoitiug them to one ecu-tial ecu-tial locality. If the township had good loads this dilllculty would be hugely solved. HAD IIOADS WNI'UOI'II'AIIM: The dcpiesslon of kind values due to bad loads may lw best shown by a few suppositions. Suppose in a piospcious fanning community wheie thu roads aie excellent, that suddenly they aic changed to bildlu paths. Would not such a tiansfoi niatlon icsult in an enoiinous decline of land values. Hut wu would not in this case depend wholly upon hypothesis. Thu cases aie iiuiueioiis In which impioveiuents in highways has forced up the valucof adjoining cultlvatablc laud. Othei things being equal an) intelligent man will always pay moie money for a faun wheie the mads aie good than wheie llicj aie bad and neglected. In economics eco-nomics wu have the tangible and mcasuiable element and thu Intangible Intang-ible oi Immuasuiiblu element. Thu lattei Is just as real as the loiiuer and prob.iblj justas Inipoitant to society. Now much of the value of landed piopei ty Is due to this Intangible element. ele-ment. The place iclatlon and good loads aie piinie agents In cieating this Intangible element In value. The entile tianspoitatlon s)steni of a country may loughlv be compaied to the chculatoiy sjstem of the human bodj. An obstruction In the capll-l.ules capll-l.ules of the human bod, if continued, con-tinued, will soon make Itself felt in the veins and huge arteries. The health and elllcleucv of the one depends de-pends upon those qualities In the othei. oth-ei. So in oui vast and complicated sjslem of transposition. It is all in-tegial, in-tegial, all oiganlc. If over anv con-sldctablu con-sldctablu portion of the country com-muiclal com-muiclal stagnation lesults as an outcome out-come of bail loads the Influence Will bereltovei the entile sjslein. Men in modem society aic as dependent upon soclctaiy conditions as a whole that no sane study can bo made of any clement of society apatt from other elements. In view of the piccedlng principle 1 know or no othei single Influence In-fluence tl'iat would do moie to lin-piove lin-piove raihoad communication than a well oiganied highway sj stein. iii:aut or hood hoads While the political economist Is not speclllcall.v .concerned with such Intangible In-tangible tilings as beaut), jet to my thinking the aesthetic element cannot can-not be wholl) left out In a good loads discussion. The effect or ugly sui-loiindlngs sui-loiindlngs upon chaiactei must be bad. An uglj enviioiuiient ceitalnly makes a man Inexact, uncaleulative, and unappieclatlvo. The opposite of all these qualities helps to make the economic man, to this extent then tliu beaut j element does become a fac- toi in economic pioblenis. If loads weie piopeil) const meted, winding, unobstiusivel) down valleys oi along hillsides, with lieie and theiu clumps oftices foiinlng natuial p.uks, how much the) might add to thu beaut) of the landscape? Thu silent reaction or such an inllueucu upon the public could sen eel) be estimated. In our Amei lean liru wu have uithlessly do-stio)ed do-stio)ed the natuial beauties or the roiest and thu laniKcapu and have wholl) neglected to make adequate m-t-.unsln aitllleial cieatloiis. Let us then fall In with the oppoi limit ies or-feied or-feied for making amends In good loads building. In the location of every load an c)i should be had to de-velop de-velop the beau'y of the landscape as well as to simple economic principles. Indeed I doubt as to whether tho trio admit of any separation. Any thing that is Ideally economic will be beautiful, beau-tiful, and the tuily beautiful alwa)s fulfills Ideals of utility. Any pcifection of our social organl-ism organl-ism Involves questions concerning the rate and the quantity of thodisffuslon of Infoimatlon, Rapid transmission of knowledge characterizes a highly perfected social organism. The quantity quan-tity discriminated increases with the rate. Good roads render more clll-clcnt clll-clcnt the means for bringing about these desirable results. OOOII ltOADS QUICK IlKTUKNH Thu capitalist and railroad owner are chiefly concerned in quick returns and In sine returns. Any obstructions obstruc-tions in means of communication however small may Inllucnce mifaor ably quick and sure returns. Caplfil alwa)s seeks to peiTcct and contiol fundamental pioccssess in the social oiganlsm. These processes If imperfectly imper-fectly contiollcd and Impropcily pci-founed pci-founed react to the disadvantage of the controlling agent. This jeaction hlndeis quick and sine lcturns. The essential Idea In lcalllng on evciy commodity Is to have It wheie It Is when It Is due. We aic not likely to oveiestlmate the time and place iclatlon icla-tlon In economic study. Iutciuptlon in smaller tiadu channels Is most sciious scii-ous becausu In these begin all laiger commciclal channels. Much of the business done by ralhoads is collected at little way stations. The freight shipped fiom these points if It can come In icgularl), if It can be depended depend-ed upon- is a suicr and quicker source of levenuc than if it was character char-acter lcd by uncertainty and Instability Instabil-ity The financial success of a railroad rail-road Is cuchanecd if It can move maximum maxi-mum tiaiu loads. Good roads make it more easy to do all these things. ( AIMTAI.ISTS WON'T INVKST Capitalists do not consider Investments Invest-ments so safe and so secuie in bridle path counti les as they do in countries where the loads aie good. Many inferences infer-ences inaj safely be made from simply sim-ply knowing the conditions of the roads. Hi Idle paths alvva)s Indicate a primitive population and in many Instances a lawless one. In those civllbcd counti les in which good loads have been neglected and have lapsed into bridle paths there has been a corresponding degeneration in the people. In those regions In our own country where roads arc absent lawlessness Is found in a high degiee. Kach good citizen Is two, himself and ever) body else. As himself he Is apt to be sellisli and sometimes lawless, llisotherself is the civic self. This self linds its highest expression In working with others for the public good. The construction of good loads helps to develop the civic. This means respect for law and order and the development of that security without which no sane capitalist will ever Invest his money. Tho most Important Instrument in maintaining government Is the tax-Ing tax-Ing power. The ctrectiveness of this powei Is detci mined by the ipiantlty or the material upon which It may be exeicised. ir one government lias ten times moie piopeity upon which to hi) taxes than another It Is In that respect Just ten times more poweiful. An) thing then that incieiises tliu tax-ablcsor tax-ablcsor a nation incieases Its power and an) thing decreasing Its taxables lessens its power. Much or the tax-ablpowci tax-ablpowci or a nation Is due to the intangible element. A netuoik or good roads measiuably incieases the I tangible wealth or a counti). j UOADs aci waii 1 1 Hut little need bo said on the xnhiu f or good loads rioin a iiiilltai) stand- point. Illstoiy is full of such lessons, j The Woman ; -nds made possible tho j extension, iii.i.nteiiancu and lefensu j of thu empire. The hlghw,i)s or j Trance have phi)cd a decisive p.ut j Iwtli in hei nillltar) derense and also in her riequent Invasions A wise people will not In this lespect Ignoio I tliu lessons of histoi) While it is tine that tho lalhoads have taken tho l place or highway hi tianspoitatlon j on a huge scalu, )et the fact still ( remains that thu highway has Its Pioper national uses. J HOAl) lIUlMMMi. j hltllcultles Kncoiintoied. I The elder dllllcultles met with in I constiuctlng highways may be put In- I to three classes: Those due to kJ geologic forces; those Blowing outof contour ami suifacc conditions; ell-mate ell-mate dllllcultles. Peculiarities In geological formation set the upper limit for possibilities In succssful load making. A good road Is madepossl-blc madepossl-blc by the application of correct engineering en-gineering principles and by the pios-ence pios-ence of proper materials out of which to construct It. Good road material should possess reasonable hardness, paraslty, elasticity and high powers of cementation and of rccemcntatlon. Unfortunately such material Is relatively rela-tively scarce and exceedingly unequal In Its distribution, fn this respect Europe Is somewhat better olT than Is North America. There are large areas In the United States where proper materials cannot be found. Illinois, for Instance, with her prairie surface and black soil picscirls almost Insupci-able Insupci-able dlnicultlcs In the matter- of Ideal road construction. Indiana is not much better oil than Illinois in this respect. The abundant gravels of t that State do not posess any high vfywers of cementation and rcceinenta-$ rcceinenta-$ r rjioir. The people of Indiana are now congratulating themselves on having paid the original cost of their giacl roads. They do not seem fully to have icall.ed that It will be necessaiy to build their roads over again every tcrr or twelve jcars, caused by the defective materials used in construction. construc-tion. Geologically speaking, the conditions con-ditions for road corrstr net loir are more favorable south of the Ohio than north of that river. Glacial activity so prominent north of the Ohio, has left the stratas torn up nnd Jumbled together. As a lesult thesuifacels Itr poor condition to support road beds. In this region both the problem of constructing a road bed and that other of obtaining proper materials, are serious ones. The undisturbed stratas south of the Ohio render less difficult the problem of getting a good roadbed. In some parts of the south sand beds make road construction dlllicult. It should be remembered in this connection that the geologic difficulty Is a most serious one because m Is fundamental and Increases In a geometrical ratio all the other di III-culties. III-culties. The danger to roads from sudden rainfall Is lessened If the stratas hac been but little disturbed. West of the Misslppi the geological dllllcultles arc also great. The climate cli-mate dlnicultlcs arc probably Intensified. Intensi-fied. In all human activity wo find an upper limit set by nature. Ifjou increase Indefinitely the labor devoted to one acre of land the product will finally be reduced to zero. Our coal supply is rapidly being exhausted. ex-hausted. Already the timber supply is running low. It behooves us then In our highway building to keep In mind our upper limit and waste no energy in trying to overcome Insuperable Insuper-able obstacles. MMK DlKKICUlnKS. jContour and surface have much to do with making easy or dlllicult road building. In a region like Illinois the i mere question of grading Isvciycasy. ,i ' - ,$P'cre aie few If any streams to ridge, there are no hills to be graded and cut down. It is not necessary to Introduce curves and windings. As a result places can be connected with hlglrwujs over the shortest possible distance. The road maker does not have to cut down foicsts and dig up stumps. The conditions here for the aillflclal clement In road making seem to be very favorable. Greater natural dllllcultles vveie encountered In Indiana In-diana and Ohio. The forest had to bo wit, the stumps dug up and the forest swamps drained. Then the presence of streams, ridges and hills necessarily necessari-ly Increased the length and consequently conse-quently the cost of highways. Tvvcn-l Tvvcn-l five j cus ago It was no unusual thing for the the tiaveler lir parts of Indiana, hr going ten miles to fourteen four-teen thiough a swamp, thread his ) painfully over a ridge or a "hog's toek," put on the biake.s and pass with trepidation down into a ravine, emerge upon a small plateau and final-I final-I ' -'nrt ll1"' Journey lir a valley 01 a v l.S1,oautlful little dale. It does not re-'quheanv re-'quheanv extra acumen to sen that seh surl'aco conditions incieiise the dltllculty or building roads. On the Atlantic slope a netwoik of rivers, I fdges and sand areas complicate the I Mtuatlon. If a highway runs at right I angles to the prevailing direction of I Hie streams the cost of ferries and bridges becomes a serious matter. 1 f on the other hand the road runs parallel par-allel to the streams the sudden down-pour down-pour of rain may become a mm Ions matter. Large sand areas render load building almost hopeless. A surface composed of conical shaped hills -the one merging Into the other Increases the windings In a road thereby making mak-ing It cost more. A careful study of the Atlantic coast surface explains why the bridle path lingered there so very long. UMMATIO MIFFICULTIKS. Climatic dllllcultles act persistently and cannot be wholly overcome. These dlnicultlcs manifest themselves In four vvajs: In excessive rainfall, In drought, in heat and cold and In rain. These extremes all come during the j ear and each one Is destructive of hlglrvvavs. A moderate rainfall even-ly even-ly distributed throughout the ,"cai Is beneficial to roads. Hut unfoi innately innate-ly rainfall docs not come in the way before mentioned. During certain periods the rain pours down, at olher times no rain falls. When the dry times prevail the cement binding the larger masses is pulverized and made dust. The wind then can iesolf much of It as atmospheric dust. The pulverized pul-verized material remaining is then liable to be swept Into the gutter by a dashing lain. This process goes en constantly and cannot be wholly checked by any Ingenuity of man. All he can do Is from time to time repair re-pair the damage. In many places in North America some inches of rain may fall in a few hours. No highway now constructed In this country can resist such destructive Influences. Hut we must consider another phase of this question: F.'oodsand freshets sometimes undermine road beds, sweep away bridges and culverts and play general havoc. The roads of America every jcar from this source suffer many thousands of dollars in damage. Heat and drouth aie potent factors in the destruction of high- rx TUB VVKST vvajs. In the arid regions of the west during the long period of drought extending ex-tending from the spilng months until late in the autumn, the traveled highways high-ways simply become vast dust strips arrd arc diffused throughout the surrounding sur-rounding country as atmospheric dust. The maintenance of good roads in these legions is an exceedingly dlni-cult dlni-cult problem. Majbcln a final solution solu-tion of the roads question In this region, re-gion, resort will be had to pavement. Granted the pavement, It will be then a problem to secure a good foundation for It. The pavement, would be made of rock or of burnt brick. The cost of lock pavement would be almost prohibitive, pro-hibitive, and in many regions thcic is no proper material for brick making. Freezing and thawing Is the most tremendous tre-mendous disintegrating force in nature. na-ture. The solid granite cannot resist such a torce Much less can an ordinary or-dinary road made bj frail human hands. Frec.hrg and thawing operate oper-ate In four ways: they bring the larger larg-er rocks In the bottom to the surface; they dlslntegiato the smaller surface rocks; they pulverle and loosen the cement and disturb generally the entile en-tile roadbed. Nearly every farmer has had some experience hi picking stones olf some rocky field. He soon learns that his woik Is perennial. Kaeh ear others conic to the suifacc as a result of freeing and of thaw lug. This process will continue so long as rocks exist as far down as the freezing and thawing extend. This process is made inoio effective In road construction construc-tion because It Is customary lo place large stones in the bottom of the road and till In with smaller material. In any well const anted road relative hardness comes from the laiger masses mas-ses and elasticity couiis from the cement that lies between these larger masses. IJach of these qualities, hardness hard-ness and elasticity, Is necessary to a good highway. If jou remove the cement i on destroy elasticity, If you dlslntegiato the larger masses jou destroy hardness. Ftecz.Ingand thawing thaw-ing disintegrate the larger masses and veakeu poweis of cementation. The enthu road stilp Is allccted by a mas-, motion as a lesult of fieez.ing and thawing. .mi;tiioi or uoad maki.su Two main Ideas should be kept In view in road building scientific construction con-struction of the road bed, and covering cover-ing It with the proper materials. The scientific constiuctlon of a highway Involves location, both from the standpoint stand-point of utility and of beauty, proper drainage of the road stilp, giadlng and gradients. Proper location Is the most Impoitant initial step In building build-ing a highway lioth utility and beauty should be well considered. Utility demands a caicful consideration considera-tion of giadicnts and of dialnage. In arr Ideal road the giade should never exceed one foot In a hundred. Steep grades must be avoided even though It makes necessary a longer roadway and a gi cater cost In cutting down hills. In piecedlng columns jou will find a table showing the loss inclined by a hoise In puling power orr grades of successive steepness. So hnportantls this matter that windings and curves ma) be put. in If necessaiy to biing It about. The chler purpose in con-struetlnga con-struetlnga road Is to make easy and safe animal locomotion as well as vehicle ve-hicle movement. No road is sale and easj for animals II It contains steep giades. It is not meie pulling that Injuiesa hoise: It Is eseitlng st length In some unnatuial position. A situation situa-tion In which the hoise's foie feet aie slightly lower than his hind feet is n moie toleiable pulling posture than one In which his foie feet aie higher than his hind feet. If necessary In older ol-der to get easy giades, hills must bo cut down, ridges cut through, and extra ex-tra expense Incur led. From the standpoint stand-point of the automobile easy guides are, if possible, of greater impoitance than to animals. The machine car-lies car-lies Its own locomotive appaiatus. This largely Increases the weight propelled pro-pelled by the machine. Steep grades notonlj use up more motive power, but they greatly Inci ease the jar and the st lain upon the entile machine. It is said that an automobile used to run up hills andlown hills will hardly last half as long as one that is dally used on level ground. Viewed from any standpoint the steep grade Is in-Jm in-Jm loirs and should, If possible, be avoided. Dialnage Is a chief consid-oration consid-oration from the utility standpoint. It Is not enough lo arrange for cairy-lngthe cairy-lngthe water olf the surface. The road bed itself should be diy down for quite u distance. In locating a roadbed road-bed fiequent tests should be made to find seepage localities, and when found, caie should be cxeiclsed In their dialnage. It might be of advantage in road building to put down a cential drain the entire length ot the road bed, especially es-pecially in those legions where rainfall rain-fall Is frequent. Latteial connections with the gutter would, in connection witli the central diahr; make an adequate ade-quate drainage system. The Koin.nr roads showed neither common sense nor engineering skill. Their idea was to sink u stone wall sixteen feet wide and three feet deep in the ground and call it a toad. Havo 3011 ever stopped to consider what would happen to an unshod horse If he should travel rap-Idly rap-Idly over about twenty miles of such a load' Probably the Romans covered cov-ered their roads with tuif. Horse-shoeing Horse-shoeing did not come in until the Clnistian era. 1 have never been able to satisfy nrj self as to now travel was made toleiable over those stiucturcs for horses and for cattle. The Idea that roads could not be made unless the) icsted upon a ponderous and enormous foundation of stone or ma-soneiy ma-soneiy lingered on down through the middle ages until modem times. It was tire genius of Macadam more than of any other single poison, that dispelled dis-pelled this Illusion. Macadam maintained main-tained and demonstiated the Importance Impor-tance ot drainage In road building. If any oidlnaiy strip of soil Is dialned and then covcicd with some mateiial combining leasonable hardness with moderate elasticity, v hlch also acts as a roof to the strip of soil- draining oil the water that falls Into side gutteis all the essentials of a good load are furnished. Hy following out these principles a good road may be con-stiucted con-stiucted over a strip of swampland, The mateiial coveilng the stilp, If of the right Kind, need not be very thick. 1 have decided that an) thing that Is really economic Is truly beautiful. No sane engineer can alloid to leave' out the idea of beauty In road con-construction. con-construction. From the standpoint of beauty four things should bo considered- rural parks, watering places, rotation of road strip to surrounding landscape, and bridges ar.d Culverts. aiioijt Titi:i:s Two plans have been followed In road forestry- one Is the conventional plan of planting ticcs along the sides at regular Intervals; the other plan is to develop here and there rural parks nnd clumps of trees. Theic are serious seri-ous objections to the tlrt plan, both from the standpoint of beaut) and of utility. Regular and conventional lines of trees shade the toad too much thereby Inducing dampness and hindering hin-dering drainage. Of couisu some shade Is dcsliable. In my statement 1 lefertoan excessive amount. Conventional Con-ventional lines of tiees incicase the danger fronr drifting snows and Increase In-crease the power of wind euiients over the suiface of the load bed. The road bed In relation to the landscape should be made lo appear informal. Conventional rows of trees bring about the opposite effect. Clumps of tiees hero and there witli occasional mi al parks rest the eje and add beauty and diversity to the landscape. In many cases the road may be located lo-cated so as to pass thiough or near national foicst groups thus doing away with the necessity fortiee planting plant-ing and Dee cultivation. In European Euro-pean countiles fi nit, tiees sometimes bolder the line of hlghwa)s. These trees are ow tied by the adjacent adjac-ent laud owners and the fruit Is respected re-spected by the traveling public, it is not probable that such a plan could be successfully can led out in Amoiica because we still hold toeeitaln ciude notions regarding the rights of persons. per-sons. Occasional wateilng places for man and beast increase the utility and the beauty of the road. No landscape land-scape li completo without the flow and the sparkle of water. These watering wat-ering places may he furnished by springs found along the highway or by water carried in pipes from a higher high-er level. The water leceptacle should be made with a view to beauty as well as to use. If necessaiy, occasional wells should he put down for public use. From a beaut) standpoint the most Impoitant problem Is the loca lion of the road bed so that from one did to Die other it may constitute a pleasing feature of the landscape. The io,id stilpshmild be tinobstruslve-ly tinobstruslve-ly located. Roads that wind In and out, that sKht the brow or hills and aie free from acute angles and fonnal curves are geneiall) most pleasing in their landscape elfects. If the road adds stiffness to the landscape It is bad from an athletic standpoint. Many of the lion hildgcs put In on our high-wa)s high-wa)s aie hideous in their ugliness. It seems on looking at them that the suppoits of the bildge have been placed on top of the bildge, and we have the anomoly of the bridge apparently appar-ently suppoiting that, which in reality s'ionk inimniM should suppoit It. No bridge has ever excelled in beauty the stone bildge which embodies theaich. The bildges aie not only beautiful, they aie the moit useful and the cheapest known. The Pennsylvania lallioad company Is now putting in such biidges along Its entlio line. The lion bridge is not easily kept in lcpali. It is said that when the palutcis i each one end of the liiooklyir bridge they go back and begin over again at the other end. The stone bridge is the bridge. The mateiial tor load pullding deserve a passing notice. Trap lock is the best, then comes giauiteand lastly gravel free from sand and cla) and possessing in generous quantities oldesof lion. Oidiuaiygiavel niled with clay and sand Is veiv pool road mateiial. It will on)) last a shnit time. Aseverjono knows, thegiaulte road is constantly being lencwcd. Crushed limestone is very poor material. mater-ial. In many cases more would be gained by leaving road strips untouched untouch-ed and then cucouieglng the growth of turf and other loims of vegetation that would fill the suifacc with haul) roots. |